Download The Moon - ESA Science

The Moon: Next Steps for
Science, Exploration
& Utilisation
Bernard H. Foing*
International Lunar Exploration Working Group
* Chief Scientist, ESA RSSD
ESTEC/SCI-SR
www.estec.esa.nl/ilewg/
sci.esa.int/smart-1/
lunarexplorer.org
2003 Moon exploration BHF
ILEWG
INTERNATIONAL LUNAR EXPLORATION
THE NEXT STEPS...
WORKING GROUP
SELENE
Apollo
2003 Moon exploration BHF
The Moon: Science, Exploration, Utilisation
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Historical perspectives: Apollo, Luna
Renewed International Lunar Exploration: Clementine, Prospector
The near future: (SMART-1), Lunar-A, Selene
ILEWG International Lunar Exploration Working group
– Science of the Moon and planetology
– Science from the Moon
– Life and Sciences on the Moon
SMART-1 special
ICEUM4 2000
Tools for Lunar Exploration
Moon as testbed for technologies
Moon as step to human exploration of solar system
Roadmap to the lunar village
2003 Moon exploration BHF
Apollo and Luna Missions
as17-145-22157
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1964- 1965
1966- 1965
1965- 1970
1966- 1967
1966- 1968
1968- 1972
Ranger NASA Lunar Impact
Apollo Unmanned
Zond – Luna Soviet
Lunar Orbiter NASA mapping
Surveyor NASA Lunar Lander
Apollo Manned missions
2003 Moon exploration BHF
International Lunar Exploration Missions
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Muses-A Hiten ISAS Lunar Navigation
Clementine (US, BMDO)
1990
1994
– Multi-band Imaging, technology demonstration
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Lunar Prospector (US, NASA Discovery)
1998
– Neutron, gamma ray low resolution mapping
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SMART-1 (ESA Technology Mission)
2003
– Instrument technology, high res., geochemistry
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Lunar A (J, ISAS Science)
2004
– 2 Penetrators with seismometers + equator cameras
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SELENE
(J, ISAS/NASDA)
2005
– Ambitious orbiter instruments for science
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Chinese CAS lunar polar orbiter
Chandrayan-1 (ISRO) lunar polar orbiter
South Pole Aitken Basin Sample Return
– NASA New Frontiers mission
2003 Moon exploration BHF
2007
2008
2009
Clementine
• US DoD , technology demonstration
• Launched January 1994, Titan IIG rocket
• Objectives
– Mapping
– Global 3D composition of lunar crust
– Illumination and ice at south pole
• Clementine instruments
– UV-vis camera
– Near –IR camera
– High Resolution Camera
– LIDAR system
– Long Wave Infrared Camera
2003 Moon exploration BHF
Lunar Prospector
• US NASA Discovery mission
• Launch 6 January 1998, Athena II rocket
• Objectives
– Lunar formation and evolution
– Prospection lunar resources
• Instruments
– Neutron Spectrometer (e.g. Polar ices)
– Gamm-Ray Spectrometer
– Magnetometer / Electron reflectometer
– Doppler Gravity Experiment
– Alpha Particle Spectrometer
LP Neutron Spectrometer data from the north pole
showing evidence of water ice (dark blue to magenta)
2003 Moon exploration BHF
Lunar Prospector
IRON LO-RES
THORIUM LO-RES
2003 Moon exploration BHF
SMART-1
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ESA SMART “New Millennium” Programme
– Small Missions for Advanced Research in Technology
– technology demonstration for cornerstone missions
– early opportunity for science
– new management approach
SMART-1 Solar Electric Propulsion to the Moon
– Launch 27 Sept 2003 by Ariane 5 G V162
– 3rd Auxiliary passenger into Standard GTO
– test of Solar Electric Propulsion
– opportunity for cruise (15-18 month)
– lunar science (baseline orbit 300-10000 km , 6 mth +TBD)
– approved in september 99, budget 110 MEuro
– SMART-1 web page (http://sci.esa.int/smart-1/)
2003 Moon exploration BHF
Instrument Technology
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D-CIXS ( Compact Imaging X-ray Spectrometer)
– Swept charge CCD, advanced micro structure collimator
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SIR (IR Spectrometer)
– Monolithic quartz commercial grating spectrometer
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AMIE (High Resolution micro- Camera)
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micro-camera, 3D electronics and integrated Data Processor
Multicolour imaging, lightweight high resolution optics
Laser link with ESA Optical Ground Station in Tenerife
On Board Autonomous Navigation experiment
SPEDE Spacecraft Potential Electron Dust Experiment
EPDP Electric Propulsion Diagnostics Package
KATE Deep Space X- Ka Communications &
RSIS radio science
2003 Moon exploration BHF
SMART-1 Science Objectives
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LUNAR SCIENCE
1st X-ray map Mg, Al, Si at <50 km resolution
1st infrared spectral mineralogy map 0.9- 2.5 µm
Colour images .75,.9, .95 µm+ white deep exposures
Local multi-band mapping at 40 m high res.
