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Biology 2
Lab Packet
For
Practical 3
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CLASSIFICATION:
Domain: Eukarya
Supergroup: Unikonta
Clade: Opisthokonts
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Phylum: Chordata – Chordates
Class: Calcarea – Calcareous Sponges
Subphylum: Urochordata - Tunicates
Class: Hexactinellidae – Glass Sponges
Subphylum: Cephalochordata - Lancelets
Class: Demospongiae – People Sponges
Subphylum: Vertebrata – Vertebrates
Phylum: Cnidaria
Superclass: Agnatha
Class: Hydrozoa - Hydrozoans
Class: Cephalaspidomorphi – Lamprey
Class: Scyphozoa – Sea Jellies
Class: Myxini – Hagfish
Class: Anthozoa – Flower Animals
SuperClass: Gnathostomata – Jawed Vertebrates
Phylum: Ctenophora – Comb Jellies
Class: Chondrichthyes - Cartilagenous Fish
Phylum: Platyhelminthes - Flatworms
Subclass:Elasmobranchi i
Class: Turbellaria - Planarians
Order: Selachiformes - Sharks
Class: Trematoda – Flukes
Order: Batiformes – Skates and Rays
Class: Cestoidea – Tapeworms
Subclass: Holocephali - Ratfish
Phylum: Rotifera - Rotifers
Class: Sarcopterygii – Lobe-finned fish
Phylum: Nematoda – Roundworms
Subclass: Coelacanthimorpha - Coelocanths
Phylum: Tardigrada – Water Bears
Subclass: Dipnoi – Lungfish
Phylum: Nemertea – Proboscis Worm
Phylum: Brachiopoda – Lamp Shells
Class: Actinopterygii – Ray-finned Fish
Phylum: Ectoprocta – Bryozoans
Infraclass: Holostei
Phylum: Phoronids – Tube Worms
Order: Lepisoteriformes - Gars
Phylum: Mollusca – Soft Bodied
Order: Amiiformes - Bowfins
Class: Monoplacophora – Monoplacophorans
Infraclass: Teleostei
Class: Polyplacophora – Chitons
Superorder: Osteoglossomorpha
Class: Bivalvia – Bivalves
Order: Osteoglossiformes - Arrowana
Class: Gastropoda – Gastropods
Superorder: Elopomorpha
Class: Scaphopoda – Tusk Shells
Order: Anguillidae - Morey Eels
Class: Cephalopoda – Octopus/Squid
Superorder: Clupeiformorpha
Phylum: Annelida
Order: Clupeiformes
Class: Polychaeta – Sandworms
Superorder: Ostariphysi – Ostariphysians
Class: Oligochaeta – Earthworms
Order: Cypriniformes - Loaches
Class: Hirudinea – Leeches
Order: Characiformes – Piranha
Phylum: Onychophora – Walking Worms
Order: Cymnotiformes - Knifefishes
Phylum: Arthropoda – Jointed Legs
Order: Siluriformes - Catfish
Subphylum: Trilobata - Trilobites
Superorder: Protacanthopterygii
Subphylum: Cheliceriformes – Lip arms
Order: Salmoniformes – Salmon, Trout
Class: Eurypterids – Water Scorpions
Order: Esociformes - Pike
Class: Merostomata – Horseshoe Crabs
Order: Osmeriformes – Smelt
Class: Pycnogonida – Sea Spiders
Superorder: Stenopterygii
Class: Arachnida – Arachnids
Order: Stomiiformes – Dragonfish
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Superorder: Scopelomorpha
Class: Diplopoda – Millipedes
Order: Myctophiformes – Lantern Fish
Class: Chilopoda – Centipedes
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Order: Mugiligormes - Mullet
Class: Insecta – Insects
Order: Atheriniformes - Silversides
Subphylum: Crustacea – Crustaceans
Order: Beloniformes - Flying Fish
Group: Decapoda – Decapods
Order: Cyprinodontiformes -Pupfish
Group: Isopoda – Isopods
Order: Stephanoberyciformes - Ridge
Group: Copepoda – Copepods
Order: Gobiesociformes – Clingfish
Group: Cirrepedia - Barnacles
Order: Gasterosteiformes Sticklebacks
Phylum: Echinodermata
Order: Synganthiformes - Sea Horses
Class: Asteroidea – Sea Stars
Order: Tetradontiformes - Porcupine
Class: Ophiuroidea – Brittle Stars
Order: Pleuronectiformes - Halibut
Class: Echinodea – Sea Urchins
Order: Scorpaeniformes - Sculpin
Class: Holothuroidea – Sea Cucumber
Order: Perciformes – 40% of fish
Class: Crinodea – Feather Stars
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INTRODUCTION TO THE ANIMALS (INVERTEBRATE CLASSIFICATION)
Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that ingest materials and store carbohydrate reserves
as glycogen or fat. They lack cell walls and their multicelluar bodies are held together by proteins called
collagen. Many animals have two types of specialized cells not seen in other multicellular organisms: muscle
cells and nerve cells. The ability to move and conduct nerve impulses is critical for these organisms and lead to
the adaptations that make them different from fungi and plants. Animals are thought to belong to the
Supergroup Unikonta because they have similar myosin proteins and multiple genes in common with fungi,
amoebozoans, and choanoflagellates. Animals inhabit nearly all aquatic and terrestrial habitats of the
biosphere. The majority of the animals are marine. Most of the animals we will be studying for this practical
are usually referred to as invertebrates (animals without backbones) and account for 95% of the animal species.
We will also begin looking at the chordates without backbones through the fish. The classification below will
be used for the next two labs. For the first lab, we will examine the animals from Porifera to Onychophora. We
will examine the rest of the list next week. For this practical, we will also examine invertebrate animals from
three different levels of organization: the cellular level (Porifera), the tissue level (Cnidaria), and the organ level
(Platyhelminethes to Echinodermata). We will be investigating the evolutionary changes seen in the digestive,
excretory, circulatory, nervous, and reproductive systems as the animal phyla become more “advanced”.
