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Respiratory System Lesson 9.1: The Importance of an Organ Delivery System Introduction • Animals require a continuous supply of ________ for cellular respiration, and they must expel ____________, the _______ product of this process. • It is important not to confuse gas exchange, the traffic of O2& CO2 between the animal & its environment, with the metabolic process of cellular respiration. – gas exchange supports cellular respiration by supplying O2& removing CO2 External Respiration aka Breathing • Four activities involved 1. 2. diffusion of O2 and CO2 between the lungs & the blood in the transport system 3. transportation of the O2 and CO2 by the blood to the body cells 4. __________ of the O2 and CO2 between the blood and the body cells Respiration & BReathing • Breathing- • The uptake of O2 and the release of CO2 by cells takes place across a ____________ _________ • Respiration-all processes involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 between cells and the ___________, including breathing, gas exchange, and _________ __________ Respiratory Organs • Upper Respiratory Tract – oral passage • – nasal passages • moistens air • • filters air – pharynx • _______ pharynx • _______ pharynx – both join to connect to the trachea & esophagus Respiratory Organs – __________ • prevents material from entering the trachea – trachea (upper region) • reinforced with rings of _________ • prevents the tube from __________; i.e. it is always open – ________ • enlarged area of the trachea • contains the ______ _____ Respiratory Organs • Lower Respiratory Tract – trachea (lower region) • lined with _____ that move particles up • mucous secreting cells that trap foreign matter – moved out by the cilia – ________ • two branches from the trachea – one to left lung, one to right lung • cartilage ring reinforced – ___________ • further divisions of bronchi • no cartilage reinforcement Respiratory Organs – terminal bronchioles • final divisions of bronchioles – ___________ • composed of alveolar ducts and sacs at the end of the terminal bronchioles • site of O2 and CO2 _____ ________ – ____________ capillaries • part of the circulatory system • very small and very numerous – great ________ ______ • very intimate contact with alveoli – minimum diffusion distance Respiratory organs • Air enters the body through the nasal cavity or the mouth • • Nasal cavity warms and moistens incoming air • Mucus traps particles and keeps cells lining the nasal cavity _____ Trachea & ESOPHAGUS • Nasal cavities open into the pharynx • Pharynx branches into 2 openings – ________ – Esophagus • Trachea – AKA ________ – ______ (hair-like structures) line the trachea – Debris gets swept by cilia from the trachea to the pharynx – Taken from Nucleus medical media • Enlarged section of ________ (larynx), supports the epiglottis • ________ (AKA voicebox) • The epiglottis is a flap-like structure which ______ the _______ when food is being swallowed Larynx • Air from pharynx enters larynx • Contains 2 thin sheets of elastic ligaments (vocal cords) • • Larynx is protected by thick cartilage (______ ____) BRONCHIOLES • Inhaled air moves from the trachea to the 2 _______ • Carry air into the right and left lungs, where they branch into smaller airways called bronchioles – Bronchioles-smallest passageways of the respiratory tract, without cartilage • The lining of the bronchi and bronchioles have ciliated cells and mucus secreting cells. – Cilia beat together about 20 times/s to move dirt trapping mucus toward the pharynx – Ensures clean air passages & alveoli ALVEOLI • Air moves from the __________ into tiny sacs, ________ • Each sac is surrounded by __________ • Gases _______ between the air and blood from _____ concentration to ____ • Oxygen moves from the air in the alveoli into the capillaries • ____ moves from the capillaries into the air in the alveoli • Contain one layer of cells to allow ______ gas exchange • 150 million/lung Pleural membrane • Outer surface of the lungs and the chest cavity are surrounded by the _______ ________ • Space between pleural membranes is filled with _____ to reduce _______ during inhalation diaphragm • _____ shaped muscle, separating the chest cavity from the _________ cavity • Regulates _______ in the chest Breathing movements • Inhalation – Diaphragm _________, shortens and pulls ____ – Chest volume ________ and pressure in the lungs ________ – Pat is ________ than pressure in chest, air moves ______ lungs • ____________ – Diaphragm _______ and returns to dome shape due to the force exerted by the organs in the ________ – Chest volume _________ and pressure _________ – Pressure in lungs is _______ than Pat, air moves ____ of the lungs Practice • Pg. 287 • Questions 1-4, 6-9 • Bill Nye-Part 1 Gas Exchange and transport 9.2 Dalton’s Law • Gases diffuse from ____ pressure to ____ pressure • Define Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure • Partial pressure of oxygen in the blood depends on location Oxygen transport • Atmospheric air follows the following path to enter the blood stream. – Oral/Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Bronchioles Alveoli Blood Stream • Hemoglobin– Heme (iron) and globin (_______) – Each heme contains an ______ atom which binds with _______ – Oxyhemoglobin-hemoglobin that is bound to CO2 Transport • ___ times more soluble than oxygen • Small amount (9%) produced by body is carried in the ______ • 27% combines with ___________ • Majority (64%) combines with H2O to form ________ ____ (H2CO3) • Carbonic anhydrase _______ up the conversion of CO2 to H2CO3 • Maintains a low partial pressure of CO2, CO2 Continued • Carbonic acid problematic, needs to be ________ • Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate ions ( ) and hydrogen ions (H+) • Hemoglobin combines with hydrogen ions, _________ the acidity • The venous blood reaches the lungs where oxygen dislodges the H+ from the hemoglobin sites • Free hydrogen and bicarbonate ions combine to form CO2 and H2O • The CO is eliminated during ___________ Gas Exchange • 1. Three physical factors affects the rate of gas exchange across the respiratory surface... – the larger the area the greater the exchange 2. the concentration difference – the greater the ___________ between O2 concentrations in the air, the lungs, & in the blood, the more ______ the rate of diffusion (same principle applies for CO2 exchange) 3. the diffusion ________ – the ________ the respiratory surface, the faster the rate of diffusion across it... • human lung alveoli and capillaries are only one-cell thick Your Job • Pg. 288 – Questions 1-2 • Pg. 291 – Questions1-5 • Bill Nye-Part 2