Download Brown rice as a potential feedstuff for poultry

©2012 Poultry Science Association, Inc.
Brown rice as a potential feedstuff for poultry
M. N. Asyifah,* S. Abd-Aziz,*1 L. Y. Phang,* and M. N. Azlian†
*Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;
and †Strategic Livestock Research Center, Malaysian Agricultural Research
and Development Institute (MARDI), GPO12301, 50774 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Primary Audience: Researchers, Nutritionists, Feed Manufacturers
SUMMARY
Rice, especially brown rice, has the potential to replace corn as a feedstuff for poultry. It is an
inexpensive local feed source with high availability and low production and processing costs.
Two local varieties of brown rice, MR239 and MR257, were investigated for use as feedstuffs
in the poultry industry, including their composition and TME values (using the force-feeding
technique). The MR239 and MR257 varieties of brown rice contained nutrients such as CP, fat,
ash, and carbohydrates. The energy content and amino acid profile of MR239 and MR257 are
reported. The nonstarch polysaccharides in MR239 and MR257 consisted of CF, NDF, ADF,
and acid detergent lignin. The β-glucan and arabinoxylan contents in MR239 and MR257 were
determined. Both varieties of brown rice were found to be potential sources of feed for poultry.
Key words: brown rice, nonstarch polysaccharide, nutrient composition, poultry, true metabolizable
energy
2012 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 21:103–110
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2011-00379
DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
Poultry is one of the most advanced industries
in the livestock sector because it involves processes such as the production of poultry meat,
eggs, and feeds; feed formulation; the feeding
process; and the import and export of poultry
products or the poultry themselves. This industry is among the most efficient food commodity groups supplying the fast-growing human
population, especially through the consumption
of chicken. To produce poultry products, the
feedstuff must first be produced as an energy
and protein source for poultry. Natural resources
from plant materials are the most significant
ingredients in poultry feedstuffs because they
are excellent sources of protein for monogastric
1
Corresponding author: [email protected]
animals. The feedstuffs available for poultry include corn [1], soybeans [2], barley [3], wheat
[4], and rice or rice by-products [5]. However,
the choice of feedstuff is dependent on its availability, quality, and overall cost of production.
To provide complete nutrition for poultry,
feed compounds are mostly based on a mixture
of corn and other ingredients. In Malaysia, a
search for local sources of poultry feed has been
underway to replace expensive imported feedstuffs, mainly corn and soybeans. The average
amount of corn imported for the Malaysian feed
industry was reported to be 2.879 million tons
per year from 2002 to 2007 [5]. Alternatively,
corn has been produced locally. However, corn
production has been unsuccessful because of
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104
the high cost of labor and the drying process
and also its low productivity. Thus, in addition
to other local sources, such as palm kernel cake
[6], tapioca, and fish meal [7], rice has become a
feed option to replace corn in the feed industry.
Replacing corn with feed rice has been demonstrated to have no side effects for poultry, especially on feed intake, growth performance, and
feed conversion [5, 8].
Rice is well known as the major staple food
in most developing countries in the world, especially in Asia. Asian countries contribute approximately 92% of the total world rice production, mostly of the Oryza sativa species, which
has been cultivated widely in warm climates [8].
Some varieties of rice have been rejected for human consumption because of their low eating
value resulting from the lack of certain nutrients
required by humans. Thus, these varieties are
planted for use as feedstuffs for ruminants and
monogastric animals. All parts of processed rice
are exploited as feedstuffs, such as rice polishings [9, 10], rice bran [11], and the rice grain
that is undesirable for human consumption [5].
Brown rice was discovered to be the most
suitable form of rice for the production of feed
[5]. Brown rice is an example of rice grain that
has undergone the dehulling process. Because
the bran layer is still attached to the grain, brown
rice is more nutritious than milled rice [5, 8, 12].
The bran layer contains many nutrients that are
required by poultry. In addition, it does not need
to undergo a milling process, which has the advantages of reducing the processing cost [5] and
thus lowering the price. Consequently, the dependency on imported feedstuffs, such as corn
and soybeans, can be reduced. The brown rice
varieties MR239 and MR257 have the potential
to be used as feed because of their high yield,
and they are appropriate for planting in the climate of Malaysia. Brown rice has potential as a
source of poultry feed for commercial poultry
production. However, information is scarce on
the nutrients in brown rice available to poultry and also the presence of any antinutrients,
mainly nonstarch polysaccharides. Hence, it is
important to determine the nutrient and energy
value of brown rice to see whether it is suitable
for use as a poultry feed. Therefore, this study
was conducted to investigate the nutrient composition, presence of nonstarch polysaccharides,
and TME values of 2 varieties of brown rice
when fed to poultry.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
Two varieties of rice, MR239 and MR257,
were undergoing the dehulling process to be
produced as brown rice. These rice grain varieties were obtained from a paddy field at the
MARDI Station in Seberang Prai, Malaysia. The
grains were then ground to approximately 1 mm
and stored in airtight glass containers for further
analysis.