Station 1 – Animal Tissues
Although Animals have a complex body plan, they are based on a limited set of cell and tissue types.
Animal Tissues fall into four main categories: Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue and
Nervous Tissue. You will be asked to identify the following tissues.
Epithelial Tissues
Connective Tissues
Muscle Tissues
Nervous Tissue
Simple Squamous
Loose Connective
Skeletal Muscle
Neuron
Simple Cuboidal
Fibrous Connective
Smooth Muscle
Simple Columnar
Cartilage
Cardiac Muscle
Stratified Columnar
Bone
Pseudostratified
Columnar
Adipose
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Station 2 – Phylum: Porifera
1. What characteristic is responsible for the branching off of sponges from the other animals?
2. What level of organization do they demonstrate?
3. What does the word “Porifera” mean?
4. What is the name of the flagellated cells seen in sponges?
5. What characteristics are used to divide this phylum into classes?
Station 3 – Sponge Body Types and Skeletal Structures
Be able to recognize the different body types and the different types of skeletal structures in sponges.
1. What is the name of the central cavity?
2. What is the name of the large opening at the top of the sponge?
3. What are the three body types found in sponges and where are the flagellated cells in each type?
4. What are the names of the skeletal structures seen in sponges? What are they made of?
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Station 4 – Sponge Classes
Be able to identify the sponge body types, skeletal types, and examples for each class of sponge.
Class
Sponge Body Types
Skeletal Type
Calcarea
Hexactinellidae
Demospongiae
Station 5 – Phylum Porifera
Level of Organization
Cellular level
Tissue Layers
No true tissues
Type of Digestive System
Type of Excretory System
None
What type of digestion do they have? Intracellular
None
Type of Circulatory System
None
Type of Respiratory System
None
Type of Nervous System
None, local reactions
Type of Body Cavity
None
Type of Asexual Reproduction
Budding or gemmules
Type of Sexual Reproduction
Eggs and sperm
Examples
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Station 6 – Sponge Anatomy (Syconoid Canal Structure)
The body surface of a syconoid sponge contains numerous incurrent pores called ostia, which open into
canals lined with pinacocytes called incurrent canals. Water exits these canals through an opening called the
prosopyle. Water will than move into canals that are lined with choanocytes (flagellated collar cells) called
radial canals. The choanocytes are used to propel water through the sponge. The water exits the radial canals
through an opening called the apopyle and enters a large chamber called the spongocoel, which is also lined
with pinacocytes. Water exits the sponge through a large opening called the osculum. Examine a slide of a
syconoid canal system and be able to identify the following structures: ostia, incurrent canal, prosopyle,
radial canal, apopyle, spongocoel, and osculum.
Syconoid Canal Type
Station 7 – Phylum: Cnidara
1. What characteristic is responsible for the branching off of Cnidarians from the other animals?
2. What level of organization do they demonstrate?
3. How many tissue layers do these organisms have?
4. What two body forms do these organisms demonstrate?
5. What is the name of the central cavity?
6. What is the name of the stinging capsule these organisms use to capture food?
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Station 8 – Phylum: Cnidaria
Be able to recognize the examples given in class. Be sure you know which body type is dominant for
each class.
CLASSES
COMMON NAME
Hydrozoa – Life cycle usually
includes both an asexual polyp
stage and a sexual medusa stage.
The majority are marine, colonial
species
DESCRIPTION
Scyphozoa – Usually a freeswimming medusa stage and a
polyp stage that either doesn’t exist
or is reduced in size. All are
marine
Anthozoa – Polyps only. All are
marine. They may be solitary or
colonial
Station 9 – Phylum Cnidaria
Level of Organization
Tissue level
Tissue Layers
Type of Excretory System
Diploblastic
What is the name of the noncellular “layer”? Mesoglea
Gastrovascular Cavity
What type of digestion do they have? Extra- and intracellular
None
Type of Circulatory System
None
Type of Respiratory System
None
Type of Nervous System
Nerve net
Type of Body Cavity
None
Type of Asexual Reproduction
Budding
Type of Sexual Reproduction
Gametes, monoecious or dioecious
Type of Digestive System
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Station 10 – Phylum Cnidaria (Hydra)
Observe a prepared slide of the fresh water organism Hydra under a dissecting scope. You will need to
be able to identify the following structures: tentacles, mouth, gastrovascular cavity, epidermis,
gastrodermis, basal disc, and the mesoglea.
L.S. of Hydra
Station 11 – Phylum Cnidaria (Hydra Reproduction)
Be able to recognize the following structures: bud, ovaries, and testes.
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Station 12 – Phylum Cnidaria (Obelia)
Obelia is a marine, colonial animal that illustrates the phenomenon of alteration of generations because
it alternates between the asexual polyp form and the sexual medusa form. You will be held responsible for the
Obelia life cycle. Examine prepared slides of Obelia hydroids and their medusa. Be able to identify the
following structures and know their functions: hydranth, gonangium, and the basal disc in the polyp, and
tentacles, manubrium, radial canals, gonads, and mouth in the medusa.
Polyp
Medusa
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Station 13 – Phylum: Ctenophora
Be able to recognize the example.
1. What does the word ctenophore mean?
2. How do these organisms differ from the Cnidarians?
Station 14 – Phylum: Platyhelminthes
1. What characteristic is responsible for the branching off of the flatworms from earlier animals?
2. What level of organization do these organisms demonstrate?
3. How many tissue layers do these organisms have?
4. What type of digestive system is seen in these animals?
Station 15 – Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Be able to recognize the examples for each class.
Classes
Turbellarians
Questions
What is the name of the eyespots and what
is their function?
What is the name of the bumps on the side
of their head and what is their function?
Trematoda
What is the name of the “skin” in these
organisms?
What type of hosts harbor species that
parasitize humans?
Cestoidea
What is the name of the head of a
tapeworm?
What is the name of the body parts of a
tapeworm?