Polar areas illumination and resource mapping
Stereo mapping for Digital Elevation Models
CRUISE SCIENCE
• Earth and magnetospheric imaging
• Long term X-ray monitoring of Sun
• Monitoring X-ray sources
2003 Moon exploration BHF
SMART-1 INVESTIGATIONS
FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF THE MOON
Chemical composition: constraint on Earth-Moon origin
Signatures of accretional processes in inner planets
COMPARATIVE GEOPHYSICAL PROCESSES
Volcanism, tectonics, cratering, erosion,
Deposition of ices and volatiles
PREPARING FUTURE LUNAR EXPLORATION
Survey of lunar resources (minerals, volatiles, illumination)
High resolution studies for future landing sites and outposts
Coordination with other lunar missions
2003 Moon exploration BHF
Lunar -A
• Launch mid 2004, M-V rocket ,
Kagashima
• Arrival mid 2005
• Study of lunar interior and core
– Seismometers and Heat flow probes
• Two penetrators (near and far side)
• Study of deep moonquakes
• Mapping of equatorial regions with
monochromatic camera
Figure 7. Seismic ray path from a deep moonquake of the focal depth of 900
2003 Moon exploration BHF
km
Selene
• Launch 2005, H-II rocket ,
Tanegashima Space center, 5 days cruise
• Objectives:
– Lunar Origin and Evolution
– Technology for future exploration
• Lunar Orbiter : mapping 100 km
• Relay satellite
2003 Moon exploration BHF
Selene instruments
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Elemental and mineralogical composition
– X- ray spectrometer
– Gamma Ray spectrometer
– Multiband imager and Spectral Profiler
Surface and subsurface structure/ tectonics
– Terrain Camera
– Laser Altimeter
– Lunar Radar Sounder
Gravity Field (VLBI and data relay)
Lunar Magnetometer
Plasma Imager
Charged Particle Spectrometer and Plasma
analyser
Radio Science S and X
2003 Moon exploration BHF
ESA Lunar Exploration Studies
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ESA Lunar Study
1990-1992
– Report Mission to the Moon
MORO Lunar Orbiter Study (science)
1994-1996
LEDA Lander Study (technology)
1992-1996
ESA EUROMOON Study
1997-1998
LUNARSAT Educational study
1997-1999
SMART-1 Technology mission
1998-2005
– Solar Electric Propulsion to the Moon, instrument technologies, science
– launch 27 September 2003 23 UT
– Preparation for LISA, Bepi Colombo, Solar Orbiter
– Synergies with other science planetary missions (Rosetta, Mars X, Venus X)
ESA Advanced Technologies (Propulsion, Landing, Robotics, Telepresence…)
General Studies (Space Exploration & Utilisation, Humex, …)
AURORA Programme and post-ISS Manned Spaceflight programme
2003 Moon exploration BHF
NEOs
2002
2010
2020
2003 Moon exploration BHF
2025
2030
Year
ILEWG International Lunar Exploration Working Group
• Founded Beatenberg Int’l Conference1994, Hamburg 1995 (ILEWG Charter)
• Sponsored and members appointed by agencies, with support by experts
• To develop an International Strategy for the Exploration of the Moon
• Forum and mechanism for communication and co-ordination
• To implement international co-operation and report to COSPAR/IACG
ICEUM Int’l Conferences on Exploration & Utilisation of the Moon
Beatenberg 94, Kyoto 96 , Moscow 98, ESTEC 2000, Hawaii Nov 2003
COSPAR: Washington 92, Hamburg 94, Nagoya 98, Warsaw 00, Houston 02
EGS lunar sessions: Vienna 97, Nice 98, The Hague 99, Nice 00 - 04
www.estec.esa.nl/ilewg and http://ilewg.jsc.nasa.gov
2003 Moon exploration BHF
ILEWG
Charter
Science of the Moon and planetology
Understanding the formation and evolution of rocky planets
Origin of the Moon: geochemistry constraints
Evolution of Earth/Moon system
Impact craters and giant bombardment history in the inner solar system
South Pole Aitken Basin and large impact basins
Comparative planetology of Earth-like Planets and Moons
Geophysics and Geochemistry
Processes (tectonics, volcanism, cratering, erosion, volatiles)
The Moon as surface collector of extraterrestrial samples
Regolith Sample of the solar wind history
Samples of ice cometary deposits in the last hundreds million years
Samples from Venus, Mars and asteroids
Samples from the Evolving Earth: mission to the Lunar Attic of the Early Earth
2003 Moon exploration BHF
Science from the Moon
Deep Surveys Lunar transit telescope
Dark Matter Lensing Telescope
Near Earth Object telescopes
Submm- IR telescopes in dark cold sites
Hyper telescope interferometers for exoplanets studies
Very Low Frequency astronomy on limb and far side sites
SETI telescopes on protected radio quiet far side sites
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Tools needed
– Autonomous robotic telescopes
– Deployment of large telescopes
(VLF, sub-mm/IR, visible)
2003 Moon exploration BHF
Astrobiology and Life sciences laboratory on the Moon:
Analysis of organics from lunar and extraterrestrial samples
Bacteria and extremes of life: Survival, replication, mutation and evolution
Extraterrestrial botanics: Growing plants on the Moon (start with tulips!)
