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Supplemental
Worksheets
Name
Date
Class
Quick Vocabulary
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
adaptation inherited trait that
attach to fasten
increases an organism’s chances of
surviving and reproducing in its
environment
asymmetry body plan which cannot
be divided into any two parts that
are nearly mirror images of each
other
bilateral symmetry body plan
which an organism can be divided
into two parts that are nearly
mirror images of each other
endoskeleton internal rigid
framework that supports humans
and other animals
mantle thin layer of tissue that
covers a mollusk’s internal organs
metamorphosis process in which
the body form of an animal
changes as it grows from an egg to
an adult
molting process of shedding and
replacing an outer covering
parasite animal that survives by
living inside or on another
organism, gets food from the
organism, and does not help in the
organism’s survival
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
exoskeleton thick, hard outer
covering that protects crabs and
other animals
hydrostatic skeleton fluid-filled
internal cavity surrounded by
muscle tissue
radial symmetry body plan which
can be divided into two parts that
are nearly mirror images of each
other anywhere through its central
axis
species group of organisms that
have similar traits and are able to
produce fertile offspring
Introduction to Animals
3
Name
Date
Class
Quick Vocabulary
Lesson 3
amnion protective membrane that
surrounds the embryo
ectotherm animal that heats its
body with heat from the
environment
endotherm animal that generates
body heat from the inside
gill organ that exchanges carbon
dioxide for oxygen in water
mammary gland special tissue that
produces milk for young mammals
notochord flexible rod-shaped
structure that supports the body of
a developing chordate
pharyngeal pouch groove along the
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
side of a developing chordate that
will develop into other body
structures
scale small, flat, rigid external body
covering
4
Introduction to Animals
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 1
What are animals?
A. Animal Characteristics
1. The word
comes from the Greek word zoion, which
means “living being” or “animal.”
2. Like plants, all animals are
, or made up of more than
one cell.
a. Each animal cell, like plant cells, has a(n)
at some
point during its life.
b. Only animals have
cells.
3. Animals get energy from the
they take into their bodies.
4. Each animal begins as a fertilized egg cell called a(n)
.
B. How do scientists group animals?
1. Animals can be grouped by looking at their
, or how
body parts are arranged.
a.
symmetry is a body plan in which an organism can
be divided into two parts that are nearly mirror images of each other.
b. Human beings are an example of an animal with
c.
symmetry is a body plan that can be divided into
two parts that are nearly mirror images of each other anywhere through its
central axis.
d.
refers to a body plan that cannot be divided into any
two parts that are nearly mirror images.
2.
is a system that groups living things into levels called
taxons.
a. Taxons are groups of living things that have certain
in common.
b.
are the biggest groups in taxonomy.
c. Animals are classified in the Domain
because
each animal cell has a nucleus at some point in its life.
d. The second level of taxonomy consists of the
taxons.
3. Relationships among and within generations of a family are shown in
a(n)
10
.
Introduction to Animals
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
symmetry.
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
C. Animal Adaptations
1. An inherited trait that increases an organism’s chances of surviving and
reproducing in its environment is called a(n)
.
2. Animal adaptations can be structural, behavioral, or
.
3. Structural adaptations in animals include their senses, skeletons,
and
.
4. The abilities to detect infrared light or
light are
adaptations that can help organisms detect the presence of
or an enemy.
a. Animal skeletons
their bodies in several different ways.
b. A(n)
skeleton, such as that of an earthworm, has a
fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by muscle tissue.
c. A crab’s soft internal structures are protected by a thick, hard outer covering
called a(n)
.
d. Humans have an internal rigid framework called a(n)
.
e. In a(n)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
circulatory system, a heart pumps blood into
open spaces around the organism’s organs.
f. In a(n)
circulatory system, a heart or hearts pump
blood through a system of vessels.
5.
are behaviors that animals are born with.
a. Another important animal adaptation is the ability to
behaviors.
b. Baby geese learning to follow their mother soon after birth is a learned behavior
called
.
6. Functional adaptations in species enable them to
survival and maintain
a. Animal reproduction can occur in water or on
.
.
b. Fertilization that occurs in the water is called
fertilization.
c. Fertilization that occurs inside female is called
fertilization.
d. Most animal species that live on land use
Introduction to Animals
fertilization.
