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AHT EQUIVALENCY ASSESSMENT SERVICES GENERAL VETERINARY KNOWLEDGE EXAM Below are outcomes and objectives that will serve as a framework for a written examination. The exam is multiple choice and computer based. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY • Describe and compare the basic anatomy and physiology of cells and tissues • Describe and explain the normal and pathological structure and function of the circulatory system • Describe and explain the normal and pathological structure and function of the lymphatic system • Describe and explain the normal and pathological features of the respiratory tract of domestic animals • compare and contrast the features of normal and abnormal skeletal anatomy and physiology • Describe and explain the normal and pathological structure and function of the different joints • Identify and describe the important normal and pathological features of the equine and bovine limbs • Identify and describe the major muscles, their physiological structure and function, and the common muscle diseases of cattle and horses • Describe the normal anatomy of skin, the diagnostic tests used in dermatology, the process of wound healing, and the principles of treatment of wounds • Describe and explain the normal anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive tract in domestic animals and the veterinary procedures related to prepare to assist with same procedures • Describe and explain the normal anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive tract in domestic animals and the veterinary procedures related to it in preparation to assist with said procedures. • Explain the normal workings of the endocrine system, as well as provide client education and veterinary assistance concerning common pathologic conditions affecting it. • Describe the normal anatomy and function of the digestive systems of the domestic animals, and locate each major component of each at necropsy • • • • Describe the normal anatomy and function of the urinary systems of the domestic animals, and locate each major component at necropsy Describe the normal anatomy and function of the CNS & PNS (Voluntary & Involuntary Branches; Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Aspects). Understand the effects of common diseases upon cells, tissues, and the following body systems in ruminant and non-ruminant animals: skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, central vascular, digestive, lymphatic, respiratory (including avian), excretory, reproductive, endocrine, integumentary and senses. Normal physiology rates (respirator rate, heart rate, blood pressure etc. ) with focus on canine, feline, bovine and equine species, may also include caprine, ovine, porcine, cervids and avian ANIMAL DISEASES • Summarize each of the 8 feline infectious diseases including: Respiratory Disease, Panleukopenia, Feline Infectious Peritonitis, Feline Leukemia Virus, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, Hemobartonellosis, Toxoplasmosis and Feline Plague. • Summarize each of the 9 equine diseases and vaccines presented including: Respiratory Diseases Rhinopneumonitis and Influenza, Pneumonia in Foals, Strangles, Tetanus, Western and Eastern Encephalitis, West Nile Virus, Equine Viral Arteritis, Equine Infectious Anemia, Potomac Horse Fever, Vesicular Stomatitis. • Summarize each of the following diseases: Cat Scratch Fever, Hantavirus Infection, Cryptosporidium and other zoonotic diseases found in AB. • Summarize each of the Bovine Respiratory Diseases including Undifferentiated Bovine Respiratory Disease, Shipping Fever Pneumonia (Pneumonic Pasteurellosis), Hemophilosis, Infectious Bovine rhinotracheteitis (IBR), Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), Mycoplasm Pneumonia and Enzootic Calf Pneumonia • Summarize the following bovine diseases Clostridial Disease, Scours, Footrot, Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; aka Pinkeye), Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) and Neosporosis, Johne’s Disease, Woody Tongue and Lumpy Jaw • Summarize the following reportable bovine diseases Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE, aka Mad Cow Disease), Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Anthrax, Anaplasmosis and Bluetongue • Describe and explain bovine mastitis disease process and treatment. ANAESTHESIA • Understand the indications, advantages, and disadvantages, effects on the body and the associated adverse side effects of the commonly used pre-anaesthetics and inhalant and injectable anaesthetic agents. • Describe the stages and planes of general anaesthesia • Describe monitoring parameters used for monitoring during anaesthesia • • • • • • Be familiar with the parts of anaesthetic machine and how to use it including the advantages and disadvantages of rebreathing and non re-breathing systems, and precision and non-precision vaporizers. Understand the important concepts of analgesics, muscle relaxants, assisted and controlled ventilation, fluid therapy and monitoring acid-base balance and proper oxygenation. Use injectable or inhalation