Examples
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Station 16 – Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Level of Organization
Organ-system level
Tissue Layers
Triploblastic
Type of Digestive System
Type of Excretory System
Gastrovascular Cavity
What type of digestion do they have? Extra- and intracellular
Protonephridia (flame cells)
Type of Circulatory System
None
Type of Respiratory System
None
Type of Nervous System
Pair of anterior ganglia with longitudinal nerve cords
Type of Body Cavity
Acoelomate
Type of Asexual Reproduction
Regeneration
Type of Sexual Reproduction
Gametes, usually monoecious
Station 17 – Class: Turbellaria
The fresh water turbellarian (Dugesia tigrina) is a flatworm that is found in ponds and streams. Most
species of turbellarians are marine species. You will be held responsible for the following external body parts:
two ocelli, two auricles, and the tubular sucking pharynx. Also be able to distinguish between the anterior
and posterior ends. You will also be held responsible for the following internal body parts: the anterior and
the two posterior intestines (triclads), the gastrovascular cavity and the mouth.
Planaria
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Station 18 – Class: Turbellaria
You will also be asked to look at cross sections through three different parts of a flatworm. You need to
be able to identify where the cross section is taken from and the following structures: anterior and posterior
branches of the intestine, the pharynx, epidermis, and the gastrodermis.
Anterior Region
Pharyngeal Region
Posterior Region
Station 19 – Class Trematoda
In this lab, you will study the Sheep Liver Fluke. You need to know the internal structure of the adult
liver fluke. You will be held responsible for the following structures: mouth, pharynx, oral sucker, ventral
sucker, esophagus, intestine, testes, ovaries, uterus (with eggs), shell gland (unknown function) and yolk
glands (produces yolk).
Sheep Liver Fluke
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Station 20 – Class: Trematoda
Be able to recognize these individuals
Organism
Chloronchis sp.
Description
Means of Infection
Location of Adult
Other Hosts
Schistosoma
mansoni
Dracunculiasis
sp.
Station 21 – Class: Cestoda
In this lab, you will be studying the tapeworm (Taenia pisiformes). You will also be asked to identify
the following structures: scolex, hooks, rostellum, suckers, proglottids, uterus, ovary, yolk gland, testes,
ductus deferens, genital pore, and vagina.
Scolex
Mature Proglottid
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Station 22 – Phylum: Rotifera
1. What type of coelom do they possess?
2. What type of digestive system do they have?
3. What level of organization do these organisms demonstrate?
4. How many tissue layers do these organisms have?
5. What does the word “rotifer” mean?
6. What two characteristics do these animals have?
Station 23 – Phylum: Nemertea
1. What three characteristics do proboscis worms have that are not found in other flatworms?
2. Why is their phylogenetic position being debated?
Station 24 – Phylum: Nematoda
1. What characteristic is responsible for the branching off of the roundworms from earlier animals?
2. What level of organization do these organisms demonstrate?
3. How many tissue layers do these organisms have?
4. What type of digestive system is seen in these animals
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Station 25– Phylum: Nematoda
Be able to recognize the example for each (You need to know the genus name of these organisms).
Organism
Description
Means of
Location of Adult
Other Hosts
Infection
Ascaris lumbricoides Be able to identify the
male from the female.
Necator Americanus
Trichinella spiralis
Enterobius
vermicularis
Macracanthorhynchus
hirudinaceus
Tubatrix aceti
Wucherieria Bancroft
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Station 26 – Phylum: Nematoda
Level of Organization
Organ-system level
Tissue Layers
Triploblastic
Type of Digestive System
Type of Excretory System
Alimentary canal
What type of digestion do they have? Extra- and intracellular
Waste exits the excretory pores
Type of Circulatory System
None
Type of Respiratory System
None
Type of Nervous System
Cerebral ganglia or nerve ring with anterior and posterior nerves
Type of Body Cavity
Type of Asexual Reproduction
Pseudocoelomates
Why is it considered a “false cavity”? It is not lined with mesoderm
None
Type of Sexual Reproduction
Complicated life cycles
Station 27 – Phylum: Nematoda
Cross-section of a nematode – You will also be asked to examine the cross-section through a human
intestinal worm. You need to be able to identify the following structures: cuticle, epidermis, pseudocoel,
longitudinal muscle, dorsal and ventral nerve cords, and the intestines.
Station 28 – Tardigrada
1. What is the common name of this organism?
2. What is the term used for organisms that can be found in extreme conditions?
3. What range of temperature can they withstand? What pressures can they withstand? How much
radiation can they be exposed to?
4. How long can they go without food and water?
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Station 29 – Lophophorates
1. What is a lophophore?
2. What are the three phyla that are commonly called lophophorates?
3. What two other similarities are seen between these three phyla?
4. What type of coelom do these organisms have?
Station 30 – Lophophorates
Phylum
Brachiopods
Questions
How do these animals differ from clams?
Where are they found?
Be able to recognize the Lamp shells.
Ectoprocts
What does Ectoproct mean?
What does their common name (Bryozoans) mean?
Where are they found?
Be able to recognize the bryozoans.
Phoronids
Where are these animals found?
No example in lab
Station 31 – Phylum: Mollusca
1. What characteristic is responsible for the branching off of the mollusks from earlier animals?
2.
What level of organization do these organisms demonstrate?
3.
How many tissue layers do these organisms have?
4.
What three parts do all mollusks possess?
5.
What is the name of the rasping organ most species possess? Which class is missing this organ? Be able
to recognize this structure under a microscope.
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Station 32 – Phylum: Mollusca
Be able to recognize the examples for each
Classes
Description
Monoplacophora
Polyplacophora
Questions
1.
How many shells do they
have?
2.
How does their body differ
from other molluscans?
3.
Where are they found?
1.
How many shells do they
have?
2.
Where are they found?
1.
What is the name of the
process that makes their body
asymmetrical?
2.
Where are they found?
1.
What is their foot used for?
2.
What is their radula used for?