11
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 1
What are animals?
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
1. a body plan in which an organism can be divided
A. adaptation
into two parts that are nearly mirror images of
each other
B. asymmetry
C. bilateral symmetry
2. a body plan in which an organism can be divided
into two parts that are nearly mirror images of
each other anywhere through its central axis
3. a body plan in which an organism cannot be
divided into any two parts that are nearly mirror
images
D. endoskeleton
E. exoskeleton
F. hydrostatic skeleton
G. radial symmetry
4. an inherited trait that increases an organism’s
chances of surviving and reproducing in its
environment
5. a fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by muscle
tissue
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. a thick, hard outer covering
7. an internal rigid framework that supports animals
Introduction to Animals
13
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 1
What are animals?
Directions: Complete the concept map with the correct terms from the word bank in the space provided. Each
term is used only once.
crab
exoskeleton
human
hydrostatic skeleton
Types
of Animal
Skeletons
endoskeleton
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. What type of symmetry do humans have? Explain.
2. Give an example of a human adaptation. Explain how it helps people survive and
reproduce. Classify the adaptation as structural, behavioral, or functional.
14
Introduction to Animals
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
earthworm
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 1
What are animals?
Key Concept What characteristics are common to all animals?
Directions: Put a check mark on the line before each statement that represents a characteristic of animals.
1. unicellular
2. multicellular
3. cell walls
4. nerve cells
5. chlorophyll
6. collagen
7. zygote
8. photosynthesis
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
9. Compare animal cells and plant cells.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. Compare how animals and plants get food.
16
Introduction to Animals
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
What are animals?
Key Concept How do scientists group animals?
Directions: Label each diagram with the correct term from the word bank on each line. Then write a caption
that describes each diagram.
asymmetry
bilateral symmetry
Figure 1
1.
Figure 2
2.
5. Figure 2
Figure 3
3.
6. Figure 3
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Figure 1
radial symmetry
Introduction to Animals
17
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 1
What are animals?
Key Concept How do scientists group animals?
Directions: Place the groups in order from smallest to largest by writing a number 1 through 5 on the line before
each group.
1. genera
2. domain
3. species
4. phyla
5. kingdom
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.
6. What is taxonomy?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. What is a taxon?
8. What is a family tree?
18
Introduction to Animals
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 1
What are animals?
Key Concept How are animal species adapted to their environments?
Directions: Complete the concept map with the correct terms from the word bank in the space provided. Each
term is used only once.
external fertilization
functional adaptation
migration
structural adaptation
Types
of Adaptations
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
behavioral
adaptation
open
circulatory
system
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. What is an adaptation?
2. Compare different types of animal skeletons.
Introduction to Animals
19
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 1
What are animals?
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question or statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Collagen’s function is to
A. transform light energy.
B. conduct nerve impulses.
C. hold animal cells together.
2. The way an animal’s body parts are arranged is known as
A. symmetry.
B. taxonomy.
C. adaptation.
3. The ability of ants to sense ultraviolet light is a
A. structural adaptation.
B. functional adaptation.
C. behavioral adaptation.
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
5. fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by muscle
tissue
6. internal rigid framework that provides support
A. endoskeleton
B. exoskeleton
C. hydrostatic skeleton
7. thick, hard outer covering that protects internal
organs
24
Introduction to Animals
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Which body item is NOT part of an open circulatory system?
A. heart
B. blood
C. blood vessels
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 1
What are animals?
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. Compare and contrast behavioral adaptations and functional adaptations.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Describe a way you could determine whether a cell belongs to a plant or an animal.
3. Explain two different ways that scientists group animals.
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Not all terms
are used.
4. fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by muscle
tissue
5. internal rigid framework that provides support
6. blood pumped into spaces around organs
7. thick, hard outer covering that protects internal
organs
Introduction to Animals
A. closed circulatory
system
B. endoskeleton
C. exoskeleton
D. hydrostatic skeleton
E. open circulatory
system
25
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 2
Invertebrates
A. What is an invertebrate?
1. Animals that have a backbone for support are called
.
2. Animals that do not have a(n)
are called invertebrates.
3. Most invertebrates support their body with a(n)
skeleton or a(n)
, but a few have an endoskeleton.
4. About 95 percent of all known animal species are
.
