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Supplemental Worksheets Name Date Class Quick Vocabulary Lesson 1 Lesson 2 adaptation inherited trait that attach to fasten increases an organism’s chances of surviving and reproducing in its environment asymmetry body plan which cannot be divided into any two parts that are nearly mirror images of each other bilateral symmetry body plan which an organism can be divided into two parts that are nearly mirror images of each other endoskeleton internal rigid framework that supports humans and other animals mantle thin layer of tissue that covers a mollusk’s internal organs metamorphosis process in which the body form of an animal changes as it grows from an egg to an adult molting process of shedding and replacing an outer covering parasite animal that survives by living inside or on another organism, gets food from the organism, and does not help in the organism’s survival Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. exoskeleton thick, hard outer covering that protects crabs and other animals hydrostatic skeleton fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by muscle tissue radial symmetry body plan which can be divided into two parts that are nearly mirror images of each other anywhere through its central axis species group of organisms that have similar traits and are able to produce fertile offspring Introduction to Animals 3 Name Date Class Quick Vocabulary Lesson 3 amnion protective membrane that surrounds the embryo ectotherm animal that heats its body with heat from the environment endotherm animal that generates body heat from the inside gill organ that exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen in water mammary gland special tissue that produces milk for young mammals notochord flexible rod-shaped structure that supports the body of a developing chordate pharyngeal pouch groove along the Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. side of a developing chordate that will develop into other body structures scale small, flat, rigid external body covering 4 Introduction to Animals Name Date Class Lesson Outline LESSON 1 What are animals? A. Animal Characteristics 1. The word comes from the Greek word zoion, which means “living being” or “animal.” 2. Like plants, all animals are , or made up of more than one cell. a. Each animal cell, like plant cells, has a(n) at some point during its life. b. Only animals have cells. 3. Animals get energy from the they take into their bodies. 4. Each animal begins as a fertilized egg cell called a(n) . B. How do scientists group animals? 1. Animals can be grouped by looking at their , or how body parts are arranged. a. symmetry is a body plan in which an organism can be divided into two parts that are nearly mirror images of each other. b. Human beings are an example of an animal with c. symmetry is a body plan that can be divided into two parts that are nearly mirror images of each other anywhere through its central axis. d. refers to a body plan that cannot be divided into any two parts that are nearly mirror images. 2. is a system that groups living things into levels called taxons. a. Taxons are groups of living things that have certain in common. b. are the biggest groups in taxonomy. c. Animals are classified in the Domain because each animal cell has a nucleus at some point in its life. d. The second level of taxonomy consists of the taxons. 3. Relationships among and within generations of a family are shown in a(n) 10 . Introduction to Animals Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. symmetry. Name Date Class Lesson Outline continued C. Animal Adaptations 1. An inherited trait that increases an organism’s chances of surviving and reproducing in its environment is called a(n) . 2. Animal adaptations can be structural, behavioral, or . 3. Structural adaptations in animals include their senses, skeletons, and . 4. The abilities to detect infrared light or light are adaptations that can help organisms detect the presence of or an enemy. a. Animal skeletons their bodies in several different ways. b. A(n) skeleton, such as that of an earthworm, has a fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by muscle tissue. c. A crab’s soft internal structures are protected by a thick, hard outer covering called a(n) . d. Humans have an internal rigid framework called a(n) . e. In a(n) Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. circulatory system, a heart pumps blood into open spaces around the organism’s organs. f. In a(n) circulatory system, a heart or hearts pump blood through a system of vessels. 5. are behaviors that animals are born with. a. Another important animal adaptation is the ability to behaviors. b. Baby geese learning to follow their mother soon after birth is a learned behavior called . 6. Functional adaptations in species enable them to survival and maintain a. Animal reproduction can occur in water or on . . b. Fertilization that occurs in the water is called fertilization. c. Fertilization that occurs inside female is called fertilization. d. Most animal species that live on land use Introduction to Animals fertilization. 