agents to induce a premedicated patient into general anaesthesia, install an endotracheal tube, monitor, maintain and adjust depth of anaesthesia to a level appropriate to the surgical stimulus, and recover animals from anaesthesia. Safely operate and maintain the anaesthetic equipment that is part of a veterinary surgery suite; namely: endotracheal tubes, gas anaesthetic machines, rebreathe and non-rebreathe gas delivery systems, and precision and non-precision vaporizers. Use sedatives and general anaesthetics appropriately in cattle, sheep and goats. Explain common local anaesthetic blocks in cattle, horses, sheep/goats and hogs. Pain Management Techniques ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR AND WELFARE • Know the chronological order of behavioural development and social behaviour. • Understand methods of preventing, eliminating or modifying behaviour problems. • Identify common behaviour problems. • Animal welfare and ethical issues pertaining to the housing and care of domesticated species as well as understand the positions of animal health care groups. • recognize and discuss normal canine behaviour and development • Recognize and discuss behaviour problems in dogs and describe various methods of treatment. • Recognize and discuss the behavioural development and house training of the cat as well as recognize behavioural problems and discuss various treatments. • Recognize and discuss normal equine and bovine behaviours and problem equine and bovine behaviour. BREEDING, REPRODUCTION, AND NEONATAL CARE • Define the basic reproductive characteristics and neonatal requirements in the bovine, canine, caprine, equine, feline, ovine and porcine. This includes puberty onset, estrus cycles, semen evaluation, gestation/parturition, pregnancy diagnosis and neonatal care. • Explain the estrous cycle and breeding behavior of common farm species and how the estrous cycle can be managed to improve reproductive performance. • Explain the estrous cycle and breeding behavior of dogs and cats. • Explain the concepts of heredity, and describe fertilization, placentation and pregnancy diagnosis in domestic animals. • Describe and explain the normal events of parturition in a cow and the procedures used to relieve complications arising from abnormal parturition. • Describe and explain the normal events of late gestation and parturition of other farm species and the procedures used to relieve complications arising from abnormal parturition. • explain the procedure for a breeding soundness examination in the bull, and assist a veterinarian in performing the exam CLINICAL CHEMISTRY • Understand and perform common laboratory tests • Discuss the biological functions of protein, glucose, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, cholesterol, enzymes, electrolytes, and minerals. Additionally, the application of measurements of each are used to establish normal function or, conversely, abnormal function or organic disease in humans. The AHT must accurately interpret the results of these tests • Report the significance of abnormal results of tests used to evaluate kidney, pancreatic, liver function, electrolytes and minerals in small and large animals. • Perform daily, weekly or other routine scheduled maintenance and quality assurance and control procedures DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING • Describe the physical properties and generation of radiation and minimize the hazards of ionizing radiation by applying safe radiation practices • Operate basic x-ray generating equipment. • Describe radiology safety procedures • Describe and demonstrate radiographic positioning and restraint in a safe manner • Discuss and use technique charts • Identify and manipulate image quality. • Discuss and use contrast media • Use a portable radiology machine, prepare a hoof and restrain a horse for the purposes of obtaining a quality radiograph. • Quality Assurance and Quality Control Testing • Understand the basic physics of ultrasound, the ultrasound machine, the concepts of the final image and artifacts. EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID • Describe triage • How to monitor respiratory, cardiovascular, renal and neurological status of the emergency patient • Describe the clinical signs, treatment and monitoring of the patient with respiratory, cardiovascular, central nervous system, renal, reproductive system and ingestion of toxic substance emergencies. • Perform CPR with an endotracheal tube and oxygen source EXOTIC ANIMAL MEDICINE • Understand the anatomical and physiological differences of avians and reptiles as compared to mammals. • Understand and apply optimum housing and husbandry and nutritional requirements. • • • • • Describe non-infectious, infectious diseases and parasites of various exotic species. Discuss zoonotic risks Demonstrate species appropriate restraint Perform basic clinical procedures on rabbits, rats, mice, birds and other companion animal pets Discuss and summarize basic laboratory animal heredity, genetics, and breeding protocols IMMUNOLOGY • Describe how the immune system defends the body against infection including