5. Some invertebrates are
, which are animals that survive
by living inside or on another organism, get food from the organism, and do not
help in the organism’s survival.
B. Sponges
1. Sponges have only a few types of cells and no true
, so
they are often called simple animals.
2. Scientists group sponges by the kinds of materials that make up the tiny,
stiff
that support their bodies.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
C. Cnidarians
1. Cnidarians have cells called
that can inject
into animals that come in contact with them.
2. Cnidarians have
3. Unlike
symmetry.
, cnidarians have true tissues.
D. Flatworms
1. Flatworms have
symmetry; each worm has a similar left
side and right side.
2. Most flatworms live in
or salt water.
E. Segmented Worms
1. The name for the phylum that includes earthworms is
,
which means “little rings.”
2. Segmented worms have
3. Earthworms have tiny, stiff hairs called
skeletons.
that help them
grip surfaces.
Introduction to Animals
29
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
F. Mollusks
1. Snails and slugs are
, or members of the phylum
Mollusca.
2. Most mollusks have a footlike
that is usually used for
movement.
3. A mollusk’s
is a thin layer of tissue that covers the
mollusk’s internal organs and helps make the
mollusks.
of some
G. Roundworms
1. Roundworms have a(n)
skeleton that they use for
movement.
2. Roundworms are covered with a hard outer covering called a cuticle
for
.
3. A roundworm’s cuticle is shed and replaced in a process
called
.
H. Arthropods
1. An arthropod has a hard
, so it must molt to grow.
, or structures that extend
from its body.
b. An arthropod’s body has three parts—a head, a(n)
,
and an abdomen.
c. Arthropods have
circulation.
2. Most arthropods are
, which have six legs.
3. Other than insects, the major groups of arthropods are
and scorpions, crabs and lobsters, and
and millipedes.
I. Echinoderms
1. The hard
just beneath an echinoderm’s thin outer skin
makes it feel spiny.
2. When echinoderms are young, they have
but they have
3. Echinoderms are more closely related to
symmetry,
symmetry as adults.
than other
invertebrates are.
30
Introduction to Animals
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
a. An arthropod has jointed
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 2
Invertebrates
Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. An animal that does not have a backbone is a(n)
A. vertebrate.
B. exoskeleton.
C. invertebrate.
2. An animal that survives by living inside another organism and getting food
from the organism but does not help the organism survive is a
A. prey.
B. parasite.
C. predator.
3. Special cells used by cnidarians to inject poison are called
A. setae.
B. canals.
C. nematocysts.
4. Tiny, stiff hairs that help earthworms grip surfaces are called
A. setae.
B. canals.
C. nematocysts.
6. The process of an insect changing body form as it grows from an egg to an
adult is called
A. filtering.
B. molting.
C. metamorphosis.
7. The feet of echinoderms are connected to large tubes called
A. setae.
B. canals.
C. nematocysts.
32
Introduction to Animals
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. The process of shedding and replacing an exoskeleton is called
A. filtering.
B. molting.
C. metamorphosis.
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 2
Invertebrates
Directions: Complete the chart with the correct terms from the word bank in the space provided. Some terms
may not be used.
clam
earthworm
jellyfish
lobster
planarian
sea star
sponge
vinegar eel
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Invertebrate Group
Example of Animal
arthropods
1.
cnidarians
2.
echinoderms
3.
flatworms
4.
mollusk
5.
roundworms
6.
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
7. Compare vertebrates and invertebrates.
8. Compare a mantle and an appendage.
9. Compare molting and metamorphosis.
Introduction to Animals
33
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Invertebrates
Key Concept What characteristics do invertebrates have in common?
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement in the space provided.
Question
Answer
1. What supports the bodies of animals?
2. What is a vertebrate?
3. What is an invertebrate?
4. Give an example of an invertebrate.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. What percentage of known animal species are
invertebrates?
6. What types of skeletons do invertebrates have?
7. What is a parasite?
8. Are all invertebrates the same? Explain.
Introduction to Animals
35
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Invertebrates
Key Concept What characteristics do invertebrates have in common?
Directions: Put a check mark on the line before each animal that is an invertebrate. Write a characteristic of
each invertebrate on the line provided.
