Download Section 2 Workbook

Section 2 Workbook (units 4, 5 & 6)
Name: ___________
C1. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the digestive
system.
1.
A) Complete the table
Digestive System
Structure
Function
mouth
tongue
teeth
salivary glands
pharynx
epiglottis
esophagus
cardiac sphincter
stomach
p yloric sphincter
duodenum
gall bladder
pancreas
small intestine
appendix
large intestine
(colon)
rectum
anus
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B) Label all structures from the previous table on these diagrams.
2. Describe swallowing.
3. Describe peristalsis
4. What is the source gland for insulin?
5. How does insulin maintain blood sugar levels?
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6. Describe at least six functions of the liver.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7. Explain the role of bile in the digestion of fats.
8. How is the small intestine specially designed for each of the following tasks?
a. Chemical digestion
b.Physical digestion
c. Absorption
9. Describe and label the structures in this villus. Include the functions of the microvilli,
Trace the path way of all digestion products in to the villus.
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10. Describe the functions of anaerobic bacteria in the colon.
C2. Describe the components, pH, and digestive actions of salivary,
gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal juices.
11. A) Complete the table.
Enzyme
Optimal
pH
Source Gland
Reaction Catalyzed
substrate + H2O → product
salivary amylase
→
pancreatic amylase
→
pepsinogen/pepsin
→
trypsin
→
lipase
→
peptidase
→
maltase
→
nuclease
→
B) Why is the enzyme pepsinogen secreted in an inactive form? What activate it?
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12. Draw a graph to show the enzyme activity of pepsin and trypsin at various pH. Explain why the
curves are different.
13. What is the importance of the pH level in the various regions of the digestive tract?
14. Describe in detail the role of each of these substances.
Component
Role
water in digestive juices
sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice
2 functions
hydrochloric acid (HCl) in gastric
juice 3 functions
mucus in gastric juice 2 functions
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C3. Describe the inter-relationships of the structures of the heart
15. Complete the table to show the functions of these heart structures.
The Heart Itself
Function
left and right atria
left and right ventricles
coronary arteries and veins
Within the Heart
Function
Atrioventricular (AV)
and
semilunar valves
chordae tendineae
septum
Attached to the Heart
Function
superior and inferior vena cava
aorta
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries and veins
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16. Label these diagrams of the internal and external features of the heart.
C4. Analyze the relationship between heart rate and blood pressure
17. A) Complete the table:
Structure
Location in Heart
Function
sinoatrial (SA) node
atrioventricular (AV) node
Purkinje fibers
B) How do these structures maintain a regular cardiac cycle?
C) Draw and label PQRST in a normal EKG.
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18. Describe how the autonomic nervous system increases and decreases heart rate and blood pressure.
19. Define blood pressure
20. Define hypertension and describe 2 causes of this disease.
21. Define hypotension and describe 2 causes of this disease.
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C5. Describe the inter-relationships of the vessels of the circulatory system.
22. Complete this table showing the function of these blood vessels.
Blood vessel
Vessel carries blood from
Subclavian artery
Subclavian vein
Carotid arteries
Jugular vein
Mesenteric arteries
Superior vena cava
(anterior vena cava)
Inferior vena cava
(posterior vena cava)
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Hepatic vein
Hepatic portal vein
Renal arteries
Renal vein
Iliac arteries
Iliac veins
Coronary arteries
Coronary veins
Aorta
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Vessel carries blood to
Oxygen rich?
Poor?
23. Use the chart to differentiate among the five ty pes of blood vessels:
Name of
Blood Vessel
Structure
Label and give the function of each layer
Valves
present?
(Y/N)
Label the three layers
artery
How is the structure designed for its function?
arteriole
capillary
venule
Label
valve.
Describe
its
function.
vein
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Direction of
Blood Flow
24. On this diagram label all the vessels from question #22 on page 9. Label the heart chambers.
Colour the structures carrying oxygenated blood red, and those carrying deoxygenated blood
blue.
25. Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circulation with respect to vessels involved,
and oxygen content.
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26. You are a red blood cell starting at the aorta and then traveling through the body. For each pathway,
use arrows and blood vessel names to show your path from the aorta, through the body and back to
the left ventricle. Each pathway must enter and exit the heart twice, why?
Pathway #1. Kidneys: Aorta →
Pathway #2. Leg: Aorta →
Pathway #3. Digestive system: Aorta → Pathway
#4. Heart itself:
Aorta → Pathway
#5. Head: Aorta →
Pathway #6. Arm: Aorta
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27. Why does blood pressure, blood velocity and total cross-sectional area of these 5 ty pes
of blood vessels vary.
a. Which ty pe of blood vessel has the most cross-sectional area?
b. Which ty pe of blood vessel has the slowest blood velocity?
Why?
Why?
c. In which type of blood vessel does diffusion of gases, nutrients and wastes take place?
. Relate this to cross-sectional area and velocity.
d. Which ty pe of blood vessel has the most variation in blood pressure?
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Why?
28. Capillary-tissue fluid exchange occurs as a result of the balance between the opposing forces of
pressure and
pressure. What events occur at each labelled point?
Y
Z
a. Describe why water leaves the bloodstream at the arterial end of a capillary bed (X). Include
direction of movement and what substances move.
b. Why does most of the water return to the capillary at the venule end (Z)? What substances move
into this end?
c. Describe what happens in the middle of the capillary bed (Y).
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d. What happens to the water that does not return to the capillary?
29. Identify and describe differences in structure and circulation between fetal and adult systems. Be
sure to label and describe the functions of the: umbilical vein and arteries, oval opening, venous duct,
arterial duct. Colour vessels according to oxygen concentration.
Deoxygenated blood = blue
Oxygenated blood = red
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Mixed blood = purple
C6. Describe the components of blood
30. Complete the table.
Name of Blood
Cell
Shape
Function
31. List the major components and functions of plasma.
32. Explain the relationship between antigens and antibodies.
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Origin
C7. Describe the inter-relationships of the structures of the lymphatic system
33. Describe the functions of the lymphatic system.
34. Complete the table. Make a diagram that shows the relationship between these structures.
Lymphatic Structure
Function
lymph capillaries
lymph veins
lymph nodes
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C8. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the respiratory system
35. Give functions for each of the following:
Structure
Function
nasal cavity
pharynx
epiglottis
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
diaphragm and ribs
pleural membranes
thoracic cavity
36. Label the structures listed above on the diagrams below:
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37. Explain the roles of cilia and mucus in the respiratory tract.
C9. Analyze the processes of breathing
38. Describe the interactions of the following structures in the breathing process: respiratory center in
the medulla oblongata, lungs, pleural membranes, diaphragm, intercostal (rib) muscles, stretch
receptors.
39. Compare the processes of inhalation and exhalation.
40. Explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating the respiratory center in the
medulla oblongata.
41. Explain the roles of hydrogen ions in stimulating carotid and aortic bodies.
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C10. Analyze internal and external respiration.
42. Describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during internal respiration. Mention where it
occurs, and the conditions that favour the exchange at that location (e.g. pH, temperature).
43. Describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during external respiration.
Mention where it occurs, and the conditions that favour the exchange at that location (e.g. pH,
temperature).
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44. Explain the roles of each of the following in the transport of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood:
Substance
Role in Transport of Blood Gases
oxyhemoglobin
carbaminohemoglobin
reduced hemoglobin
bicarbonate ions
carbonic anhydrase
45. Write the chemical equations for internal respiration.
46. Write the chemical equations for external respiration.
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