Animals: physiology and ethology on another planet
Closed Ecological Life Support Systems, Greenhouses, Food
Human aspects
Architecture design and operations of lunar base
Man/robotics synergies, Life support systems
Low gravity physiology laboratory, Telemedecine
Psychology, Social and Multi-cultural Laboratory
Infrastructures: communication, transport, construction, exploitation
Commercial development
2003 Moon exploration BHF
Moon as Testbed for Exploration Technologies
New technology and system level engineering demonstration
Remote sensing miniaturised instruments
Surface geophysical and geochemistry package
Instrument deployment and robotic arm
Close mobility, nano-rover, sampling , drilling
Regional mobility: rover, navigation
Robotic laboratory
Mecha-electronics-sensors
Tele control, Telepresence, Virtual reality
Autonomy, Navigation, Artificially intelligent robots
In-Situ Utilisation of lunar resources
Regolith, Oxygen, glasses, metals utilisation
Long term: He 3 extraction
Establishment of permanent lunar infrastructure
Life sciences laboratories & Life support systems
Large astronomical facilities
Environmental protection aspects of human expansion to the Moon
2003 Moon exploration BHF
Moon as step to solar system
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Moon as test bed for solar system exploration
Moon-Mars science synergies
Instrument technologies
Robotic outposts
Tele-presence, Virtual reality
Deployment of large infrastructures
Earth-Moon L1 libration point for transfer
Coordination humans and robots
Medical aspects
Biospheres on the Moon
Human expansion in solar system
2003 Moon exploration BHF
Social Benefits from Lunar Exploration
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Benefits from Science exploration and Knowledge
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Origin/evolution of Earth Moon system and rocky planets
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Comparative planetology from orbit & surface
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New Planetary Instruments
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Prepare and support exploration
Human and Social benefits
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Mobilisation of sciences and technologies
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Education and science outreach
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Peaceful international challenge
– Commercial initiatives
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Resource and energy utilisation
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Ecosystems on the Moon
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Lunar base as Earth life refuge
– Protection of lunar environment
2003 Moon exploration BHF
ILEWG phased approach for lunar exploration
2003 Moon exploration BHF
A ROAD MAP TO THE MOON VILLAGE AND BEYOND (approved, robotic exploration, manned)
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2003
2004
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2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2017
2019
2020
2021
2030
SMART-1 launch,
Continued System Studies, technologies roadmap
Lunar-A launch,
Continued Technology development, design architecture
Launch of SELENE joining SMART-1 & Lunar-A at the Moon
Soyuz launcher at Kourou
(with further man-rated adaptation)
ISS use for preparing deep space exploration
Indian Chandrayan-1 and Chinese lunar orbiter missions
Moon polar orbiter scout (altimeter, ice radar, high res. cam, relay+techno lander)
South Pole Aitken Sample Return (US)
Medium-size landers and rovers scouts, polar ice rover,
1st robotic outposts on the Moon
ISRU, energy production experiments
Astrobiology/life science lab: Precursor life sciences,
Earth-Moon robotic
Manned orbital infrastructure
Lunar robotic village
Surface infrastructures (energy ISRU)
Human return to the Moon, and man tended missions preparing lunar base
(Spoutnik60) Deploy habitat, life support, large infrastructures, energy production
Apollo 11 50 years
Early Earth Attic sample return mission
(Gagarine60) Permanent human presence: Lunar base 10 persons 100 days,
Lunar village
2003 Moon exploration BHF
Mars Express+ MER launch
Mars reconnaissance
Phoenix polar lander
MSL + ExoMars
Ground Breaking MSR
Life search MSR
Mars manned mission
Roadmap for Expanding Life and Humans on the Moon
•First organisms
•First humans
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X (Luna,Ranger)
X (Apollo)
1995
2000
•Robotic precursors in orbit
X (Clementine, LP)
•Penetrators and Landers
•Landers
•Virtual telepresence
•Robotic Outposts
•Sample returns
•Ecosystem experiments
•Vegetals, animals
•Resource utilisation
•Robotic village: permanent tele-presence
•Evolving life on the Moon
•Life support systems
•Man tended missions
•Permanent Human Presence: Lunar bases
•Expansion
•International Lunar Village
2005
2010
2015
2020
X (SMART-1, SELENE)
X (Lunar A)
X (SPA-SR, SELENE-B)
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2003 Moon exploration BHF
Elements for Human Moon/Mars Exploration
•Advanced Launch /access to space
•Orbital Infrastructure
•Transport/ communication
•Habitable Descent / Ascent Vehicle
•Surface Power Generation
•In-Situ Fuel Production
•Robotic outposts and rovers
•Habitation Modules
•Workshop
•Scientific Laboratories
•Greenhouse / Agriculture Module
•Medical Centre
•Pressurized Rover
•Advanced EVA Suit
•Life Support Systems
2003 Moon exploration BHF