3.
Where are they found?
1.
What do they lack that is found
in other molluscans?
2.
Where are they found?
1.
Do they have shells?
2.
How do they move?
3.
Where are they found?
Gastropoda
Scaphopoda
Bivalvia
Cephalopoda
Examples
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Station 33 – Phylum: Mollusca
Level of Organization
Organ-system level
Tissue Layers
Triploblastic
Type of Digestive System
Type of Excretory System
Alimentary Canal
What type of digestion do they have? Extra- and intracellular
Metanephridia
Type of Circulatory System
Open system with 3 chambered heart
Type of Respiratory System
Gills or Lungs
Type of Nervous System
Paired cerebral ganglia or nerve ring with nerve cords
Type of Body Cavity
Eucoelomate
Type of Asexual Reproduction
None
Type of Sexual Reproduction
Gametes, monoecious or dioecious
Station 34 – Phylum: Mollusca
Dissection – In Lab Room
The example used for this class is the fresh water clam. They inhabit our ponds, lakes and streams,
moving over the soft bottoms. They are filter feeders and feed on minute plant and animal material.
External Anatomy
You will be held responsible for the external anatomy of the clam or mussel. The two valves (or shells)
held together by a hinge ligament on the dorsal surface. Near the anterior end of the ligament is a swollen area
called the umbo. You will be held responsible for the following structures: anterior and posterior ends, dorsal
and ventral sides, right and left valves, and the umbo.
Internal Structures
You will need to open the valves very carefully by prying them apart until the parts inside can be seen.
Place the animal so the left valve is facing upward. Inside, you should be able to locate the mantle, a flap of
tissue that is attached to the shell. With your scalpel, separate the mantle from the left valve. Holding the
valves shut are two large muscles, the anterior and posterior adductor muscles. You will need to cut through
these two muscles to open the valve for further dissection.
VALVE MUSCLE SCARS (Handout)
On the inside surface of a valve, you are able to locate the scars left by the various muscles attached to
the valve along with the scar left from the mantle. You will be held responsible for the location and function of
The following structures: Anterior and Posterior adductor muscles (keep valves closed), anterior retractor
and posterior retractor muscles (pulls in foot), anterior protractor muscle (pushes out foot), the hinge
ligament (open valves) and the pallial line (formed by the mantle). You will also be held responsible for the
structure of the shell’s three layers and what they are made of: the outer layer called the periostracum, layer
(protein), the middle layer called the prismatic layer (calcium carbonate mixed with protein), and the inner
layer called the nacreous layer (calcium carbonate).
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VISIBLE INTERNAL STRUCTURES
Observe the posterior margins of the two mantles with the hinge facing up. They form two openings in
the back that allow water to pass in and out of. The opening on the bottom (ventral side) is called the incurrent
siphon and allows food-laden water to pass into the mollusk. The opening on the top (dorsal side) is called the
excurrent siphon and allows waste-laden water to pass out of the mollusk. Carefully removing the left mantle,
locate the visceral mass and the muscular foot. Located on either side of the visceral mass, is the gills used for
which surround the mouth. Dorsal to the gills is the pericardial cavity, which is covered by a thin membrane
called the pericardium. You will be held responsible for the following structures: incurrent and excurrent
siphons, the mantle, the foot, the gills, the mouth, the labial palps, the pericardial cavity, and the
pericardium. (See handout)
CIRCULATORY AND EXCRETORY SYSTEMS
Carefully cut open the pericardial cavity, removing only the amount of pericardium necessary to see the
heart. The heart consists of three chambers: two paper thin triangular atria and one ventricle. A portion of the
intestine runs through the ventricle and then through the pericardial cavity. Look for the anterior aorta running
from the anterior end of the ventricle along the dorsal side of the rectum, and the posterior aorta, which runs
from the posterior end on the ventral side of the rectum. The kidney is a dark-colored organ lying near the base
of the fills and just below the pericardial cavity. You will be held responsible for the following structures:
heart (atria and ventricle), pericardial cavity, pericardium, and the kidney.
DIGESTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Cut into the body wall of the visceral mass on the right side and cut open the muscular foot. You will
be held responsible for the following structures: mouth, digestive (green) gland, intestine, rectum and
anus. The yellowish mass around the intestine is the gonads of the animal.
Station 35 – Phylum: Annelida
1. What characteristic is responsible for the branching off of the segmented worms from earlier animals?
2. What level of organization do these organisms demonstrate?
3. How many tissue layers do these organisms have?
4. What is the name of the bristles seen on these animals?
5. What is the name of the side feet seen in some animals?
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Station 36 – Phylum: Annelida
Be able to recognize the examples for each
Classes
Oligochaeta
Description
Questions
1. How many setae do they have?
Examples
2. Do they have well-developed
heads?
3. Do they have parapodia?
1. How many setae do they have?
Polychaeta
2. Do they have well-developed
heads?
3. Do they have parapodia?
1. How many setae do they have?
Hirudinea
2. Do they have well-developed
heads?
3. Do they have parapodia?
Station 37 – Phylum: Annelida
Level of Organization
Organ-system level
Tissue Layers
Triploblastic
Type of Digestive System
Type of Excretory System
Alimentary Canal
What type of digestion do they have? Extra- and intracellular
Metanephridia
Type of Circulatory System
Closed system without true heart
Type of Respiratory System
Skin, Gills or Parapodia
Type of Nervous System
Type of Body Cavity
Ventral nerve cord with dorsal cerebral ganglia and pair of ganglia in
each segment
Eucoelomate
Type of Asexual Reproduction
Budding
Type of Sexual Reproduction
Gametes, monoecious or dioecious
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Station 38 – Class: Polychaeta
Examine the prepared specimen of the sandworm Nereis. Be able to identify the following structures:
Parapodia, mouth, prostomium, setae, tentacles and palps.
Nereis
Station 39 - Dissection – Earthworm – In Lab Room
EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
You will be held responsible for the following external features: clitellum, prostomium, setae, mouth
and anus.
