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Psychology 3720 Learning Dr. D Lecture 13 Basic operant conditioning phenomena Acquisition Extinction Types of contingencies Types of positive reinforcement Spontaneous recovery, resurgence Reinforcement/punishment, positive/negative Immediate vs delayed reinforcement Primary vs secondary reinforcement Intrinsic vs extrinsic reinforcement Natural vs artificial reinforcement Basic operant conditioning phenomena Acquisition R Æ SR 1 Basic operant conditioning phenomena Acquisition R Æ SR Modulated by … magnitude of reinforcement many other variables Basic operant conditioning phenomena Extinction a process in which the nonreinfrocement of a previously reinforced response leads to a decrease in the strength of the response R Æ SR R Æ no SR Basic operant conditioning phenomena Extinction Is extinction simply the reversal of acquisition? Not likely … spontaneous recovery resurgence 2 Basic operant conditioning phenomena Extinction spontaneous recovery Basic operant conditioning phenomena Extinction resurgence the reappearance of an extinguished R following a rest period the reappearance of an extinguished R following the extinction of a more recently reinforced R Basic operant conditioning phenomena Extinction resurgence the reappearance of an extinguished R following the extinction of a more recently reinforced R R1 Æ SR (increase in p(R1)) R1 Æ no SR (decrease in p(R1)) R2 Æ SR (increase in p(R2)) R2 Æ no SR (decrease in p(R2) and increase in p(R1)) 3 Basic operant conditioning phenomena Types of contingencies reinforcers and punishers positive (“ (“adding” adding”) and negative (“ (“taking away” away”) Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Negative punishment Basic operant conditioning phenomena Types of contingencies Positive reinforcement adding a reinforcer Basic operant conditioning phenomena Types of contingencies Positive punishment adding a punisher 4 Basic operant conditioning phenomena Types of contingencies Negative reinforcement taking away a “punisher” punisher” Basic operant conditioning phenomena Types of contingencies Negative punishment taking away a “reinforcer” reinforcer” Basic operant conditioning phenomena Types of contingencies Negative punishment “time out” out” 5 Basic operant conditioning phenomena Types of contingencies “If u don’ don’t clean your room, you won’ won’t get dessert.” dessert.” Basic operant conditioning phenomena Types of positive reinforcement Clean room Æ dessert Don’ Don’t clean room Æ no dessert immediate vs delayed reinforcement Basic operant conditioning phenomena Types of positive reinforcement primary vs secondary reinforcement primary reinforcers are often associated with basic physiological/psychological needs effectiveness relates to state of deprivation 6 Basic operant conditioning phenomena Types of positive reinforcement primary vs secondary reinforcement secondary reinforcers are reinforcing due to their association with other reinforcers CS + UCS Æ UCR (positive) SD: R Æ SR Basic operant conditioning phenomena Types of positive reinforcement primary vs secondary reinforcement secondary reinforcers generalized reinforcer Basic operant conditioning phenomena Types of positive reinforcement intrinsic vs extrinsic reinforcement intrinsic reinforcement occurs when the mere act of performing the response reinforces it extrinsic reinforcement occurs when some consequence external to the response reinforces it 7 Basic operant conditioning phenomena Types of positive reinforcement natural vs artificial reinforcers Basic operant conditioning phenomena Types of positive reinforcement natural vs artificial reinforcers natural reinforcers are an inherent consequence of the response all intrinsic reinforcers are natural reinforcers extrinsic reinforcers may be natural or artificial reinforcers artificial reinforcers are deliberately arranged reinforcers used to modify behavior that lack an inherent connection to the response all artificial reinforcers are extrinsic reinforcers Basic operant conditioning phenomena Types of positive reinforcement natural vs artificial reinforcers natural reinforcers are generally more effective than artificial reinforcers “prepared” prepared” learning? attempts to influence others behavior should employ “logical consequences” consequences” 8