1. reptile
2. cnidarian
3. mollusk
4. fish
5. flatworm
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. arthropod
7. bird
8. echinoderm
9. amphibian
10. sponge
36
Introduction to Animals
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Invertebrates
Key Concept How do the groups of invertebrates differ?
Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the invertebrate group that matches it correctly.
Each invertebrate group is used only once.
1. Its name means “spiny skin.”
A. arthropod
2. Its body is like a tube made of tiny rings.
B. cnidarian
3. It makes up the oldest branch of the animal
C. echinoderm
family tree.
4. It has jointed appendages that extend from the
central part of its body.
D. flatworm
E. mollusk
F. roundworm
5. It has bilateral symmetry and a flat body shape.
G. segmented worm
6. It has a mantle, or a thin layer of tissue, that
H. sponge
covers its internal organs.
7. It uses special cells called nematocysts to inject
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
poison into its prey.
8. Its exoskeleton is shed and replaced in a process
called molting.
Introduction to Animals
37
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Invertebrates
Key Concept How do the groups of invertebrates differ?
Directions: Draw and label examples of invertebrates in the space provided.
1. an invertebrate that has a hydrostatic skeleton
2. an invertebrate that has radial symmetry
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. an invertebrate that has bilateral symmetry
38
Introduction to Animals
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 2
Invertebrates
True or False
Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. If the
statement is false, change the underlined word to make it true. Write your changes on the lines provided.
1. Invertebrates are animals that have backbones.
2. Sponges attach to rocks and filter food from the water around them.
3. Earthworms and leeches belong to the invertebrate group of flatworms.
4. Spiders and lobsters are arthropods.
Matching
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
5. thin layer of tissue that covers the internal organs
of a mollusk
6. lives on or inside another organism and gets food
from that organism
A. mantle
B. metamorphosis
C. molting
D. parasite
7. the shedding and replacing of a hard outer
covering
8. changes in body form that occur as an insect
grows from egg to adult
Introduction to Animals
41
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 2
Invertebrates
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. Compare and contrast sponges and cnidarians.
2. Explain how invertebrates are able to support their bodies without a backbone.
3. Point out three different types of animals that belong to the phylum Arthropoda.
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Not all terms
are used.
4. thin layer of tissue that covers the internal organs
of a mollusk
5. lives on or in an organism from which it gets
food
A. appendage
B. mantle
C. metamorphosis
D. molting
6. stiff hairs that help earthworms move
E. parasite
7. the shedding and replacing of a hard outer
F. setae
covering
8. changes in body form that occur as an insect
grows from egg to adult
42
Introduction to Animals
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Matching
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 3
Chordates
A. What is a chordate?
1. Chordates are animals that are grouped in the phylum
.
2. Invertebrate chordates share many traits with vertebrates, but they have
no
.
3. Chordates have the following four traits at some time during their life—a
notochord, a(n)
, a(n)
and pharyngeal
.
cord,
a. The flexible rod-shaped structure that supports the body of a developing chordate
is called a(n)
.
b. Grooves along the side of a developing chordate are called
; in humans these structures become parts of the
, head, and neck.
B. Invertebrate Chordates
1. The earliest chordates probably looked similar to
, they often sit in the sand and
catch food particles floating by.
3. Adult tunicates look like
.
4. According to DNA evidence,
are more closely related to
vertebrates than lancelets are.
C. Vertebrate Chordates
1. All vertebrates have a(n)
, and most
have
.
2. All fish use
in
to breathe and live
.
a. All fish have powerful
paired
, and most fish also have
.
b. The three major groups of fish are jawless fish,
rays, and
.
3. A vertebrate animal that has four limbs is called a(n)
46
and
.
Introduction to Animals
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Although lancelets can
.
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
4.
are tetrapods that live on land but still depend on
to survive and reproduce.
a. The three groups of amphibians are
and
and newts, frogs
, and caecelians.
b. Scientists think that amphibian populations are
because of disease, climate change, herbicides, and the destruction of
amphibian
.
5. The three most common groups of reptiles are lizards and
, turtles, and alligators and crocodiles.
a. All reptiles have
for breathing.
b. Inside a reptile’s egg is
, a protective membrane that
surrounds the embryo.
c. Reptiles, birds, and mammals have eggs with an amnion, called
eggs.
d. Reptiles are
, animals that heat their bodies from heat
in their environments.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6.
are the one trait that makes birds different from all
other animals.
a. The bones of birds are nearly
and are filled with air.
b. Birds’ major adaptations for flight are
c. Birds are
and feathers.
