Download Chapter 4

Chapter 4
Database Processing
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Learning Objectives
Q1. What is the purpose of a database?
Q2. What are the contents of a database?
Q3. What are the components of a database
application system?
Q4. How do data models facilitate database
design?
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Learning Objectives
Q5. How is a data model transformed into a
database design?
Q6. Why are NoSQL and Big Data important?
Q7. How can the intramural league improve its
database?
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What Is the Purpose of a Database?
• Databases keep track of things
• Lists of data and themes
– Single theme (concept)
• Can be managed using a spreadsheet
– Multiple themes (concepts)
• Require databases
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What Is the Purpose of a Database?
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What Are the Contents of a Database?
• Database
– Self-describing collection of integrated records
•
•
•
•
Characters (bytes)
Columns (fields)
Rows (records)
Tables (files)
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What Are the Contents of a Database?
• What are the relationships among rows?
– Key
• A value in one row of one table that appears as
a value in another row of another table
– Primary key
• A value that identifies a unique row in a table
– Foreign key
• A value in one table that appears as a primary
key in another table to which it relates
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What Are the Contents of a Database?
• Relational Database
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What Are the Contents of a Database?
• Metadata
– Data that describe data
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What Are the Components of a
Database Application System?
• Database
• DBMS
• Database
Application(s)
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What Are the Components of a
Database Application System?
• Database Management Systems (DBMS)
– Creating the database and its structures
– Processing the Database
• Read, insert, modify, or delete data
• Structured Query Language (SQL)
– Administering the database
• Database Administrator (DBA)
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What Are the Components of a
Database Application System?
• Database Management Systems (DBMS)
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What Are the Components of a
Database Application System?
• Database Applications
– Collection of:
• Forms
• Reports
• Queries
• Application programs
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What Are the Components of a
Database Application System?
• Multi-user Processing
– Lost update problem
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What Are the Components of a
Database Application System?
• Enterprise DBMS versus Personal DBMS
– Enterprise DBMS
• 1000’s of users
– Personal DBMS
• Less than 100 users
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What Are the Components of a
Database Application System?
• Database
• DBMS
• Database Application(s)
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How Do Data Models Facilitate
Database Design?
• Database Design Process
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How Do Data Models Facilitate
Database Design?
• Entity Relationship (E-R) Model
– Tool for constructing data models
• Entities
– Something users want to track
– Attributes
• Relationships
– Entities are linked to each other
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How Do Data Models Facilitate
Database Design?
• Entity Relationship (E-R) Diagrams
– Maximum Cardinality
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How Do Data Models Facilitate
Database Design?
• Entity Relationship (E-R) Diagrams
– Maximum and Minimum Cardinality
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How Is a Data Model Transformed into
a Database Design?
• Normalization
– Converting poorly structured tables into two or
more well-structured tables
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How Is a Data Model Transformed into
a Database Design?
• Normalization
– Data integrity problems
– Normalizing for data integrity
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How Is a Data Model Transformed into
a Database Design?
• Representing relationships
– 1:N relationships
– N:M relationships
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How Is a Data Model Transformed into
a Database Design?
• What is the user’s role in the development of
databases?
– Users are final judges as to the data in the
database
– Users should review the data models before
developing the database
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Why Are NoSQL and
Big Data Important?
• Nonrelational DBMS
– NoSQL
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Why are NoSQL and
Big Data Important?
• Will NoSQL replace relational DBMS?
• How does Big Data differ from relational data?
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How Can the Intramural League
Improve its Database?
• Opening Vignette:
– Intramural problems
• Process problem
• Database problem
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How Can the Intramural League
Improve its Database?
• League Database, Revision 1
– Update “Team” table with “Season” field
– Rename the table “Team_Season”
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How Can the Intramural League
Improve its Database?
• Database Revision 1
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How Can the Intramural League
Improve its Database?
• Database Revision 2
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How Can the Intramural League
Improve its Database?
• Opening Vignette:
– Intramural problems
• Process problem
• Database problem
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Ethics Guide
• Querying Inequality?
– MaryAnn accidentally uncovers potential
discrimination data in the database
– What should she do?
– Discussion Questions
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Conclusion
Q1. What is the purpose of a database?
Q2. What are the contents of a database?
Q3. What are the components of a database
application system?
Q4. How do data models facilitate database
design?
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Conclusion
Q5. How is a data model transformed into a
database design?
Q6. Why are NoSQL and Big Data important?
Q7. How can the intramural league improve its
database?
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recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher. Printed in
the United States of America.
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