11 Name Date Class Content Practice A LESSON 1 What are animals? Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once. 1. a body plan in which an organism can be divided A. adaptation into two parts that are nearly mirror images of each other B. asymmetry C. bilateral symmetry 2. a body plan in which an organism can be divided into two parts that are nearly mirror images of each other anywhere through its central axis 3. a body plan in which an organism cannot be divided into any two parts that are nearly mirror images D. endoskeleton E. exoskeleton F. hydrostatic skeleton G. radial symmetry 4. an inherited trait that increases an organism’s chances of surviving and reproducing in its environment 5. a fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by muscle tissue Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. a thick, hard outer covering 7. an internal rigid framework that supports animals Introduction to Animals 13 Name Date Class Content Practice B LESSON 1 What are animals? Directions: Complete the concept map with the correct terms from the word bank in the space provided. Each term is used only once. crab exoskeleton human hydrostatic skeleton Types of Animal Skeletons endoskeleton Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided. 1. What type of symmetry do humans have? Explain. 2. Give an example of a human adaptation. Explain how it helps people survive and reproduce. Classify the adaptation as structural, behavioral, or functional. 14 Introduction to Animals Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. earthworm Name Date Key Concept Builder Class LESSON 1 What are animals? Key Concept What characteristics are common to all animals? Directions: Put a check mark on the line before each statement that represents a characteristic of animals. 1. unicellular 2. multicellular 3. cell walls 4. nerve cells 5. chlorophyll 6. collagen 7. zygote 8. photosynthesis Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided. 9. Compare animal cells and plant cells. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10. Compare how animals and plants get food. 16 Introduction to Animals Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 1 What are animals? Key Concept How do scientists group animals? Directions: Label each diagram with the correct term from the word bank on each line. Then write a caption that describes each diagram. asymmetry bilateral symmetry Figure 1 1. Figure 2 2. 5. Figure 2 Figure 3 3. 6. Figure 3 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. Figure 1 radial symmetry Introduction to Animals 17 Name Date Key Concept Builder Class LESSON 1 What are animals? Key Concept How do scientists group animals? Directions: Place the groups in order from smallest to largest by writing a number 1 through 5 on the line before each group. 1. genera 2. domain 3. species 4. phyla 5. kingdom Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided. 6. What is taxonomy? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7. What is a taxon? 8. What is a family tree? 18 Introduction to Animals Name Date Key Concept Builder Class LESSON 1 What are animals? Key Concept How are animal species adapted to their environments? Directions: Complete the concept map with the correct terms from the word bank in the space provided. Each term is used only once. external fertilization functional adaptation migration structural adaptation Types of Adaptations Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. behavioral adaptation open circulatory system Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided. 1. What is an adaptation? 2. Compare different types of animal skeletons. Introduction to Animals 19 Name Date Class Lesson Quiz A LESSON 1 What are animals? Multiple Choice Directions: On the line before each question or statement, write the letter of the correct answer. 1. Collagen’s function is to A. transform light energy. B. conduct nerve impulses. C. hold animal cells together. 2. The way an animal’s body parts are arranged is known as A. symmetry. B. taxonomy. C. adaptation. 3. The ability of ants to sense ultraviolet light is a A. structural adaptation. B. functional adaptation. C. behavioral adaptation. Matching Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once. 5. fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by muscle tissue 6. internal rigid framework that provides support A. endoskeleton B. exoskeleton C. hydrostatic skeleton 7. thick, hard outer covering that protects internal organs 24 Introduction to Animals Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. Which body item is NOT part of an open circulatory system? A. heart B. blood C. blood vessels Name Date Class Lesson Quiz B LESSON 1 What are animals? Short Answer Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided. 1. Compare and contrast behavioral adaptations and functional adaptations. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. Describe a way you could determine whether a cell belongs to a plant or an animal. 