Proximate Analysis
Dry matter was determined by drying at
135°C for 4 h, followed by equilibration in a
desiccator (AOCS method 930.5) [13], and ash
was calculated as the weight loss upon ignition
at 600°C. Crude protein was determined by the
Kjeldahl method (AOAC method 984.13) [13].
Ether extraction was done for determination of
fat content (AOAC method 954.02) [13]. All
analyses were done in triplicate.
Amino Acids
The amino acid composition of brown rice
was analyzed in triplicate by ion-exchange
chromatography using a postcolumn ninhydrin
reaction after hydrolyzing the samples in 6 M
HCl containing 0.1% phenol for 24 h at 110°C
in sealed tubes, and after photometric detection
at 570 and 440 nm. An amino acid analyzer [14]
was used for quantification [15].
Nonstarch Polysaccharides
The CF, NDF, and ADF contents of brown
rice were determined by the filter bag technique
using an Ankom fiber analyzer [16, 17]. Sodium
sulfite and α-amylase were used in NDF determination. Subsequently, acid detergent lignin
(ADL) was obtained by treating the ADF residue with 72% sulfuric acid. The hemicellulose
was determined by subtracting the ADF from
the NDF, whereas cellulose was obtained by
subtracting the ADL from the ADF values calculated earlier [18]. The mixed-linked β-glucan
Asyifah et al.: Brown rice as a feedstuff
contents of brown rice were determined using
a Megazyme mixed-linkage β-glucan assay kit
[19]. Arabinoxylan was determined based on
the colorimetric method [20]. All analyses were
done in triplicate.
TME
105
True metabolizable energy, in megajoules per
kilogram, was calculated using the following
formula: TME = {[intake energy − (output energy − endogenous energy)]/weight of sample
for force-feeding} × 0.004184.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Eighteen 1-d-old male chickens (Lohmann
Brown) from the Consolidated Breeder Farm
Rembau, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, were
raised in a group from hatch to 6 mo of age
and fed a commercial diet. The birds were then
housed in individual cages with collection trays
for the collection of droppings. The birds were
fed the commercial diet before fasting for 48 h
to empty the alimentary canal of feed residue.
Further fasting for 48 h was done to collect excreta for the endogenous energy assay. After the
birds were allowed to rest for 5 d, they were fasted again for 48 h and then force-fed with 20 g
of the test ingredient. The test ingredient or rice
grain sample was ground to approximately 1
mm in size. Excreta produced during the next 48
h of fasting were collected for the output energy
assay. Water was available ad libitum throughout the experiment. The experiment complied
with the Federation of Animal Science Societies Guidelines for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching [21].
This rapid method of TME determination [22]
involved the measurement of total feed intake,
total excreta output, and subsequent measurement of gross energy values of feed and excreta
by bomb calorimetry and was done in triplicate.
Proximate Composition
The proximate composition of brown rice
varieties MR239 and MR257 is given in Table
1. Although carbohydrate was not analyzed, total carbohydrate was calculated as [% of carbohydrate = 100 − (% of protein + % of fat + %
of ash)] for purposes of comparison. As shown
in Table 1, no significant difference was observed between the local varieties of brown rice
(MR239 and MR257) and the reference range in
terms of proximate composition.
Dry matter percentages represent the nutrients that might be contained in the brown rice,
and this can also provide information on the storage of feed and feed stability [23]. According to
Heinemann et al. [24], a 14% moisture content
is the limit for safe storage of processed rice,
whereas a 12% moisture content is the upper
limit for long-term storage. The stability of feed
may be reduced with a high moisture content because of contamination by microorganisms that
might have occurred. The CP contents of MR239
and MR257 were 8.96 and 8.79%, respectively.