INTERNAL STRUCTURES
You will need to do this dissection carefully so you can see all the internal structures. You will need to
pin the specimen, dorsal side up; with a pin through the muscular pharynx (between segment IV and V) leaning
the pins forward to avoid blocking the view. Stretch the specimen slightly and place a pin behind the clitellum,
leaning the pin backwards. Make a longitudinal, dorsal incision along the median line, beginning at the
clitellum and cutting anteriorly. Pin the segments with just enough pins to hold the dissection in position
pointing the pins outward to avoid blocking the view. Be very careful when dissecting the last 5 segments at
the anterior end, or you will destroy the pharynx and the nervous system.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
You need to be able to identify the following structures of the digestive system: mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, and anus.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
You need to be able to identify the following structures of the circulatory system: 5 aortic arches,
dorsal vessel, and the ventral vessel.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
You need to be able to identify the following structures of the reproductive system: the male sex organs
(three pairs of seminal vesicles which store sperm made from the testes), and the female sex organs (ovaries
and the seminal receptacles, which store sperm from another worm)
NERVOUS SYSTEM
You need to be able to identify the following structures of the nervous system: cerebral ganglion and
the ventral nerve cord.
EXCRETORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS
You need to be able to identify the following structures of the excretory system: metanephredia and
the skin.
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Station 40 – Phylum: Onychophora
Be able to recognize the example.
1. What two groups were they once thought to be a “link” between?
2. What do they have in common with each group?
3. What group are they most closely related to today?
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INTRODUCTION TO THE ANIMALS (INVERTEBRATE CLASSIFICATION)
This lab continues exploring the invertebrate animals which we started in last week’s lab. This lab will
continue exploring the rest of the invertebrate groups beginning with Arthopoda and continuing through the
Echinoderms. There are also several invertebrate chordates
Station 1 – Phylum: Arthropoda
1. What characteristic is responsible for the branching off of the arthropods from earlier animals?
2. What level of organization do these organisms demonstrate?
3. How many tissue layers do these organisms have?
4. What characteristics do all arthropods have in common?
5. What are the 5 recognized subphyla in this phylum?
Station 2 – Phylum: Arthropoda, Subphylum: Trilobita
1. What do they have in common with other arthropods?
2. How do they differ from other arthropods?
3. Where are they found today?
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Station 3 – Phylum: Arthropoda, Subphylum: Cheliceriformes
1. How are the six pairs of appendages divided up? How is the body divided?
2. Do they have a mandible?
3. Do they have antennae?
Classes
Eurypterids
Description
Questions
1. Why don’t we have an
example in lab?
2. Where were they found?
Merostomata
1. How do their appendages
differ from others in this
subphylum?
2. Where are they found?
3. Examine the slide under
the microscope. This is a
Horseshoe Crab Larvae.
What does it look similar
to?
Pycnogonida
1. How do their appendages
differ from others in this
subphylum?
2. Where are they found?
Arachnida
1.
How are the chelicerae
modified in spiders?
2.
How are the pedipalps
modified in scorpions?
Examples
25
Station 4 – Phylum: Arthropoda, Subphylum: Crustacea
1. How are their appendages modified? How are their bodies divided?
2. Do they have a mandible?
3. Do they have antennae?
Description
Isopoda
Questions
Where are they found?
Decapoda
Where are they found?
Copepoda
Where are they found?
Cirripedia
Where are they found?
Examples
Station 5 – Phylum: Arthropoda, Subphylum: Myriapoda
1. How are their appendages modified? How are their bodies divided?
2. Do they have a mandible?
3. How many antennae do they have?
Description
Chilopoda
Questions
Examples
1. How many legs
per segment?
2.
Diplopoda
What
eat?
do
they
1. How many legs
per segment?
2. What do they eat?
26
Station 6 – Phylum:Arthopoda, Subphylum:Hexapoda
1. How are their appendages modified? How are their bodies divided?
2. Do they have a mandible?
3. How many antennae do they have?
4. What organism’s evolution may they have affected?
Order
Blattodea
Common Name
Cockroaches
Coleoptera
Beetles
Dermaptera
Earwigs
Description
Flattened body, legs modified for rapid
running
Two pairs of wings, one thick, the other
membranous, chewing mouthparts
Biting mouthparts and large posterior pincers
Diptera
Flies
One pair of wings, sucking mouthparts
Ephemeroptera
May flies
Hemiptera
True Bugs
Homoptera
Cidadas, Aphids, Scale Insects
Hymenoptera
Ants, Bees, Wasps
Isoptera
Termites
Long front legs, wings: front, triangular
hind, fan-shaped: Abdomen w/ two filaments
Two pairs of wings, one thick, the other
membranous, piercing or sucking mouthparts
Wings held roof-like over body, piercingsucking mouthparts
Social insects, two pairs of membranous
wings
Social insects, many wingless
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera
Megaloptera
Alder and Dobson flies
Neuroptera
Antlions, Lacewings
Odonata
Dragonflies, Damselflies
Orthoptera
Grasshoppers
Phasmatoidea
Stick Insects
Siphonaptera
Fleas
Thysanura
Silverfish
Trichoptera
Caddisflies
Two pairs of wings covered with scales, long
proboscis
Enlarged and fan-folded anal area of their
hind wings
Four membranous wings, forewings and
hindwings the same size, chewing mouthparts
Large; long narrow, membranous wings; long
slender body
Large hind legs for jumping, two pairs of
wings, (one leathery, one membranous)
Mimic plants
Wingless and compressed laterally, legs
modified for jumping
Small, wingless, reduced eyes
Two pairs of hairy wings with chewing or
lapping mouthparts
27
28
29
30
31
Phasmatoide
Phasmatoide
32
Station 7 – Phylum: Arthropoda
Level of Organization
Organ-system level
Tissue Layers
Triploblastic
Type of Digestive System
Type of Excretory System
Alimentary Canal
What type of digestion do they have? Extra- and intracellular
Excretory glands and Malphigian tubules in some
Type of Circulatory System
Open system with dorsal contractile heart
Type of Respiratory System
Body surfaces, Skin, trachaea, or book lungs
Type of Nervous System
Dorsal ganglia connected by nerve ring
Type of Body Cavity
Eucoelomates
Type of Asexual Reproduction
None
Type of Sexual Reproduction
Usually dioecious
Station 8 - DISSECTION: GRASSHOPPER (PP 172-173, Figs. 7.138-7.140) – In Lab Room
We will be using the external anatomy of a grasshopper to demonstrate insect characteristics. Place a
preserved specimen in a dissection pan. You will be asked to recognize the following structures: head,
prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax, abdomen, antenna, compound eyes, simple eyes, labrum (upper lip),
maxilla with palps, labium, (lower lip) with palps, mandible, wings, coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and
tarsus. Use the handouts and the lab manual to help distinguish these parts. Also be able to identify the
difference between a male and female grasshopper.