3. Explain two different ways that scientists group animals. Matching Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Not all terms are used. 4. fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by muscle tissue 5. internal rigid framework that provides support 6. blood pumped into spaces around organs 7. thick, hard outer covering that protects internal organs Introduction to Animals A. closed circulatory system B. endoskeleton C. exoskeleton D. hydrostatic skeleton E. open circulatory system 25 Name Date Class Lesson Outline LESSON 2 Invertebrates A. What is an invertebrate? 1. Animals that have a backbone for support are called . 2. Animals that do not have a(n) are called invertebrates. 3. Most invertebrates support their body with a(n) skeleton or a(n) , but a few have an endoskeleton. 4. About 95 percent of all known animal species are . 5. Some invertebrates are , which are animals that survive by living inside or on another organism, get food from the organism, and do not help in the organism’s survival. B. Sponges 1. Sponges have only a few types of cells and no true , so they are often called simple animals. 2. Scientists group sponges by the kinds of materials that make up the tiny, stiff that support their bodies. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. C. Cnidarians 1. Cnidarians have cells called that can inject into animals that come in contact with them. 2. Cnidarians have 3. Unlike symmetry. , cnidarians have true tissues. D. Flatworms 1. Flatworms have symmetry; each worm has a similar left side and right side. 2. Most flatworms live in or salt water. E. Segmented Worms 1. The name for the phylum that includes earthworms is , which means “little rings.” 2. Segmented worms have 3. Earthworms have tiny, stiff hairs called skeletons. that help them grip surfaces. Introduction to Animals 29 Name Date Class Lesson Outline continued F. Mollusks 1. Snails and slugs are , or members of the phylum Mollusca. 2. Most mollusks have a footlike that is usually used for movement. 3. A mollusk’s is a thin layer of tissue that covers the mollusk’s internal organs and helps make the mollusks. of some G. Roundworms 1. Roundworms have a(n) skeleton that they use for movement. 2. Roundworms are covered with a hard outer covering called a cuticle for . 3. A roundworm’s cuticle is shed and replaced in a process called . H. Arthropods 1. An arthropod has a hard , so it must molt to grow. , or structures that extend from its body. b. An arthropod’s body has three parts—a head, a(n) , and an abdomen. c. Arthropods have circulation. 2. Most arthropods are , which have six legs. 3. Other than insects, the major groups of arthropods are and scorpions, crabs and lobsters, and and millipedes. I. Echinoderms 1. The hard just beneath an echinoderm’s thin outer skin makes it feel spiny. 2. When echinoderms are young, they have but they have 3. Echinoderms are more closely related to symmetry, symmetry as adults. than other invertebrates are. 30 Introduction to Animals Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. a. An arthropod has jointed Name Date Class Content Practice A LESSON 2 Invertebrates Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer. 1. An animal that does not have a backbone is a(n) A. vertebrate. B. exoskeleton. C. invertebrate. 2. An animal that survives by living inside another organism and getting food from the organism but does not help the organism survive is a A. prey. B. parasite. C. predator. 3. Special cells used by cnidarians to inject poison are called A. setae. B. canals. C. nematocysts. 4. Tiny, stiff hairs that help earthworms grip surfaces are called A. setae. B. canals. C. nematocysts. 6. The process of an insect changing body form as it grows from an egg to an adult is called A. filtering. B. molting. C. metamorphosis. 7. The feet of echinoderms are connected to large tubes called A. setae. B. canals. C. nematocysts. 32 Introduction to Animals Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5. The process of shedding and replacing an exoskeleton is called A. filtering. B. molting. C. metamorphosis. Name Date Class Content Practice B LESSON 2 Invertebrates Directions: Complete the chart with the correct terms from the word bank in the space provided. Some terms may not be used. clam earthworm jellyfish lobster planarian sea star sponge vinegar eel Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Invertebrate Group Example of Animal arthropods 1. cnidarians 2. echinoderms 3. flatworms 4. mollusk 5. roundworms 6. Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided. 7. Compare vertebrates and invertebrates. 8. Compare a mantle and an appendage. 9. Compare molting and metamorphosis. Introduction to Animals 33 Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 2 Invertebrates Key Concept What characteristics do invertebrates have in common? Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement in the space provided. Question Answer 1. What supports the bodies of animals? 2. What is a vertebrate? 3. What is an invertebrate? 4. Give an example of an invertebrate. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5. What percentage of known animal species are invertebrates? 6. What types of skeletons do invertebrates have? 7. What is a parasite? 