Download Ch. 1 Intro to Biology Thurs Week 1

Chapter
1
Introduction:
Biology Today
PowerPoint® Lectures created by Edward J. Zalisko for
Campbell Essential Biology, Sixth Edition, and
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fifth Edition
– Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Kelly A. Hogan, and Jane B. Reece
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Objectives
1. Define Biology
2. Describe seven properties or processes we
associate with life
3. List the three domains of life
4. List the four eukaryotic kingdoms of life
5. Distinguish a scientific question from a nonscientific question
6. Define a control group and experimental group
7. Distinguish between theory and hypothesis
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The Scientific Study of Life
• Biology is the scientific study of life.
• What is a scientific study ?
• What is life ?
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What is Life?
What distinguishes living things from nonliving
things?
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Figure 1.4-1
1. Order
2. Regulation
3. Growth and development
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4. Energy processing
Figure 1.4-2
6. Reproduction
5. Response to the environment
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7. Evolution
The Three Domains of Life
• The three domains of life are
1. Bacteria,
2. Archaea, and
3. Eukarya.
• Bacteria and Archaea have prokaryotic cells.
• Eukarya have eukaryotic cells.
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1.
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
Figure 1.7
3.
3 Domains
of Life
DOMAIN EUKARYA
2.
DOMAIN
ARCHAEA
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Protists (multiple kingdoms)
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Eukaryotic Kingdoms
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Fungi
Protists (multiple kingdoms)
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Biology is the scientific study of
life
What is a scientific
study?
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The Process of Science
• Science is an approach to understanding the
natural world that is based on inquiry:
• a search for information,
• explanations, and
• answers to specific questions.
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The Process of Science
two main scientific approaches:
1. discovery science, which is mostly about describing
nature, and
2. hypothesis-driven science, which is mostly about
explaining nature.
• Most scientists practice a combination of these two
forms of inquiry.
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Figure 1.2
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Hypothesis-Driven Science
• The observations of discovery science motivate us
to ask questions and seek explanations.
• As a formal process of inquiry, the scientific
method consists of a series of steps that provide a
loose guideline for scientific investigations.
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Figure 1.3-s5
Observation
The remote
doesn’t
work.
Question
What’s
wrong?
Revise.
Experiment
does not
support
hypothesis.
Hypothesis
The
batteries
are dead.
Prediction
With new
batteries, it
will work.
Experiment
Replace
batteries.
Experiment
supports
hypothesis;
make more
predictions
and test.
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2. Ask a Question About the
Observation
• Must be able to be answered using
experiments
• Does taking Echinacea reduce the
intensity or duration of the common
cold?
3. Formulate a Hypothesis
A hypothesis
is a tentative
answer to a
question - a
proposed
explanation
for a set of
observations
4. The
Prediction:
States the
expected results
of the experiment
if the data
supports the
hypothesis.
5. Design/preform
your experiment
Controlled Experiments
• Compare two groups that only differ in
the treatment
• Control Group: Does not get the
treatment (AKA: Placebo group)
• Experimental Group: Does get the
treatment (AKA: Echinacea group)
Draw Conclusion and Make Revisions
Checkpoint
• If you come up with a tentative
explanation for the dietary behavior of
squirrels on campus and then test your
idea, what kind of science are you
performing?
What Advances Science?
New theories!
Theories in Science
• What is a scientific theory, and how is it different
from a hypothesis?
• A scientific theory is much broader in scope than a
hypothesis.
• A theory
• is a comprehensive explanation
supported by abundant evidence, and
• is general enough to spin off many new testable
hypotheses.
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Theories in Science
• For example, these are two hypotheses.
1. “White fur is an adaptation that helps polar bears
survive in an Arctic habitat.”
2. “The unusual bone structure in a hummingbird’s
wings is an evolutionary adaptation that provides
an advantage in gathering nectar from flowers.”
• In contrast, the following theory ties together those
seemingly unrelated hypotheses:
• “Adaptations to the local environment evolve by
natural selection.”
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Theories in Science
• Theories only become widely accepted by
scientists if they
• are supported by an accumulation of extensive and
varied evidence and
• have not been contradicted by any scientific data.
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Major Themes in Biology
• Five unifying themes will serve as touchstones
throughout our investigation of biology.
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Figure 1.8
Evolution
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MAJOR THEMES IN BIOLOGY
Energy
Structure/ Information
Interconnections
Transformations within Systems
Flow
Function
Figure 1.10-1
Evolution
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Figure 1. 16
Structure Function
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Figure 1.17
Information
Flow
The four
chemical
building
blocks of
DNA
A DNA molecule
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Figure 1.18
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Figure 1.19
Energy Transmission
Inflow
of light
energy
ECOSYSTEM
Outflow
of heat
energy
Consumers
(animals)
Chemical
energy
(food)
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
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Cycling
of
nutrients
Decomposers
(in soil)
Figure 1.20-s3
2 Ecosystems
Interconnections
3 Communities
4 Populations
5 Organisms
1
Biosphere
6 Organ
Systems
and
Organs
10 Molecules and Atoms
Atom
9 Organelles
Nucleus
8 Cells
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7
Tissues