Station 9 - DISSECTION: CRAYFISH – In Lab Room
We will be using the anatomy of a crayfish to demonstrate arthropod characteristics.
EXTERNAL FEATURES
You will be held responsible for the following external features: cephalothorax, abdomen, carapace,
cervical groove, gills, rostrum, telson, eyes, antennules, antennae, mandible, first maxilla, second maxilla,
first maxilliped, second maxilliped, third maxilliped, uropod, chelipeds, walking legs, swimmerets,
oviduct openings (third walking leg), and male openings (fifth walking legs). Be sure you can recognize the
structures above and their functions. Be sure you can also identify the difference between the male and female
crayfish.
Station 10 – Insect Sounds
You will be held responsible for the following insect sounds:
Field Cricket
Honey Bees
Cicada
Grasshopper
Mosquito
33
Station 11 – Phylum: Echinodermata
1. What characteristic is unique to echinoderms?
2. What type of symmetry do these organisms demonstrate?
3. What does the word “echinodermata” mean?
4. What type of development do these animals have?
Station 12 – Echinoderm Structures
Be able to recognize the following terms and the pedicellariae under the microscope.
Oral side:
Aboral side:
Madreporite:
Ambulacral Grooves:
Pedicellariae:
Papillae:
34
Station 13 – Echinoderm Classes
Be able to identify the characteristics that separate the echinoderm classes.
Class
Asteroidea
Characteristics
Ophiuroidea
Echinodea
Holothuroidea
Crinoidea
Station 14 – Class: Asteroidea
Be able to recognize the examples at this station.
1. Is the ambulacral groove open or closed?
2. Where is the madreporite located?
3. Do they have pedicellariae?
4. Do they have dermal branchiae?
Examples
35
Station 15 – Class: Ophiuroidea
Be able to recognize the examples at this station.
1. Is the ambulacral groove open or closed?
2. Where is the madreporite located?
3. Do they have pedicellariae?
4. Do they have dermal branchiae?
Station 16 – Class: Echinodea
Be able to recognize the examples at this station.
1. Is the ambulacral groove open or closed?
2. Where is the madreporite located?
3. Do they have pedicellariae?
4. Do they have dermal branchiae?
5. What do they have instead of arms?
6. What is the name of the specialized feeding structure?
Station 17 – Class: Holothuroidea
Be able to recognize the examples at this station.
1. Is the ambulacral groove open or closed?
2. Where is the madreporite located?
3. Do they have pedicellariae?
4.
Do they have dermal branchiae?
36
Station 18 – Class: Crinodea
Be able to recognize the examples at this station.
1. Is the ambulacral groove open or closed?
2. Where is the madreporite located?
3. Do they have pedicellariae?
4. Do they have dermal branchiae?
5. How do these organism feed?
Station 19 – Bipinnaria larvae
Be able to recognize the bipinnaria larvae slide under the microscope.
1. What is the function of the larvae?
2. Why is the shape important in echinoderm evolutionary history?
Station 20 – Phylum: Echinodermata
Level of Organization
Organ-system level
Tissue Layers
Triploblastic
Type of Digestive System
Type of Excretory System
Alimentary Canal
What type of digestion do they have? Extra- and intracellular
None
Type of Circulatory System
Reduced
Type of Respiratory System
Dermal Branchiae
Type of Nervous System
Ring and Radial nerves
Type of Body Cavity
Eucoelomates
Type of Asexual Reproduction
Regeneration
Type of Sexual Reproduction
Dioecious
37
Station 21 - DISSECTION – SEASTAR – In Lab Room
EXTERNAL ANATOMY
You will be held responsible for the following structures and their functions: central disk, arms, oral
side, aboral side, spines, dermal branchiae, ocelli, madreporite, ambulacral grooves and tube feet.
INTERNAL ANATOMY
With a pair of scissors, cut the aboral wall of the ray along each side and across the top at the margin of
the central disk. Carefully lift the flap and examine the large perivesceral cavity, which is part of the coelom
and contains the internal organs. Now carefully remove the entire aboral surface of the disk but leave the
madreporite in place by carefully dissecting around it.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The mouth opens into tow stomachs: the cardiac stomach is located closest to the mouth and can be
everted out of the mouth to help digest their prey and the pyloric stomach is located closest to the aboral side
and is connected to the pyloric ceca, which pass into each arm and produce digestive enzymes. Attached to the
pyloric stomach, are small, saclike intestinal ceca. You will be held responsible for the following structures:
coelom, cardiac stomach, pyloric stomach, pyloric ceca, and the intestinal ceca.
WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM
The vascular system of the seastar begins at the madreporite. Water passes through the madreporite
and passes into the stone canal, which brings water to the ring canal, which surrounds the mouth. Passing from
the ring canal into each arm, are the radial canals. The radial canals are attached to the thin-walled bulb-shaped
ampullae, which are connected to the tube feet by the transverse (lateral) canals. You will be held responsible
for the following structures: madreporite, stone canal, ring canal, radial canals, transverse (lateral) canals,
ampullae, and tube feet.