Protein is found in the endosperm of the seed in
the form of discrete particles [12]. Crude protein
was determined to ensure that sufficient protein
Table 1. Proximate composition and energy value of brown rice varieties
Composition
DM, %
CP,3 % of DM
Ether extract,3 % of DM
Ash,3 % of DM
Carbohydrate,3,4 % of DM
Gross energy, kcal/kg
TME, MJ/kg
1
MR2391
MR2571
Reference
range2
87.70 ± 0.07
8.96 ± 0.04
1.96 ± 0.08
1.5 ± 0.05
87.58 ± 0.1
3,831.1 ± 0.1
12.15 ± 0.45
87.90 ± 0.1
8.79 ± 0.1
2.15 ± 0.1
1.35 ± 0.01
87.71 ± 0.2
3,800.0 ± 0.1
15.45 ± 0.76
86.0
7.1–8.3
1.6–2.8
1.0–1.5
72.9–75.9
3,625.7–3840.6
ND5
Mean ± SD.
Data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [8].
3
Dry matter basis.
4
Carbohydrate levels were estimated by the formulation: % of carbohydrates = 100 − (% of protein + % of ether extract + %
of ash).
5
ND = not determined.
2
106
was being fed to the poultry to fulfill a diversity
of functions. Protein is the primary element required to build protective tissues, such as skin,
feathers, and ligaments, as well as soft tissues,
such as muscles and organs, and it can also act
as a precursor of nonprotein body constituents.
Hence, protein is an important nutrient for poultry. However, the CP content of brown rice was
lower than the CP content of other feedstuffs
used for poultry, such as barley (8.2 to 18.5%)
[25] and legumes (17 to 30%) [26]. It was difficult to compare protein composition because
the nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio was not standardized and varied from 5.7 to 6.25. The CP
content of brown rice reported by Heinemann
et al. (6.85%) [24] was lower than that reported
for our brown rice varieties because the authors
used a nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio of 5.7.
The brown rice varieties MR239 and MR257
contained 1.50 and 1.35% of ash, respectively,
which was distributed mainly in the bran layer.
These values fell within the range of reference
values. Total ash represents important minerals
contained in the feed [26], and it also indicates
any contamination that might occur when supplying feed with minerals [27], such as excess
excretion of phosphorus and sulfur by poultry
into the environment. Similarly, the major proportion of fat is present in the bran layer and also
in the embryo of brown rice. The fat content was
1.96 and 2.15% for MR239 and MR257, respectively. This fat content was in agreement
with the values reported by the Organization
for Economic Co-operation and Development
(1.6 to 2.8%) [8], Rosniyana et al. (1.8%) [12],
and Heinemann et al. (2.65%) [24] but was
much lower than the value reported by Alias
and Ariffin (5.4%) [5]. Carbohydrates and fats
are the main sources of energy for poultry. Because the calculated carbohydrate contents for
these 2 varieties were high (87.58 and 87.71%,
respectively), the energy values were also high
(3,831.1 and 3,800.0 kcal/kg) compared with
other feedstuffs used as poultry feed. According
to Marquardt et al. [3], corn and barley, which
are commonly used as chicken feed, have energy values of 3,389.2 and 2794.5 kcal/kg, respectively. Therefore, brown rice is suitable for
use as poultry feed because it has a high energy
value and contains other nutrients that poultry
require. These compositions include minerals
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and vitamins, which are essential for the health,
growth, and reproduction of these birds.
Amino Acid Composition
The levels of 18 amino acids in both varieties of brown rice were determined by using an
automatic amino acid analyzer. For comparison
with the reference range, the percentage fraction
of a particular amino acid in the total protein
was also calculated. Table 2 shows the amino
acid profiles of brown rice varieties MR239 and
MR257.
The amino acid levels for both varieties of
brown rice showed no significance difference (P
< 0.05), with the level for MR257 being slightly
higher than that for MR239. However, most of
the amino acid levels in these brown rice varieties were higher than the reference range [8],
which may be due to the difference in protein
content between these brown rice samples and
the reference value.
Amino acids attained from dietary protein
serve functions for poultry, such as for the
growth of structural and protective tissues, for
metabolic functions, and also as nonprotein precursors. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [8] and
Eknayake et al. [26], the amino acid composition is more balanced in rice than in other cereals
such as wheat, corn, and legumes. A major problem with amino acid analysis of foodstuffs is the
destruction of amino acids during acid hydrolysis. For example, tryptophan could not be measured adequately by acid hydrolysis; it showed
a very low percentage for MR239 and was undetectable for MR257. Thus, alkaline hydrolysis should be performed to obtain an accurate
value for tryptophan [28]. Methionine was also
higher than the reference value because it could
not be measured accurately by acid hydrolysis.