, or animals that generate their body heat
from the inside.
7. All mammals have hair and special tissues that produce milk for young mammals,
called
.
8. The three groups of mammals are monotremes, marsupials, and
mammals.
a. Monotremes lay
and include the platypus and the
echidna.
b. Marsupials are mammals that raise their young in
c. Placental mammals have a structure called a(n)
.
to
which the young are attached as they grow inside the mother.
Introduction to Animals
47
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 3
Chordates
Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle with the correct terms from the word bank.
amnion
ectotherm
endotherm
gill
mammary gland
notochord
1
2
3
4
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5
6
Across
3. a protective membrane that surrounds
the embryo
5. an organ that exchanges carbon
dioxide for oxygen in the water
6. a flexible rod-shaped structure that
supports the body of a developing
chordate
Introduction to Animals
Down
1. a special tissue that produces milk for
young mammals
2. an animal that generates its body heat
from the inside
4. an animal that heats its body from
heat in its environment
49
Name
Date
Content Practice B
Class
LESSON 3
Chordates
Directions: Complete the chart with the correct characteristics from the word bank in the space provided. Some
characteristics are used more than once.
do not have jaws
Examples include goldfish.
Examples include lampreys.
Examples include stingrays.
have a circle of teeth that attach to the sides of other fish
have swim bladders that can fill with gas
have jaws
have paired fins
have skeletons made of bone
have skeletons made mostly or completely of cartilage
Groups of Fish
jawless fish
•
•
•
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
•
sharks and rays
•
•
•
bony fish
•
•
•
•
•
50
Introduction to Animals
Name
Date
Class
Language Arts Support
LESSON 3
Writing Activity: Concept Maps
Learning the Skill
Concept maps are diagrams that you can use to organize ideas about a subject. In a concept
map, concepts are written in ovals or boxes and are connected with lines or arrows. On each
line, there is a description of how the two concepts are connected. Each concept should be
connected to at least one other concept. Study the sample concept map below.
backbones
turnicates
lancelets
include
do not have
Invertebrate
Chordates
Before you make a concept map, think about how the different concepts are related. First,
write the main concept in the middle of your paper. Then add the other concepts and
connections between concepts.
Practicing the Skill
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Complete this concept map by writing the correct terms in the spaces.
echinoderms
most of which are
sponges
mollusks
arthropods
flatworms
include
for example
for example
make up
jellyfish
do not have
earthworms
95% of all
animals
Introduction to Animals
51
Name
Date
Class
Language Arts Support
LESSON 3
Writing Activity: Concept Mapping
Applying the Skill
Directions: Make a concept map that includes the concepts listed below. Add at least three additional concepts to
your map.
birds
coyotes
humans
mammals
mammary glands
marsupials
milk
monotremes
opossums
placental mammals
platypuses
reptiles
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
52
Introduction to Animals
Name
Date
Math Skills
Class
LESSON 3
Use a Formula
The density of an object is the ratio of the object’s mass to its volume. Density can be
calculated using the formula below.
mass
density = _______
volume
Density is reported as an amount of mass per one unit of volume. The units for mass are
often grams or kilograms. The units for volume are often cubic centimeters.
A bird egg has a volume of 25 cm3 and a mass of 30 g. What is the density of the egg?
Step 1 Identify the variables given in the problem.
mass = 30 g
volume = 25 cm3
Step 2 Insert the known values into the formula and divide to solve.
mass
density = _______
density =
volume
30 g
______
25 cm3
density = 1.2 g/cm3
Practice
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. A bird egg has a volume of 12 cm3 and
a mass of 15 g. What is the density of
the egg?
2. A 26-g sample of human muscle tissue
has a volume of 25 cm3. What is the
density of the muscle tissue?
Introduction to Animals
3. An average adult human eyeball has a
volume of about 5.5 cm3 and a mass of
about 7.5 g. What is the density of the
human eyeball?
4. The brain of an adult human has a mass
of 1,350 g and a volume of 1,700 cm3.
What is the density of the human brain?
53
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Chordates
Key Concept What characteristics do chordates have in common?
Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence.
1. Mammals are (invertebrate chordates/vertebrate chordates).
2. A vertebrate is an animal that (has/does not have) a backbone.
3. All chordates have (pharyngeal pouches/notochords), which are flexible rod-shaped
structures that support the body of a developing chordate.
4. In vertebrate chordates, the notochord is eventually replaced by the (backbone/tailbone).
5. All chordates have or have had tails; in humans, the (backbone/tailbone) is the
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
remnant of the tail.
6. All chordates have nerve cords; in humans, the nerve cord develops into the
(heart/brain) and spinal cord.
7. All chordates have (pharyngeal pouches/notochords), which are grooves along the side
of a developing chordate.
8. In humans, the pharyngeal pouches develop into parts of the
(head and neck/arms and legs).
9. In fish, the pharyngeal slits provide support for (lungs/gills).
Introduction to Animals
55
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Chordates
Key Concept What is the difference between vertebrate and invertebrate chordates?
Directions: On the line before each type of animal, write I if the animal is an invertebrate chordate or V if the
animal is a vertebrate chordate.
1. reptile
2. mammal
3. tunicate
4. bird
5. lancelet
6. amphibian
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.
7. You are trying to identify an animal. What characteristics would help you determine if
the animal is a chordate?
vertebrate chordate?
9. What test could determine how closely related the animal is to other kinds of
chordates?
56
Introduction to Animals
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. How could you determine whether the animal is an invertebrate chordate or a
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Chordates
Key Concept How do the groups of vertebrate chordates differ?
Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the vertebrate chordate group that matches it
correctly. Some groups are used more than once, and some statements have more than one answer.
1. These have feathers.
A amphibians
2. These have hair.
B. birds
3. The name of the group means “both ways of life.”
C. fish
4. The adult stage of these have gills that exchange
carbon dioxide for oxygen in the water.
D. mammals
E. reptiles
5. These three groups have amniotic eggs.
6. These three groups heat their bodies from the
heat in the environment.
7. These two groups generate body heat from the
inside.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. These have mammary glands that provide milk
for their young.
Introduction to Animals
57
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Chordates
Key Concept How do the groups of vertebrate chordates differ?
Directions: Label this diagram by writing the correct term from the word bank on each line. Each term is used
only once.
amnion
embryo
shell
yolk sac
1.
4.
2.
3.
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. Which types of chordates have amniotic eggs?
6. What are some advantages of an amniotic egg?
58
Introduction to Animals
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 3
Chordates
True or False
Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. If the
statement is false, change the underlined word to make it true. Write your changes on the lines provided.
1. An invertebrate chordate is similar to a vertebrate chordate except that it does
not have a notochord.
2. Wings are the feature that sets birds apart from other groups.
3. All fish live in water and have gills.
Matching
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
4. produce milk for young mammals
A. amphibians
5. generate body heat from inside
B. ectotherm
6. have gills as tadpoles and lungs as adults
C. endotherm
7. get body heat from the environment around them
D. mammary glands
E. notochord
8. grooves along the side of a developing chordate
9. flexible rod-shaped structure that supports a
developing chordate
F. pharyngeal pouches
G. reptiles
10. lay shelled eggs and have scaly skin
Introduction to Animals
61
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 3
Chordates
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. Describe the three groups of mammals.
2. Point out the main traits of fish.
3. Identify an invertebrate chordate.
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Not all terms
are used.
4. produce milk for young mammals
A. amphibians
5. generate body heat from inside
B. ectotherm
6. have gills as tadpoles and lungs as adults
7. get body heat from the environment around them
C. endotherm
D. mammary glands
E. notochord
8. grooves along the side of a developing chordate
9. flexible rod-shaped structure that supports a
developing chordate
10. lay shelled eggs and have scaly skin
62
F. pharyngeal pouches
G. placenta
H. reptiles
I. scales
Introduction to Animals
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Matching
Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 1: What are animals?
A. Animal Characteristics
1. The word zoo comes from the Greek word zoion, which means “living being” or
“animal.”
2. Like plants, all animals are multicellular, or made up of more than one cell.
a. Each animal cell, like plant cells, has a(n) nucleus at some point during its life.
b. Only animals have nerve cells.