8. Are all invertebrates the same? Explain. Introduction to Animals 35 Name Date Key Concept Builder Class LESSON 2 Invertebrates Key Concept What characteristics do invertebrates have in common? Directions: Put a check mark on the line before each animal that is an invertebrate. Write a characteristic of each invertebrate on the line provided. 1. reptile 2. cnidarian 3. mollusk 4. fish 5. flatworm Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. arthropod 7. bird 8. echinoderm 9. amphibian 10. sponge 36 Introduction to Animals Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 2 Invertebrates Key Concept How do the groups of invertebrates differ? Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the invertebrate group that matches it correctly. Each invertebrate group is used only once. 1. Its name means “spiny skin.” A. arthropod 2. Its body is like a tube made of tiny rings. B. cnidarian 3. It makes up the oldest branch of the animal C. echinoderm family tree. 4. It has jointed appendages that extend from the central part of its body. D. flatworm E. mollusk F. roundworm 5. It has bilateral symmetry and a flat body shape. G. segmented worm 6. It has a mantle, or a thin layer of tissue, that H. sponge covers its internal organs. 7. It uses special cells called nematocysts to inject Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. poison into its prey. 8. Its exoskeleton is shed and replaced in a process called molting. Introduction to Animals 37 Name Date Key Concept Builder Class LESSON 2 Invertebrates Key Concept How do the groups of invertebrates differ? Directions: Draw and label examples of invertebrates in the space provided. 1. an invertebrate that has a hydrostatic skeleton 2. an invertebrate that has radial symmetry Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3. an invertebrate that has bilateral symmetry 38 Introduction to Animals Name Date Class Lesson Quiz A LESSON 2 Invertebrates True or False Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. If the statement is false, change the underlined word to make it true. Write your changes on the lines provided. 1. Invertebrates are animals that have backbones. 2. Sponges attach to rocks and filter food from the water around them. 3. Earthworms and leeches belong to the invertebrate group of flatworms. 4. Spiders and lobsters are arthropods. Matching Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once. 5. thin layer of tissue that covers the internal organs of a mollusk 6. lives on or inside another organism and gets food from that organism A. mantle B. metamorphosis C. molting D. parasite 7. the shedding and replacing of a hard outer covering 8. changes in body form that occur as an insect grows from egg to adult Introduction to Animals 41 Name Date Class Lesson Quiz B LESSON 2 Invertebrates Short Answer Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided. 1. Compare and contrast sponges and cnidarians. 2. Explain how invertebrates are able to support their bodies without a backbone. 3. Point out three different types of animals that belong to the phylum Arthropoda. Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Not all terms are used. 4. thin layer of tissue that covers the internal organs of a mollusk 5. lives on or in an organism from which it gets food A. appendage B. mantle C. metamorphosis D. molting 6. stiff hairs that help earthworms move E. parasite 7. the shedding and replacing of a hard outer F. setae covering 8. changes in body form that occur as an insect grows from egg to adult 42 Introduction to Animals Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Matching Name Date Class Lesson Outline LESSON 3 Chordates A. What is a chordate? 1. Chordates are animals that are grouped in the phylum . 2. Invertebrate chordates share many traits with vertebrates, but they have no . 3. Chordates have the following four traits at some time during their life—a notochord, a(n) , a(n) and pharyngeal . cord, a. The flexible rod-shaped structure that supports the body of a developing chordate is called a(n) . b. Grooves along the side of a developing chordate are called ; in humans these structures become parts of the , head, and neck. B. Invertebrate Chordates 1. The earliest chordates probably looked similar to , they often sit in the sand and catch food particles floating by. 3. Adult tunicates look like . 4. According to DNA evidence, are more closely related to vertebrates than lancelets are. C. Vertebrate Chordates 1. All vertebrates have a(n) , and most have . 2. All fish use in to breathe and live . a. All fish have powerful paired , and most fish also have . b. The three major groups of fish are jawless fish, rays, and . 3. A vertebrate animal that has four limbs is called a(n) 46 and . Introduction to Animals Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. Although lancelets can . Name Date Class Lesson Outline continued 4. are tetrapods that live on land but still depend on to survive and reproduce. a. The three groups of amphibians are and and newts, frogs , and caecelians. b. Scientists think that amphibian populations are because of disease, climate change, herbicides, and the destruction of amphibian . 