Download Conceptual Physics Ch 7 Newton`s Laws Project

Newton’s Laws of Motion Project
Sir Isaac Newton lived during the 1600s. Like all scientists, he made observations about the world around him. Some of his observations were
about motion. His observations have been supported by more data over time; and we now call these Newton’s Laws of Motion. His laws of
motion explain rest, constant motion, accelerated motion, and describe how balanced and unbalanced forces act to cause these states of
motion.
Review the three laws of motion:
Newton's first law of motion says that an object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by an
unbalanced force.
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An object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it.
An object that is not moving remains at rest until something pushes or pulls it.
An object that is moving remains moving until something pushes or pulls it.
All objects resist having their motion changed.
This tendency to resist a change in motion is called inertia.
The more mass an object has, the greater its inertia.
Newton's second law of motion states that the force of an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration.
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A change in motion occurs only if a net force is exerted on an object.
A net force changes the velocity of the object, and causes it to accelerate.
If an object is acted upon by a net force, the change in velocity will be in the direction of the net force.
The acceleration of an object depends on its mass.
The more mass an object has or the more inertia it has, the harder it is to accelerate.
More mass means less acceleration if the force acting on the objects is the same.
Newton's third law of motion states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
o When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal force in the opposite direction on the first object.
o The force exerted by the first object is the action force.
o The force exerted by the second object is the reaction force.
Things to Remember:
- Speed is the measure of the rate of motion. Speed = distance / time.
- Friction is the force that opposes motion. The strength of the force of friction depends on two factors: the types of surfaces involved and how
hard the surfaces push together. There are three types of friction; sliding, rolling and fluid.
- Momentum. All moving objects have momentum. The more momentum an object has, the harder it is to stop. Momentum depends on the
mass of the object and the velocity with which it is travelling. Momentum = mass x velocity
- Inertia is the measure of an object's tendency to say at rest or stay in constant motion. Inertia is dependent upon mass.
How you will be evaluated:
This counts as an assessment! Make sure it is very well done especially if you have not done a great job on the previous exams!!
Your project will include two parts: a physical model of a vehicle and an academic display.
Your academic display will be checked for these things:
Accuracy & completion (90% of grade). An incomplete illustration or explanation will not be completely accurate.
Visual Appeal (10 % of grade). This includes neatness.
Expert
Part I: Newton Scooters
You have learned how Newton's Three Laws of Motion demonstrate the relationship between forces and motion. You will use Newton's Laws
to build a scooter.
Your goal: To design and construct a vehicle that is powered only by Newton's Third Law of Motion.
Your vehicle must:
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move forward by pushing back on something.
not be powered by any form of electricity or use gravity in order to move (no downhill slopes allowed on this one)
travel a minimum horizontal distance of 150 cm (that’s 1.5 meters) on the front table/desk
Upon completion, you must demonstrate your Newton Scooter and turn in a completed lab write-up (part of your academic display)
To get started:
Brainstorm possible designs for your vehicle but be careful not to lock yourself into a single idea. Try to think of ways to recycle household
materials to build your vehicle.
Meet with your group, and decide on construction materials and who will bring what items.
Hints to help you:
The vehicle for your project will need to accelerate from a resting position. From Newton's Second Law of Motion, you know that Force = Mass
x Acceleration or Acceleration = Force / Mass. This means you have two ways of increasing acceleration: increasing force or decreasing
mass. How can you either increase the force acting on your vehicle or decrease its mass?
Draw a diagram of your vehicle. Use labeled arrows to show each place that a force is acting on it. Be sure to include friction forces in your
diagram. Brainstorm ways to reduce forces that slow down your vehicle.
Construct your vehicle. Is your vehicle powered according to Newton's Third Law of Motion? Add to your diagram so that it shows the force
exerted by your vehicle and the force exerted on your vehicle to make it move. What exerts the force that moves your vehicle? Be ready to
explain the diagram.
Have you tested your vehicle to make sure it will work? Be prepared to identify all the forces acting on the vehicle. List at least three features
you included in the design of the vehicle that led to an improvement in its performance.
Vehicle Performance and Poster Presentation:
You will show your vehicle’s performance at the front of the room. Determine prior to demonstration how each member will take part in the
demonstration/presentation.
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Show vehicle, describe what you used to build it, and how it works.