3. Animals get energy from the food they take into their bodies.
4. Each animal begins as a fertilized egg cell called a(n) zygote.
B. How do scientists group animals?
arranged.
1. Animals can be grouped by looking at their symmetry, or how body parts are
parts that are nearly mirror images of each other.
a. Bilateral symmetry is a body plan in which an organism can be divided into two
b. Human beings are an example of an animal that has bilateral symmetry.
c. Radial symmetry is a body plan that can be divided into two parts that are nearly
mirror images of each other anywhere through its central axis.
d. Asymmetry refers to a body plan that cannot be divided into any two parts that
are nearly mirror images.
2. Taxonomy is a system that groups living things into levels called taxons.
a. Taxons are groups of living things that have certain traits in common.
b. Domains are the biggest groups in taxonomy.
c. Animals are classified in the Domain Eukarya because each animal cell has a
nucleus at some point in its life.
d. The second level of taxonomy consists of the kingdom taxons.
tree.
3. Relationships among and within generations of a family are shown in a(n) family
Introduction to Animals
3. Structural adaptations in animals include their senses, skeletons, and circulation.
2. Animal adaptations can be structural, behavioral, or functional.
reproducing in its environment is called a(n) adaptation.
1. An inherited trait that increases an organism’s chances of surviving and
C. Animal Adaptations
T2
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Lesson Outline continued
help organisms detect the presence of food or an enemy.
4. The abilities to detect infrared light or ultraviolet light are adaptations that can
a. Animal skeletons support their bodies in several different ways.
cavity surrounded by muscle tissue.
b. A(n) hydrostatic skeleton, such as that of an earthworm, has a fluid-filled internal
called a(n) exoskeleton.
c. A crab’s soft internal structures are protected by a thick, hard outer covering
d. Humans have an internal rigid framework called a(n) endoskeleton.
the organism’s organs.
e. In a(n) open circulatory system, a heart pumps blood into open spaces around
of vessels.
f. In a(n) closed circulatory system, a heart or hearts pump blood through a system
a. Another important animal adaptation is the ability to learn behaviors.
5. Instincts are behaviors that animals are born with.
called imprinting.
b. Baby geese learning to follow their mother soon after birth is a learned behavior
homeostasis.
6. Functional adaptations in species enable them to increase survival and maintain
a. Animal reproduction can occur in water or on land.
b. Fertilization that occurs in the water is called external fertilization.
c. Fertilization that occurs inside a female is called internal fertilization.
d. Most animal species that live on land use internal fertilization.
Discussion Question
What benefit does releasing large numbers of eggs or sperm into the water provide marine
animals?
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T3
The water environment does not provide much protection for developing young. Producing
many eggs and sperm increases the chances that some offspring will survive and reproduce.
Introduction to Animals
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Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 2: Invertebrates
A. What is an invertebrate?
1. Animals that have a backbone for support are called vertebrates.
2. Animals that do not have a(n) backbone are called invertebrates.
3. Most invertebrates support their body with a(n) hydrostatic skeleton or a(n)
exoskeleton, but a few have an endoskeleton.
4. About 95 percent of all known animal species are invertebrates.
5. Some invertebrates are parasites, which are animals that survive by living inside or
on another organism, get food from the organism, and do not help in the
organism’s survival.
B. Sponges
simple animals.
1. Sponges have only a few types of cells and no true tissues, so they are often called
that support their bodies.
2. Scientists group sponges by the kinds of materials that make up the tiny, stiff fibers
C. Cnidarians
come in contact with them.
1. Cnidarians have cells called nematocysts that can inject poison into animals that
2. Cnidarians have radial symmetry.
3. Unlike sponges, cnidarians have true tissues.
1. Flatworms have bilateral symmetry; each worm has a similar left side and right side.
D. Flatworms
2. Most flatworms live in freshwater or salt water.
E. Segmented Worms
“little rings.”
1. The name for the phylum that includes earthworms is Annelida, which means
2. Segmented worms have hydrostatic skeletons.
3. Earthworms have tiny, stiff hairs called setae that help them grip surfaces.
and helps make the shell of some mollusks.
Introduction to Animals
3. A mollusk’s mantle is a thin layer of tissue that covers the mollusk’s internal organs
2. Most mollusks have a footlike muscle that is usually used for movement.
1. Snails and slugs are mollusks, or members of the phylum Mollusca.
F. Mollusks
T4
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and lobsters, and centipedes and millipedes.