5. The three most common groups of reptiles are lizards and , turtles, and alligators and crocodiles. a. All reptiles have for breathing. b. Inside a reptile’s egg is , a protective membrane that surrounds the embryo. c. Reptiles, birds, and mammals have eggs with an amnion, called eggs. d. Reptiles are , animals that heat their bodies from heat in their environments. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. are the one trait that makes birds different from all other animals. a. The bones of birds are nearly and are filled with air. b. Birds’ major adaptations for flight are c. Birds are and feathers. , or animals that generate their body heat from the inside. 7. All mammals have hair and special tissues that produce milk for young mammals, called . 8. The three groups of mammals are monotremes, marsupials, and mammals. a. Monotremes lay and include the platypus and the echidna. b. Marsupials are mammals that raise their young in c. Placental mammals have a structure called a(n) . to which the young are attached as they grow inside the mother. Introduction to Animals 47 Name Date Class Content Practice A LESSON 3 Chordates Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle with the correct terms from the word bank. amnion ectotherm endotherm gill mammary gland notochord 1 2 3 4 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5 6 Across 3. a protective membrane that surrounds the embryo 5. an organ that exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen in the water 6. a flexible rod-shaped structure that supports the body of a developing chordate Introduction to Animals Down 1. a special tissue that produces milk for young mammals 2. an animal that generates its body heat from the inside 4. an animal that heats its body from heat in its environment 49 Name Date Content Practice B Class LESSON 3 Chordates Directions: Complete the chart with the correct characteristics from the word bank in the space provided. Some characteristics are used more than once. do not have jaws Examples include goldfish. Examples include lampreys. Examples include stingrays. have a circle of teeth that attach to the sides of other fish have swim bladders that can fill with gas have jaws have paired fins have skeletons made of bone have skeletons made mostly or completely of cartilage Groups of Fish jawless fish • • • Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. • sharks and rays • • • bony fish • • • • • 50 Introduction to Animals Name Date Class Language Arts Support LESSON 3 Writing Activity: Concept Maps Learning the Skill Concept maps are diagrams that you can use to organize ideas about a subject. In a concept map, concepts are written in ovals or boxes and are connected with lines or arrows. On each line, there is a description of how the two concepts are connected. Each concept should be connected to at least one other concept. Study the sample concept map below. backbones turnicates lancelets include do not have Invertebrate Chordates Before you make a concept map, think about how the different concepts are related. First, write the main concept in the middle of your paper. Then add the other concepts and connections between concepts. Practicing the Skill Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Directions: Complete this concept map by writing the correct terms in the spaces. echinoderms most of which are sponges mollusks arthropods flatworms include for example for example make up jellyfish do not have earthworms 95% of all animals Introduction to Animals 51 Name Date Class Language Arts Support LESSON 3 Writing Activity: Concept Mapping Applying the Skill Directions: Make a concept map that includes the concepts listed below. Add at least three additional concepts to your map. birds coyotes humans mammals mammary glands marsupials milk monotremes opossums placental mammals platypuses reptiles Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 52 Introduction to Animals Name Date Math Skills Class LESSON 3 Use a Formula The density of an object is the ratio of the object’s mass to its volume. Density can be calculated using the formula below. mass density = _______ volume Density is reported as an amount of mass per one unit of volume. The units for mass are often grams or kilograms. The units for volume are often cubic centimeters. A bird egg has a volume of 25 cm3 and a mass of 30 g. What is the density of the egg? Step 1 Identify the variables given in the problem. mass = 30 g volume = 25 cm3 Step 2 Insert the known values into the formula and divide to solve. mass density = _______ density = volume 30 g ______ 25 cm3 density = 1.2 g/cm3 Practice Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. A bird egg has a volume of 12 cm3 and a mass of 15 g. What is the density of the egg? 2. A 26-g sample of human muscle tissue has a volume of 25 cm3. What is the density of the muscle tissue? Introduction to Animals 3. An average adult human eyeball has a volume of about 5.5 cm3 and a mass of about 7.5 g. What is the density of the human eyeball? 4. The brain of an adult human has a mass of 1,350 g and a volume of 1,700 cm3. What is the density of the human brain? 53 Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 3 Chordates Key Concept What characteristics do chordates have in common? Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence. 1. Mammals are (invertebrate chordates/vertebrate chordates). 2. A vertebrate is an animal that (has/does not have) a backbone. 3. All chordates have (pharyngeal pouches/notochords), which are flexible rod-shaped structures that support the body of a developing chordate. 4. In vertebrate chordates, the notochord is eventually replaced by the (backbone/tailbone). 5. All chordates have or have had tails; in humans, the (backbone/tailbone) is the Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. remnant of the tail. 6. All chordates have nerve cords; in humans, the nerve cord develops into the (heart/brain) and spinal cord. 7. All chordates have (pharyngeal pouches/notochords), which are grooves along the side of a developing chordate. 8. In humans, the pharyngeal pouches develop into parts of the (head and neck/arms and legs). 9. In fish, the pharyngeal slits provide support for (lungs/gills). Introduction to Animals 55 Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 3 Chordates Key Concept What is the difference between vertebrate and invertebrate chordates? Directions: On the line before each type of animal, write I if the animal is an invertebrate chordate or V if the animal is a vertebrate chordate. 1. reptile 2. mammal 3. tunicate 4. bird 5. lancelet 6. amphibian Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided. 7. You are trying to identify an animal. What characteristics would help you determine if the animal is a chordate? vertebrate chordate? 9. What test could determine how closely related the animal is to other kinds of chordates? 56 Introduction to Animals Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8. How could you determine whether the animal is an invertebrate chordate or a Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 3 Chordates Key Concept How do the groups of vertebrate chordates differ? Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the vertebrate chordate group that matches it correctly. Some groups are used more than once, and some statements have more than one answer. 1. These have feathers. A amphibians 2. These have hair. B. birds 3. The name of the group means “both ways of life.” C. fish 4. The adult stage of these have gills that exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen in the water. D. mammals E. reptiles 5. These three groups have amniotic eggs. 6. These three groups heat their bodies from the heat in the environment. 7. These two groups generate body heat from the inside. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8. These have mammary glands that provide milk for their young. Introduction to Animals 57 Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 3 Chordates Key Concept How do the groups of vertebrate chordates differ? Directions: Label this diagram by writing the correct term from the word bank on each line. Each term is used only once. amnion embryo shell yolk sac 1. 4. 2. 3. Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5. Which types of chordates have amniotic eggs? 6. What are some advantages of an amniotic egg? 58 Introduction to Animals Name Date Class Lesson Quiz A LESSON 3 Chordates True or False Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. If the statement is false, change the underlined word to make it true. Write your changes on the lines provided. 1. An invertebrate chordate is similar to a vertebrate chordate except that it does not have a notochord. 2. Wings are the feature that sets birds apart from other groups. 3. All fish live in water and have gills. Matching Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once. 4. produce milk for young mammals A. amphibians 5. generate body heat from inside B. ectotherm 6. have gills as tadpoles and lungs as adults C. endotherm 7. get body heat from the environment around them D. mammary glands E. notochord 8. grooves along the side of a developing chordate 9. flexible rod-shaped structure that supports a developing chordate F. pharyngeal pouches G. reptiles 10. lay shelled eggs and have scaly skin Introduction to Animals 61 Name Date Class Lesson Quiz B LESSON 3 Chordates Short Answer Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided. 1. Describe the three groups of mammals. 2. Point out the main traits of fish. 3. Identify an invertebrate chordate. Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Not all terms are used. 4. produce milk for young mammals A. amphibians 5. generate body heat from inside B. ectotherm 6. have gills as tadpoles and lungs as adults 7. get body heat from the environment around them C. endotherm D. mammary glands E. notochord 8. grooves along the side of a developing chordate 9. flexible rod-shaped structure that supports a developing chordate 10. lay shelled eggs and have scaly skin 62 F. pharyngeal pouches G. placenta H. reptiles I. scales Introduction to Animals Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Matching Lesson Outline for Teaching Lesson 1: What are animals? A. Animal Characteristics 1. The word zoo comes from the Greek word zoion, which means “living being” or “animal.” 