innate and acquired immunity, and how the body responds to a viral invasion. • Identify and describe the function of the lymphoid organs and the lymphatic vessels. • List and describe antibody classes and their roles in the immune response, types of adaptive responses, and hypersensitivities, cell-mediated and humoral immunodeficiencies. • Distinguish between passive and active immunity • Describe the types of production and use of vaccines. • Explain the purpose of vaccination, distinguish between different types of vaccines and describe principles contributing to successful vaccination. • Distinguish between the different hypersensitivities, describe causes and consequences of immune deficiency and autoimmune disease LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE • Understand the practical and theoretical aspects of research uses and characteristics; • Demonstrate the handling of common laboratory animals • Describe signs of pain and distress, health and housing conditions; sites and volumes for injections and samples of: mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, rabbits and guinea pigs. LARGE ANIMAL PROCEDURES AND NURSING • Demonstrate safety and effectiveness in moving, handling and restraining cattle of various sizes and ages • Explain to a client the estrous cycle and breeding behaviour of common farm species and how the estrous cycle can be managed to improve reproductive performance. • Understand the practical and theoretical aspects of physical examination and normal values, common diseases and illness and the technicians’ role. • Discuss and demonstrate Pre and post-operative care, techniques and routes of drug administration • Describe and explain the normal events of parturition in a cow and the procedures used to relieve complications arising from abnormal parturition. • Describe and explain the normal events of late gestation and parturition of other farm species and the procedures used to relieve complications arising from abnormal parturition. • Explain to a client the procedure for a breeding soundness examination in the bull, and assist a veterinarian in performing the exam LARGE ANIMAL NUTRITION • Understand the importance of nutrients in feeding large animals • Describe the basic requirements in various life stages • Describe the effects that environment has on nutritional requirements. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY • Define pertinent medical terms for all curriculum subjects. • Use medical terminology MICROBIOLOGY AND MYCOLOGY • Understand the practical and theoretical aspects of microscopic organisms including: equipment needed, various bacterial and fungal media, collection of specimens, identification of gram positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungal identification, • Perform diagnostic tests to identify specific bacteria and fungi. PARASITOLOGY • List the parasites scientific and common names, life cycles, clinical signs, laboratory techniques for identification of parasites, treatment and control and zoonotic potential of internal and external parasite infestations. Species including feline, canine, equine and bovine. • Perform laboratory techniques and identify parasites. PHARMACEUTICAL MATH • Perform conversion of numbers to different metric units. • Calculate dosages, dilutions, concentrations of solutions, drip rates and constant rate infusions. PHARMACOLOGY • Understand pharmacological terminology, pharmacokinetics, and the basic classifications of drugs and general characteristics of each. • Discuss the importance of proper drug administration including withdrawal times and problems with incorrect administration • Be aware of legal requirements with regards to handling, storage and record keeping of narcotic drugs. • Demonstrate a basic understanding of common drugs used their effects and contraindications. RESTRAINT AND ANIMAL HANDLING • Understand common behavioural characteristics and the danger potential of each species so that the most successful method of restraint is used and the safety of animal, handler and public are kept in mind. • Species including feline, canine, equine, bovine, avian, rodents. May extend to porcine, ovine, caprine and cervids SANITATION, STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION • Understand the principles and different methods of sanitation, sterilization and disinfection; • Know how and where to use the different methods. • Discuss biosecurity protocols • Discuss isolation protocols SMALL ANIMAL NURSING • Perform a variety of routine medical procedures on cats and dogs. • Understand and perform the practical and theoretical aspects of physical examination and normal values, fluid therapy, routes of drug administration, blood collection and transfusion, ECG, anal sac expression, enemas, bandaging, animal husbandry, euthanasia and necropsy techniques. SMALL ANIMAL NUTRITION • Discuss the role of the many components of food in dietary management of cats and dogs • Explain the six basic nutrients and their role in supporting life • Understand and calculate a companion animals maintenance energy requirements base on its particular life stage, • