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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Evolution of terrestrial birds in three continents: biogeography and parallel radiations Per G. P. ERICSON Journal of Biogeography Appendix S1 Area codings used to reconstruct ancestral areas using dispersal– vicariance analysis. Name of terminal branch Geographic distribution used in dispersal–vicariance analysis Cathartidae Sagittaridae Accipitridae - Elanus Accipitridae - other genera Pandionidae Leptosomidae Coliidae Trogonidae - Apaloderma Trogonidae - other genera Meropidae - Nyctyornis Meropidae - other genera Todidae Alcedinidae - Alcedo / Ceyx Alcedinidae - other genera Momotus Brachypteracidae Coraciidae Megalaimidae Capitonidae, Lybiidae, Ramphastidae Indicatoridae Jynginae Picinae Bucconidae Galbulidae Bucerotidae - Bucorvus Bucerotidae - other genera Phoeniculidae Upupidae Strigidae - Otus Strigidae - other genera Tytonidae - Phodilus Tytonidae&rest Passeriformes - Acanthisitta Passeriformes - other genera Psittaciformes - Nestor Psittaciformes - other genera Falconidae - Micrastur / Herpotheres Falconidae - other genera Cariamidae Nearctic, Neotropics Afrotropics Nearctic, Neotropics, Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia Afrotropics Nearctic, Neotropics, Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia Madagascar Afrotropics Afrotropics Neotropics, Indomalaya Indomalaya Afrotropics, Australasia Neotropics Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia, Madagascar Indomalaya Neotropics Madagascar Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia, Madagascar Indomalaya Neotropics, Afrotropics Afrotropics Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya Indomalaya Neotropics Neotropics Afrotropics Afrotropics, Indomalaya, Australasia Afrotropics Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Madagascar Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia, Madagascar Nearctic Afrotropics, Indomalaya Neotropics, Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia, Madagascar Australasia Australasia Australasia Australasia Neotropics Neotropics, Afrotropics, Indomalaya Neotropics Appendix S2 Ancestral analyses for each of the subclades analysed herein (Figs S1– 12). References cited below are given in full in the main paper. Figure S1 Ancestral area analysis for the diurnal raptors (Accipitridae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in a Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (Lerner & Mindell, 2005, figure 2). The published phylogenetic tree is simplified such that all genera not recovered as monophyletic were pooled and analysed as genus groups. The genus Elanus, which is the sister group of all other extant diurnal raptors, has an essentially global distribution, being absent only from Madagascar. The reconstructed ancestral area for the remaining species is the Afrotropics. Figure S2 Ancestral area analysis for the New World vultures (Cathartidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in a maximum-likelihood analysis of 999 bp cytochrome b sequences downloaded from GenBank (log likelihood –4112.9698 of best-fit tree, Per Ericson, unpublished). Note that outgroups are removed from the tree, which is drawn with all branches of equal length. The three species of the genus Cathartes form the sister group of the remaining genera. Figure S3 Ancestral area analysis for the trogons (Trogonidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in a Bayesian analysis of nuclear DNA (Johansson & Ericson, 2005). The African trogons (genus Apaloderma) form the sister group to a clade with the reciprocally monophyletic Asian and New World trogons. Figure S4 Ancestral area analysis for the bee-eaters (Meropidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in a Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA obtained from 23 of 25 named species (Marks et al., 2007). The tree is simplified from figure 2b in Marks et al. (2007). The two Indomalayan species of the genus Nyctyornis are the sister taxon to the genera Meropogon and Merops. Several Merops species were lumped into two large groups named the M. boehmi clade and the M. ornatus clade. All taxa in the former are geographically restricted in the Afrotropics, while the latter clade includes species distributed all over the world, except in the New World. Figure S5 Ancestral area analysis for the kingfishers (Alcedinidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in a Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (Moyle, 2006). Figure 2 in Moyle (2006) was used to draw a simplified, genus-level tree. Indomalaya is reconstructed as the ancestral area for all other kingfishers. Figure S6 Ancestral area analysis for the barbets and toucans (Megalaimidae, Lybiidae, Capitonidae, Ramphastidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in a maximum-likelihood analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (Moyle, 2004, figure 4a). The tree is simplified to show only generic relationships. Note that nonmonophyletic genera have been pooled. The speciose Indomalayan genera Megalaima (with Psilopogon nested within it) and Caloramphus form the sister clade to all other barbets and toucans. The ancestral area of the latter clade is reconstructed as Afrotropics + Neotropics. Figure S7 Ancestral area analysis for the wrynecks and woodpeckers (Jyngidae and Picidae) based on a composite phylogenetic tree obtained from two analyses of DNA data with complementary taxon sampling (Benz et al., 2006; Fuchs et al., 2007). Both analyses place the wrynecks (Jyngidae) as sister to all woodpeckers (Picidae), and the piculets as sister to all other woodpeckers. Figure S8 Ancestral area analysis for the barn owls (Tytonidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in an analysis of mitochondrial DNA from 17 taxa (Wink et al., 2004, figure 1). No consensus could be reached concerning the ancestral area for the tytonid clade. All major faunal regions, except the Palearctic, were suggested to be involved. Figure S9 Ancestral area analysis for the owls (Strigidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in an analysis of mitochondrial DNA from 13 genera (Wink et al., 2004). The genus Otus, which is the sister to the other studied genera of owls, is represented in essentially all parts of the world except the Nearctic and Neotropics. The ancestral state for the remaining genera was reconstructed as Nearctic. Figure S10 Ancestral area analysis for the passerines (Passeriformes) based on a simplified tree following the results of several analyses of nuclear DNA (Barker et al., 2002, 2004; Ericson et al., 2002). The New Zealand wrens is the sister group to all other passerines, which in turn are divided into the oscines and suboscines For both lineages Australasia is reconstructed as the ancestral area. Figure S11 Ancestral area analysis for the parrots (Psittaciformes) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in an analysis of nuclear DNA obtained for 50 species representing 47 genera (de Kloet & de Kloet, 2005, figure 2). The reconstructed ancestral area for the two basalmost lineages of parrots is Australasia. The roman numerals refer to figure 2 of de Kloet & de Kloet (2005). Figure S12 Ancestral area analysis for the falcons and caracaras (Falconidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in a maximum-likelihood analysis of nuclear DNA (Griffiths et al., 2004). The Neotropical genera Herpetotheres and Micrastur form the sister group to the other falconids. Appendix S3 GenBank accession numbers for cytochrome b sequences used to establish relationships among the New World vultures (Cathartidae). Species Family Coragyps atratus Cathartes burrovianus Gymnogyps californianus Vultur gryphus Cathartes melambrotus Cathartes aura Sarcoramphus papa Sagittarius serpentarius Falco vespertinus Leptosomus discolor Cathartidae Cathartidae Cathartidae Cathartidae Cathartidae Cathartidae Cathartidae Sagittaridae Falconidae Leptosomidae Accession number U08946 U08945 U08947 U08944 AF494340 NC_007628 X86760 AY987231 U83311 AF407449