2. Like plants, all animals are multicellular, or made up of more than one cell. a. Each animal cell, like plant cells, has a(n) nucleus at some point during its life. b. Only animals have nerve cells. 3. Animals get energy from the food they take into their bodies. 4. Each animal begins as a fertilized egg cell called a(n) zygote. B. How do scientists group animals? arranged. 1. Animals can be grouped by looking at their symmetry, or how body parts are parts that are nearly mirror images of each other. a. Bilateral symmetry is a body plan in which an organism can be divided into two b. Human beings are an example of an animal that has bilateral symmetry. c. Radial symmetry is a body plan that can be divided into two parts that are nearly mirror images of each other anywhere through its central axis. d. Asymmetry refers to a body plan that cannot be divided into any two parts that are nearly mirror images. 2. Taxonomy is a system that groups living things into levels called taxons. a. Taxons are groups of living things that have certain traits in common. b. Domains are the biggest groups in taxonomy. c. Animals are classified in the Domain Eukarya because each animal cell has a nucleus at some point in its life. d. The second level of taxonomy consists of the kingdom taxons. tree. 3. Relationships among and within generations of a family are shown in a(n) family Introduction to Animals 3. Structural adaptations in animals include their senses, skeletons, and circulation. 2. Animal adaptations can be structural, behavioral, or functional. reproducing in its environment is called a(n) adaptation. 1. An inherited trait that increases an organism’s chances of surviving and C. Animal Adaptations T2 4/24/10 8:11:32 AM Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. C230_082_087_CRF_AnsOut_892491.i82 82 Lesson Outline continued help organisms detect the presence of food or an enemy. 4. The abilities to detect infrared light or ultraviolet light are adaptations that can a. Animal skeletons support their bodies in several different ways. cavity surrounded by muscle tissue. b. A(n) hydrostatic skeleton, such as that of an earthworm, has a fluid-filled internal called a(n) exoskeleton. c. A crab’s soft internal structures are protected by a thick, hard outer covering d. Humans have an internal rigid framework called a(n) endoskeleton. the organism’s organs. e. In a(n) open circulatory system, a heart pumps blood into open spaces around of vessels. f. In a(n) closed circulatory system, a heart or hearts pump blood through a system a. Another important animal adaptation is the ability to learn behaviors. 5. Instincts are behaviors that animals are born with. called imprinting. b. Baby geese learning to follow their mother soon after birth is a learned behavior homeostasis. 6. Functional adaptations in species enable them to increase survival and maintain a. Animal reproduction can occur in water or on land. b. Fertilization that occurs in the water is called external fertilization. c. Fertilization that occurs inside a female is called internal fertilization. d. Most animal species that live on land use internal fertilization. Discussion Question What benefit does releasing large numbers of eggs or sperm into the water provide marine animals? 4/24/10 8:11:34 AM T3 The water environment does not provide much protection for developing young. Producing many eggs and sperm increases the chances that some offspring will survive and reproduce. Introduction to Animals C230_082_087_CRF_AnsOut_892491.i83 83 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Lesson Outline for Teaching Lesson 2: Invertebrates A. What is an invertebrate? 1. Animals that have a backbone for support are called vertebrates. 2. Animals that do not have a(n) backbone are called invertebrates. 3. Most invertebrates support their body with a(n) hydrostatic skeleton or a(n) exoskeleton, but a few have an endoskeleton. 4. About 95 percent of all known animal species are invertebrates. 5. Some invertebrates are parasites, which are animals that survive by living inside or on another organism, get food from the organism, and do not help in the organism’s survival. B. Sponges simple animals. 1. Sponges have only a few types of cells and no true tissues, so they are often called that support their bodies. 2. Scientists group sponges by the kinds of materials that make up the tiny, stiff fibers C. Cnidarians come in contact with them. 1. Cnidarians have cells called nematocysts that can inject poison into animals that 2. Cnidarians have radial symmetry. 3. Unlike sponges, cnidarians have true tissues. 1. Flatworms have bilateral symmetry; each worm has a similar left side and right side. D. Flatworms 2. Most flatworms live in freshwater or salt water. E. Segmented Worms “little rings.” 1. The name for the phylum that includes earthworms is Annelida, which means 2. Segmented worms have hydrostatic skeletons. 3. Earthworms have tiny, stiff hairs called setae that help them grip surfaces. and helps make the shell of some mollusks. Introduction to Animals 3. A mollusk’s mantle is a thin layer of tissue that covers the mollusk’s internal organs 2. Most mollusks have a footlike muscle that is usually used for movement. 1. Snails and slugs are mollusks, or members of the phylum Mollusca. F. Mollusks T4 4/24/10 8:11:34 AM Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. C230_082_087_CRF_AnsOut_892491.i84 84 /Volumes/107/GO00796_r1/MIDDLE_SCHOOL_SCIENCE_2012/NATIONAL/ANCILLARY/MSS and lobsters, and centipedes and millipedes. I. Echinoderms spiny texture. 1. The hard endoskeleton just beneath an echinoderm’s thin outer skin gives it a symmetry as adults. 2. When echinoderms are young, they have bilateral symmetry, but they have radial 3. Echinoderms are more closely related to humans than other invertebrates are. Discussion Question List and describe the three parts of an arthropod’s body. Arthropods have three body parts: a head, a thorax, and an abdomen. The head contains sense organs that can see, feel, and taste the environment. The thorax is where legs are attached. The abdomen contains intestines and reproductive organs. Introduction to Animals T5 3. Other than insects, the major groups of arthropods are spiders and scorpions, crabs 2. Most arthropods are insects, which have six legs. c. Arthropods have open circulation. b. An arthropod’s body has three parts—a head, a(n) thorax, and an abdomen. a. An arthropod has jointed appendages, or structures that extend from its body. 1. An arthropod has a hard outer covering, so it must molt to grow. H. Arthropods 3. A roundworm’s cuticle is shed and replaced in a process called molting. 2. Roundworms are covered with a hard outer covering called a cuticle for protection. 1. Roundworms have a(n) hydrostatic skeleton that they use for movement. G. Roundworms Lesson Outline continued C230_082_087_CRF_AnsOut_892491.i85 Page 85 2/25/11 1:10:41 AM s-74user Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Lesson Outline for Teaching Lesson 3: Chordates A. What is a chordate? 1. Chordates are animals that are grouped in the phylum Chordata. 2. Invertebrate chordates share many traits with vertebrates, but they have no backbone. notochord, a(n) tail, a(n) nerve cord, and pharyngeal pouches. 3. Chordates have the following four traits at some time during their life—a is called a(n) notochord. a. The flexible rod-shaped structure that supports the body of a developing chordate in humans these structures become parts of the ears, head, and neck. b. Grooves along the side of a developing chordate are called pharyngeal pouches; B. Invertebrate Chordates 1. The earliest chordates probably looked similar to lancelets. floating by. 2. Although lancelets can swim, they often sit in the sand and catch food particles 3. Adult tunicates look like sponges. 4. According to DNA evidence, tunicates are more closely related to vertebrates than lancelets are. embryo. Introduction to Animals b. Inside a reptile’s egg is amnion, a protective membrane that surrounds the a. All reptiles have lungs for breathing. alligators and crocodiles. 5. The three most common groups of reptiles are lizards and snakes, turtles, and climate change, herbicides, and the destruction of amphibian habitat. b. Scientists think that amphibian populations are decreasing because of disease, caecelians. a. The three groups of amphibians are salamanders and newts, frogs and toads, and reproduce. 4. Amphibians are tetrapods that live on land but still depend on water to survive and 3. A vertebrate animal that has four limbs is called a(n) tetrapod. b. The three major groups of fish are jawless fish, sharks and rays, and bony fish. a. All fish have powerful tails, and most fish also have paired fins. 2. All fish use gills to breathe and live in water. 1. All vertebrates have a(n) backbone, and most have jaws. C. Vertebrate Chordates T6 4/24/10 8:11:36 AM Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. C230_082_087_CRF_AnsOut_892491.i86 86 Lesson Outline continued c. Reptiles, birds, and mammals have eggs with an amnion, called amniotic eggs. environments. d. Reptiles are ectotherms, animals that heat their bodies from heat in their a. The bones of birds are nearly hollow and are filled with air. 6. Feathers are the one trait that makes birds different from all other animals. b. Birds’ major adaptations for flight are wings and feathers. c. Birds are endotherms, or animals that generate their body heat from the inside. called mammary glands. 7. All mammals have hair and special tissues that produce milk for young mammals, mammals. 8. The three groups of mammals are monotremes, marsupials, and placental a. Monotremes lay eggs and include the platypus and the echidna. b. Marsupials are mammals that raise their young in pouches. attached as they grow inside the mother. c. Placental mammals have a structure called a(n) placenta to which the young are Discussion Question What are some adaptations that birds have that enable them to fly? 4/24/10 8:11:37 AM T7 Birds do not have a urinary bladder; instead, they concentrate their urine into crystals. Birds have hollow bones that make them lighter than other vertebrates. Birds have feathers and wings connected to powerful chest muscles. Introduction to Animals C230_082_087_CRF_AnsOut_892491.i87 87 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.