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Urinary System Bookwork (Page 479-501) ! ! Multiple Choice: ! ! 2. What is the glomerulus? ! a.) The same as the renal corpuscle!! c.) the same as the nephron ! ! ! b.) Interlobular artery! d.) capillaries! 3. Urine passes through the ureters by which mechanism? ! a.) Ciliary action ! ! ! ! b.) Peristalsis ! c.) Gravity alone! ! ! ! d.) Suction ! ! 6. Which is a normal value for percent of body weight that is water for a young to middle-aged man? ! a.) 73%! ! b.) 50% ! ! c.) 45%! ! d.) 60%! ! 7. The smallest fluid compartment is the: ! a.) Intercellular fluid! ! b.) extracellular fluid! ! ! Short Answer Questions: ! ! c.) plasma ! d.) interstitial fluid! 1. Name the organs of the urinary system and describe their functions-! Kidneys: Formation of urine, regulation of acid-base balance, electrolyte balance and water balance of blood. ! Ureters: Conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder. ! Bladder: Temporary storage of urine! Urethra: Conduct urine from the bladder to the body exterior. ! ! 2. Describe the location of the kidneys in the body. ! The kidneys are retroperitoneal in the superiodorsal lumbar region of the body. ! ! 3. Make a diagram of the longitudinal section of a kidney. Identify and label the cortex, medulla, medullary pyramids, renal columns, and pelvis. ! See page 482 for diagram. ! ! 4. Name the structural and functional unit of the kidney. ! Nephron ! ! 5. Trace the pathway a uric acted molecule takes from a glomerulus to the urethra. Name every gross or microscopic structure it passes through on its journey. ! ! Glomerulus to glomerular (bowman’s) capsule to proximal convoluted tubule, through loop of hence and distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct (which leaves the cortex of the kidney and traverses the renal columns and medullary region to empty into a calyx, which in turn empties into the kidney pelvis) to ureter to bladder to urethra. ! ! 6. What is the function of the glomerulus? What two functions do the renal tubules perform? ! The glomerulus is the filter: blood fluids and substances smaller than proteins pass out of the glomerulus into the renal tubules. The renal tubules reabsorb useful substances (amino acids glucose and certain ions) so that they can be shunted back into the bloodstream. They also actively secrete various substances, such as hydrogen ions, creatinine, and drug metabolites into the filtrate. ! ! 7. Besides ridding the body of wastes formed during cell metabolism, the kidney adjusts blood chemistry in other ways. What are these three other ways? ! The kidney controls water balance, ion levels, and the acid-base balance of the blood. ! ! 8. Explain the difference between filtrate and urine. ! Filtrate us equivalent to blood plasma without the plasma proteins. Urine is processed filtrate; meaning- filtrate from which useful substances (amino acids, glucose, needed ions, and water) have been reabsorbed into the bloodstream. ! ! 12. Why is urinalysis a routine part of any good physical examination? ! The presence of abnormal substances in the urine is diagnostic of a pathology and may indicate a problem before other symptoms are present. ! ! 13. How do the internal and external urethral sphincters differ structurally and functionally? ! The internal urethral sphincter is a thickened area of the bladder-urethra junction. It is formed by the smooth muscle of this junction and it is involuntary. It keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed. ! The external urethral sphincter is made from skeletal muscle and it is voluntarily controlled. When stored urine has been forced past the internal sphincter into the upper part of the urethra, we feel the urge to void. The external urethral sphincter can then be voluntarily relaxed to allow voiding, or we can choose to keep it closed and postpone bladder emptying temporarily. ! ! 14. Define micturition; ! Voiding: Or emptying of the bladder so that urine is flushed from body. ! ! 16. Define incontinence: ! Inability to voluntarily contra the external urethral sphincter. ! ! 17. How does the female urethra differ from male in both structure and function? ! The female urethra is much shorter (1.5 inches vs. 8 inches in males). The female urine conducts urine only, whereas the male urethra conducts both sperm and urine. ! ! 18. Why is cystitis more common in females? ! Because the urethra is shorter and lies close to the posterior anal body orifice. Improper toilet hygiene, wiping back to front, carries colonic bacteria to the urethra, thereby promoting infection of the normally sterile urinary passages. ! ! 20. Describe the changes that occur in kidney and bladder function in old age- ! The efficiency of the kidneys declines as arteriosclerosis plagues the kidney circulation and as the renal tubules being to deteriorate. A loss of bladder size and tone leads to increasing episodes of urgency, frequency, and incontinence. In males, prostatic hypertrophy may lead to urinary retention accompanied by calculi and frequent cystitis.