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
38
Introduction – Phylum Chordata
Although chordates vary widely in appearance, they are distinguished as a phylum by the presence of
four anatomical features that appear sometime during their life time. They exhibit deuterostome development
and bilateral symmetry. Chordates only comprise 5% of the animal species but may be the most commonly
known phylum. They comprise of both invertebrates and vertebrates.
Station 22 – Phylum: Chordata
1. What four characteristics are shared by all chordates and what are their functions?
2. What are the three subphyla included in this phylum?
Station 23 – Subphylum: Urochordata
Be able to recognize the example at this station.
1. What are the chordate characteristics found in the adults in this subphylum?
2. What type of lifestyle do they demonstrate?
Station 24 – Subphylum: Cephalochordata
1. What are the chordate characteristics found in the adults in this subphylum?
2. What type of lifestyle do they demonstrate?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
39
Station 25 - Subphylum: Vertebrata
.
1. What are the chordate characteristics found in the adults in this subphylum?
2. What type of lifestyle do they demonstrate?
Station 26 – “Fish
1. What is a fish?
2. What are the major “groupings” of fish?
Station 27 - Superclass: Agnatha - Hagfish
Be able to recognize the examples given at this station.
1. What do the organisms in this superclass lack?
2. What other structures do these organisms lack?
3. What type of feeding behavior is found in the hagfish? What are and how do they find their prey?
4. What do they do to their body that is unique and what is the function of this behavior?
Station 28 - Superclass: Agnatha - Lamprey
Be able to recognize the examples given at this station.
1. What do the organisms in this superclass lack?
2. What type of feeding behavior is found in the lamprey? How do they accomplish this?
3. How do they spawn?
4. What are the larvae called? Where are they found? What do they have to do to become adults?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
40
Station 29 – Superclass: Gnathostomata
1. What characteristics does this superclass have?
2. What do they develop from?
Station 30 – Class: Chondrichthyes
Be able to recognize the examples at this station.
1. What is the skeleton made of?
2. Is this a primitive characteristic?
3. What type of scales do they have?
4. How do you tell males from females?
5. What are the three types of reproduction found in sharks? Know the definition of each.
6. What are the two subclasses found in this class? What are their characteristics?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
41
Station 31 – Order: Selachiformes - Sharks
Be able to recognize the examples at this station and know their characteristics.
Shark
Great White Shark
Information
1. What size are they?
2. What do they eat?
3. Where are they found?
4. In the last 100 years, more people have been killed in the U.S. by
what animal over this shark?
Leopard Shark
1. What size are they?
2. What do they eat?
3. Where are they found?
4. How do the adult differ from the juveniles?
Whale Shark
1. What size are they?
2. What do they eat?
3. Where are they found?
4. How much water can they filter in an hour?
Hammerhead Shark
1. What size are they?
2. What do they eat?
3. Where are they found?
4. What does the hammer head do for the animal and how many
more times effective is it than other sharks?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
42
Station 32 – Order: Batiformes: Skates and Rays
Fill out the following table – Be able to recognize the pictures and/or specimens of these organisms.
Skate
Ray
Caudal Fin
Stinging Spines
Pelvic Fins
Child Birth
Example
Broad Skate
Station 33 – Guitarfish
1. Where are they found?
2. What size are they?
3. What do they eat?
Manta Ray
1. What size are they?
1. What size are they?
2. Where are they found?
2. Where are they found?
3. What do they eat?
3. What do they eat?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
43
Station 34 – Order: Chimaeriformes - Chimaeras
1. How do these differ from sharks, skates and rays?
2. What are the common names for these species?
3. Where are they usually found? What do they eat?
Station 35– Osteichthyes
1. What is their skeleton made of?
2. What type of scales do they have?
3. What two other adaptations do they have?
4. What two classes has this group been divided into? What are their characteristics?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
44
Station 36 – Bony fish Adaptations – Class Sarcopterygii – Lobe-finned Fish
Fill out the following table - Be able to recognize the pictures and/or specimens of these organisms.
Classification
Subclass:
Coelacanthimorpha
Fish
Coelocanths
Information
1. What description is given for Coelocanthes?
2. What structure do they have to detect prey?
3. Where are they found?
4. What do they eat?
Subclass: Dipnoi
Lungfish
1. What description is given for lungfish?
2. What primitive characteristic are they well known
for?
3. Where are they found?
4. How do they survive dessication?
5. What do they eat?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
45
Station 37 – Bony fish Adaptations – Class Actinopterygii – Ray-finned Fish
Fill out the following table - Be able to recognize the pictures and/or specimens of these organisms.
Infraclass: Holosteri
1. What do all these fish have in common?
Classification
Order:
Lepisoteriformes
Fish
Gar
Information
1. Where are these fish normally found?
2.
Order: Amiiformes
Amia
How are they able to breathe atmospheric air?
1. What are the common names of this fish?
2. How do these fish survive dry conditions?
3. Where are these fish normally found?
4. What do these fish eat?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
46
Station 38 - Infraclass: Telostei
1. What do all these fish have in common?
2. What are the characteristics for each of the 8 Superorders?
Superorder: Osteroglossomorpha
Superorder: Elopomorpha
Superorder: Clupeopmorpha
Superorder: Ostariphysi
Superorder: Protacanthopterygii
Superorder: Stenopterygii
Superorder: Scopelomorpha
Superorder: Acathoptyergii
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
47
Superorder: Osteoglossomorpha
Classification
Order:
Osteoglossiformes
Fish
Information
1. Where are they found?
Arowana
2. How do they use their “bony tongue”?
Bony-tongue fish
3. How do they obtain oxygen?
Superorder: Elopomorpha
Classification
Order:
Anguillidiformes
Fish
Moray Eel
Information
1. Where are they found?
2. What do they eat?
Freshwater Eels
3. Why is their mouth often open?
Superorder: Clupeomorpha
Classification
Order:
Clupeiformes
Fish
Anchovies
Information
1. Where are they found?
2. What is the name of their way of feeding?
3. What is the specialized structure used?
Sardines
1. Where are they found?
2. What is their other name?
3. What are they packed with?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
48
Superorder: Ostariphysi
Classification
Order:
Cypriniformes
Fish
Loaches
Information
1. Where are they found?
2. What do they eat?
3. How have they adapted to less than ideal water
conditions?