Put vehicle at the start line, and determine if it travels at least 150 cm.
Identify all the forces acting on the vehicle.
Tell design features that improved performance of your vehicle.
Tell how Newton's First Law of Motion applies.
Tell how you could measure the force needed using Newton's Second Law of Motion.
Confirm with your peers that it is powered by Newton's Third Law of Motion.
Lab Write-up:
Title: Be sure to give your lab write-up a title that applies
Hypothesis: Should correspond with your goal
Materials: List everything that would be needed to repeat this experiment.
Procedure: Write out the steps of your procedure carefully. Someone else should be able to follow your procedure to construct a Newton
Scooter like yours.
Data: Your data should include a detailed, colored and labeled diagram of your vehicle showing all the forces acting on it.
Questions: Include answers to the following questions in your lab write up. You must answer the questions using complete sentences and
thorough explanations.
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2)
3)
Did your vehicle move forward by pushing back on something? Explain your answer.
Was your vehicle powered by Newton's Third Law of Motion and not by any form of electricity or gravity? Explain your answer.
Did your vehicle travel a minimum of 150 centimeters? Why or why not? (I should see words like mass, acceleration, inertia and
momentum in this explanation)
Conclusion: Remember-- Your first sentence should correspond with your hypothesis. Your explanation should tell how you know that your first
sentence is true. (Use P.E.A.L!!!) (4(Use
Part II: Academic Display:
On your academic display, you should:
1) Use one poster board.
2) State and explain each of Newton’s laws of motion.
3) Illustrate an example of each of the three laws of motion.
4) You may draw or use images from magazines or the Internet.
5) Include an explanation of how the illustration demonstrates or describes the law of motion. Put the explanation next to the illustration.
Do not use a separate sheet of paper for the explanation—it has to fit on your display.
6) Make sure your illustrations and information are colorful and neat. You may type your information if you are not able to write neatly.
7) Include your lab write-up on your academic display.
8) Make sure all group member names are on the display.
Score
4e
3
2
1
Completion of
written
information
Written
information is
complete
Written information is
mostly complete
Written information is
mostly complete
Written information is incomplete
Accuracy of
written
information
Completion of
Illustrations
and diagrams
All written information
is accurate
All written information is
accurate
All written information is
partly accurate
Written information is mostly
inaccurate
Illustrations and
diagram are
accurate and
complete
Illustration and diagram
are
accurate and mostly
complete
Illustration and diagram
partly accurate and mostly
complete
Illustration and diagram are
inaccurate or incomplete
Accuracy of
Illustrations
and
explanations
Appearance
No errors in
illustration or
explanation
No major errors in
illustration or
explanation
Noticeable errors in
illustration or explanation
Major errors in illustration or
explanation
Typed
Colorful
Eye-appealing
No erasure marks,
White-Out
Typed
Colorful
Eye-appealing
Small erasure marks,
No White-Out
Not typed
Colorful
Obvious erasure marks,
White-Out
Not typed
No color
Large amounts of erasure marks
or White-Out
Poster paper torn, wrinkled or
dirty
Vehicle
Performance
Vehicle is powered
only by Newton’s third
law and covers 2 m
distance
Includes all sections,
and all sections are
complete, and have
additional real world
applications not
included in the
minimum
requirements
Presenters make eye
contact with the
audience, cover all
points of the poster,
and are able to
thoroughly answer
questions posed to
them during
presentation. All
members of the group
participate in the
presentation.
Vehicle is powered only
by Newton’s third law and
covers 1.5 m distance
Vehicle is powered by
Newton’s third law and
covers less than 1.5 m
Vehicle is not powered by
Newton’s third law or does not
move
Includes all sections, and
all sections are complete
Includes all sections, but
not thoroughly covered.
Mostly incomplete or missing
parts.
Presenters make eye
contact with the
audience, cover all points
of the poster, and are
able to thoroughly answer
questions posed to them
during presentation.
All members of the group
participate in the
presentation.
Presenters read off poster,
talk only to the teacher,
are not thorough in their
explanation, do not answer
questions completely.
Most presentation is done
by a few members of the
group.
Presenters read off poster, talk
only to the teacher, are not
thorough in their explanation, do
not answer questions completely.
Most presentation is done by one
or only a few members of the
group.
Lab Write-up
Presentation