Methionine and cysteine should be determined
using performic acid oxidation followed by acid
hydrolysis to obtain accurate values [15].
Nonstarch Polysaccharides
Fiber (which included NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose, and hemicelluloses), β-glucan, and arabinoxylan are part of the nonstarch polysaccharides present in brown rice, as shown in Table
3. In the plant cell wall, the major constituent is
Asyifah et al.: Brown rice as a feedstuff
107
Table 2. Amino acid composition of brown rice varieties
Content, g/100 g
Amino acid
composition
Aspartic acid
Threonine
Serine
Glutamic acid
Glycine
Alanine
Cysteine
Valine
Methionine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
Histidine
Tryptophan
Lysine
Arginine
Proline
Ratio, % of protein
MR2391
MR2571
MR2391
MR2571
Reference
range2
1.18 ± 0.11
0.48 ± 0.02
0.67 ± 0.04
2.36 ± 0.52
0.55 ± 0.07
0.71 ± 0.05
0.12 ± 0.01
0.21 ± 0.09
1.59 ± 0.46
0.45 ± 0.01
0.99 ± 0.17
0.47 ± 0.05
0.64 ± 0.04
0.28 ± 0.04
0.03 ± 0.001
0.43 ± 0.01
0.89 ± 0.03
0.61 ± 0.04
1.08 ± 0.05
0.44 ± 0.02
0.59 ± 0.01
2.28 ± 0.14
0.51 ± 0.05
0.65 ± 0.02
0.1 ± 0.01
0.21 ± 0.01
1.52 ± 0.16
0.43 ± 0.01
0.92 ± 0.09
0.42 ± 0.04
0.60 ± 0.02
0.29 ± 0.03
ND3
0.38 ± 0.01
0.80 ± 0.1
0.57 ± 0.09
13.16 ± 0.16
5.40 ± 0.07
7.48 ± 0.09
26.16 ± 0.33
6.18 ± 0.08
7.88 ± 0.1
1.41 ± 0.02
2.35 ± 0.03
17.68 ± 0.22
5.05 ± 0.06
11.07 ± 0.14
5.23 ± 0.06
7.19 ± 0.09
3.20 ± 0.04
0.39 ± 0.01
4.83 ± 0.06
9.93 ± 0.12
6.84 ± 0.09
13.77 ± 0.42
5.63 ± 0.17
7.54 ± 0.23
29.06 ± 0.9
6.58 ± 0.2
8.35 ± 0.26
1.41 ± 0.04
2.77 ± 0.09
19.37 ± 0.6
5.52 ± 0.17
11.81 ± 0.36
5.37 ± 0.17
7.67 ± 0.24
3.72 ± 0.11
ND
4.95 ± 0.15
10.3 ± 0.32
7.35 ± 0.23
9.0–9.5
3.9–4.0
4.8–5.8
16.9–17.6
4.7–4.8
5.8
2.2–2.4
5.0–6.6
2.3–2.5
3.6–4.6
8.3–8.9
3.8–4.6
5.0–5.3
2.4–2.6
1.3–1.5
3.9–4.3
8.5–10.5
4.8–5.1
1
Mean ± SD.
Data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [8].
3
ND = not determined.
2
fiber. Crude fiber, which is the indigestible part
of poultry feed, is mostly composed of cellulose,
hemicellulose, and lignin [29, 30]. In brown rice,
CF can be found mostly in the bran layer. Table
3 shows that the percentages of CF between the
2 brown rice varieties were similar (1.39% for
MR239 and 1.68% for MR257). These values
were high compared with the reference value.
The fiber content was analyzed in detail as NDF,
ADF, and ADL. Neutral detergent fiber, which
represents the cell wall, was observed to be
higher in MR239 than in MR257, with measures
of 6.77 and 3.24% of total CF, respectively.
Accordingly, the ADF of MR239 was higher
than that of MR257, with measures of 2.52 and
1.27%, respectively. The NDF and ADF can
usually be used to estimate the energy value of
feed because of their effects on intake, digestibility, and metabolic efficiency [23]. However,
the percentage of ADL in MR257 (1.19%) was
slightly higher than that in MR239 (0.89%).
These 3 data were used to calculate the presence
of hemicellulose and cellulose in brown rice.