I. Echinoderms
spiny texture.
1. The hard endoskeleton just beneath an echinoderm’s thin outer skin gives it a
symmetry as adults.
2. When echinoderms are young, they have bilateral symmetry, but they have radial
3. Echinoderms are more closely related to humans than other invertebrates are.
Discussion Question
List and describe the three parts of an arthropod’s body.
Arthropods have three body parts: a head, a thorax, and an abdomen. The head contains
sense organs that can see, feel, and taste the environment. The thorax is where legs are
attached. The abdomen contains intestines and reproductive organs.
Introduction to Animals
T5
3. Other than insects, the major groups of arthropods are spiders and scorpions, crabs
2. Most arthropods are insects, which have six legs.
c. Arthropods have open circulation.
b. An arthropod’s body has three parts—a head, a(n) thorax, and an abdomen.
a. An arthropod has jointed appendages, or structures that extend from its body.
1. An arthropod has a hard outer covering, so it must molt to grow.
H. Arthropods
3. A roundworm’s cuticle is shed and replaced in a process called molting.
2. Roundworms are covered with a hard outer covering called a cuticle for protection.
1. Roundworms have a(n) hydrostatic skeleton that they use for movement.
G. Roundworms
Lesson Outline continued
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Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 3: Chordates
A. What is a chordate?
1. Chordates are animals that are grouped in the phylum Chordata.
2. Invertebrate chordates share many traits with vertebrates, but they have no backbone.
notochord, a(n) tail, a(n) nerve cord, and pharyngeal pouches.
3. Chordates have the following four traits at some time during their life—a
is called a(n) notochord.
a. The flexible rod-shaped structure that supports the body of a developing chordate
in humans these structures become parts of the ears, head, and neck.
b. Grooves along the side of a developing chordate are called pharyngeal pouches;
B. Invertebrate Chordates
1. The earliest chordates probably looked similar to lancelets.
floating by.
2. Although lancelets can swim, they often sit in the sand and catch food particles
3. Adult tunicates look like sponges.
4. According to DNA evidence, tunicates are more closely related to vertebrates than
lancelets are.
embryo.
Introduction to Animals
b. Inside a reptile’s egg is amnion, a protective membrane that surrounds the
a. All reptiles have lungs for breathing.
alligators and crocodiles.
5. The three most common groups of reptiles are lizards and snakes, turtles, and
climate change, herbicides, and the destruction of amphibian habitat.
b. Scientists think that amphibian populations are decreasing because of disease,
caecelians.
a. The three groups of amphibians are salamanders and newts, frogs and toads, and
reproduce.
4. Amphibians are tetrapods that live on land but still depend on water to survive and
3. A vertebrate animal that has four limbs is called a(n) tetrapod.
b. The three major groups of fish are jawless fish, sharks and rays, and bony fish.
a. All fish have powerful tails, and most fish also have paired fins.
2. All fish use gills to breathe and live in water.
1. All vertebrates have a(n) backbone, and most have jaws.
C. Vertebrate Chordates
T6
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Lesson Outline continued
c. Reptiles, birds, and mammals have eggs with an amnion, called amniotic eggs.
environments.
d. Reptiles are ectotherms, animals that heat their bodies from heat in their
a. The bones of birds are nearly hollow and are filled with air.
6. Feathers are the one trait that makes birds different from all other animals.
b. Birds’ major adaptations for flight are wings and feathers.
c. Birds are endotherms, or animals that generate their body heat from the inside.
called mammary glands.
7. All mammals have hair and special tissues that produce milk for young mammals,
mammals.
8. The three groups of mammals are monotremes, marsupials, and placental
a. Monotremes lay eggs and include the platypus and the echidna.
b. Marsupials are mammals that raise their young in pouches.
attached as they grow inside the mother.
c. Placental mammals have a structure called a(n) placenta to which the young are
Discussion Question
What are some adaptations that birds have that enable them to fly?
4/24/10 8:11:37 AM
T7
Birds do not have a urinary bladder; instead, they concentrate their urine into crystals. Birds
have hollow bones that make them lighter than other vertebrates. Birds have feathers and
wings connected to powerful chest muscles.
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