Order:
Characiformes
Piranha
1. Where are they found?
2. How large are they?
3. What is the threat to humans?
4. What do they normally eat?
5. What do they have in common with sharks?
Hatchet Fish
1. Where are they found?
2. What do they have in common with other deep water
fish?
3. How does this allow them to avoid predators?
Order:
Cymnotiformes
Knifefish
1. Where are they found?
2. What can they generate?
3. What is this organ derived from?
Order: Siluriformes Catfish
1. How do they get their name?
2. How are they different then other fish?
3. Why are ghost / glass catfish transparent?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
49
Superorder: Protacanthopterygii
Classification
Order:
Salmoniformes
Fish
Salmon
Information
1. What is the term used on how the reproduce? What
does it mean?
2. What has happened to the Salmon Industry in
California?
Trout
1. What characteristics on their fins can be used to help
identify a trout?
2. Trout from different areas look different. How do
ichthyologists classify them?
Order: Esociformes
Pike
1. What shape do they have?
2. What do they eat?
3. They are cannibalistic. How much of their diet
includes their own kind?
4. Because of their size and their lack of respect, what
are they apt to do?
Order:
Osmeriformes
Smelt
1. What do smelt smell like?
2. What are their roe used for?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
50
Superorder: Stenopterygii
Classification
Order:
Stomilliformes
Fish
Dragonfish
Information
1. Where are they found?
2. What do they have in common with other deep water
fish?
3. What does this fish do that other deep sea fish can’t?
Superorder: Scopelomorpha
Classification
Order:
Myctophiformes
Fish
Lanternfish
Information
1. Where are they found?
2. What do they have in common with other deep water
fish?
3. How much of the deep sea biomass does this fish
make up?
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Classification
Order:
Mugiliformes
Fish
Mullet
Information
1. Where are they found?
2. What are they used for? What is the problem when
they are used this way?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
51
Superorder: Acanthopterygii (cont.)
Classification
Order:
Atheriniformes
Fish
Silversides (Top smelt
and Mosquito fish)
Information
1. What do they have in common?
2. Why are mosquito fish probably the most
freshwater fish in the world?
Grunion
1. Where are they found?
2. How do they reproduce?
Order: Beloniformes
Flying Fish
1. Where are they found?
2. What is used for “wings”?
3. Why do they do this behavior?
Order:
Cyprinodontiformes
Desert Pupfish
1. Why are they endangered?
2. What can they tolerate?
Order:
Ridgeheads
Stephanoberyciformes
1. Where are they found?
2. How did they get their name?
3. Why are they called pseudoceanic?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
52
Superorder: Acanthopterygii (cont.)
Classification
Order:
Gobiesociformes
Fish
Clingfish
Information
1. What is modified into the sucker?
2. Where are they found?
Order:
Gasterosteiformes
Sticklebacks
1. How are they unique?
2. Who are they related to?
3. How were they used in behavioral studies?
Order:
Synganthiformes
Sea Horses and
Pipefish
1. Why are these two species notable?
2. How does the male seahorse carry the eggs? How
are they deposited there?
3. What does the male seahorse’s pouch do for the
eggs?
4. Why are seahorses and pipefish shaped they way
they are?
Order:
Tetradontiformes
Porcupine Fish
1. How do these fish differ from puffer fish?
2. Why does this fish look this way?
3. Why do they do this?
Cowfish
1. Why do these fish look this way?
2. What does this do for them?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
53
Superorder: Acanthopterygii (cont.)
Classification
Order:
Pleuronectiformes
Fish
Halibut
Information
1. Where are the eyes when a halibut is born?
2. When do they migrate?
3. What does this help with?
Order:
Scorpaeniformes
Sculpin
1. Where are they eat?
2. What do they have instead of scales?
3. What do they use to stabilize themselves?
Order: Perciformes
Garibaldi
1. What do they represent for California?
2. Where are they found?
3. What type of marine habitat are they associated
with?
4. What do they eat?
5. What ability do they have to “even out” the
population?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
54
Superorder: Acanthopterygii (cont.)
Classification
Order: Perciformes
(cont.)
Fish
Striped Marlin
Information
1. Where are they found?
2. How large are they? How much do they weigh?
3. What are they built for?
4. What do they eat and where?
Wrasses /
California Sheephead
1. Where are they found?
2. Where are sheepheads found?
3. What do sheepheads eat?
4. How are feeding patches maintained? What if the
male is removed?
Ocean Sunfish
1. How heavy are they?
2. What do they eat?
Clownfish
1. What do they form symbiotic relationships with?
2. How do each of them benefit?
Biology 2 – Lab Practicum 3
55
Station 39 – OSTIECHTHYES – EXTERNAL FEATURES (Handout)
1. What shape does it exhibit and why?
2. What type of scales do they have?
3. Note the location of the eyes. Does this animal have binocular vision? Does the animal have eyelids?
4. Note the lateral line. What is its function?
5. Be able to identify the following features: operculum, the pectoral, pelvic, anal, dorsal, and caudal
fins.
6. How flexible is the skeletal system of the fish?
Station 40 – OSTIECHTHYES – INTERNAL FEATURES
Know the parts and their functions listed in each section below.
System
Structure
Muscular System
Myomeres
Digestive System
Excretory System
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Stomach
Pyloric ceca
Intestine
Liver
Pancreas
Spleen
Kidney
Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Bulbous arteriosus
Gills
Reproductive System
Brain
Spinal cord
Ovaries or Testes
Swim Bladder
Swim Bladder
Nervous System
Function