The bran layer, which is still attached to
the brown rice, also contains other nonstarch
polysaccharides, such as cellulose, hemicellu-
lose, and arabinoxylan [8, 12, 31]. The hemicellulose content is high when the NDF value
is more than double that of ADF [9]. Thus, the
calculated hemicellulose values in brown rice
were 4.25 and 1.97% for MR239 and MR257,
respectively. Similarly, the percentage of cellulose in MR239 was higher than that in MR257,
with calculated values of 1.63 and 0.08%, respectively. The high content of these fibers is
responsible for the low digestibility of feed by
poultry [8, 9, 23]. According to Lai et al. [32],
glucan and arabinoxylan are the main acid-hydrolyzable components present in the cell wall
of rice. β-Glucan was low in brown rice compared with the standard barley β-glucan, which
is approximately 2 to 8% [25]. The MR257 variety contained 0.29% (wt/wt) β-glucan, whereas
the MR239 variety contained 0.17% (wt/wt).
As compared with standard barley β-glucan,
this highly viscous water-soluble β-glucan may
cause growth depression in poultry because of
its interference in the digestive system [3, 25].
As a result, the absorption of nutrients in the
gastrointestinal tract will be reduced. The arabinoxylan present in brown rice was very low
compared with the reference range, with mea-
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108
Table 3. Nonstarch polysaccharides in brown rice varieties
Nonstarch
polysaccharides
CF,3 % of DM
NDF,4 %
ADF,4 %
Acid detergent lignin,4 %
Hemicellulose,4 %
Cellulose,4 %
β-Glucan,4 % (wt/wt)
Arabinoxylan,4 % (wt/wt)
MR2391
MR2571
1.39 ± 0.32
6.77 ± 0.65
2.52 ± 0.1
0.89 ± 0.01
4.25
1.63
0.17 ± 0.01
0.042 ± 0.002
1.68 ± 0.2
3.24 ± 0.39
1.27 ± 0.11
1.19 ± 0.01
1.97
0.08
0.29 ± 0.1
0.03 ± 0.001
Reference
range2
0.6 to 1.0
3.9
ND3
ND3
ND3
ND3
ND3
1.2 to 2.1
1
Mean ± SD.
Data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [8].
3
Dry matter basis.
4
Percentage of total CF.
2
sured values of 0.042% (wt/wt) and 0.03% (wt/
wt) for MR239 and MR257, respectively. The
percentages of arabinoxylan in the rice cell wall
may vary because of differences in the rice varieties, degrees of milling, and water solubility
[32]. The low level of arabinoxylan present in
feed ingredients may reduce the negative effects
on poultry and also reduce the use of treatments
to remove it, such as the supplementation of enzymes.
wheat (14.9 MJ/kg) [34], but were higher than
that of palm kernel meal (9.43 MJ/kg) [36].
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS
TME
The energy requirement of poultry is often
expressed as ME and is determined by the TME
method, with the force-feeding technique being
the most preferred technique [33]. This method
is fast, simple, and inexpensive. The endogenous energy, input and output energy, and feed
intake were determined before TME determination. The TME value was calculated by subtracting the gross energy determined in excreta
from the gross energy of the sample calculated
earlier. The TME values of brown rice varieties MR239 and MR257 shown in Table 1 were
12.15 and 15.45 MJ/kg, respectively. The TME
value of MR257 was similar to the TME value
of rice reported by Nadeem et al. [34], which
was 15.15 MJ/kg. However, the composition of
this rice might be different from the brown rice
in the present study even though the values are
similar. These values were also comparable with
those of other poultry feedstuffs, such as barley
(14.39 MJ/kg), corn (15.54 MJ/kg) [35], and
1. In this study, the brown rice varieties
MR239 and MR257 were determined to
have good potential as feed ingredients
in the poultry industry.
2. The nutrients contained in brown rice are
suitable for poultry, especially chickens
and broilers, because brown rice has a
high energy value and low fiber content
and is balanced in amino acids. The presence of other nonstarch polysaccharides
was also low.
3. In addition, when these local brown rice
varieties were compared, MR257 was
slightly better in overall nutritional value
than MR239.
4. Reasons supporting the exploitation of
brown rice as a feedstuff for poultry are
its lower production cost, status as an inexpensive local feed source, lower processing cost, and availability.
5. Therefore, further studies are needed to
improve the nutritional value of brown
rice as a poultry feed and eliminate the
adverse effects of its antinutrients.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) Research
Team of the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) for
technical help and the Ministry of Science and Technology
(MOSTI, Putrajaya, Malaysia) for financial support.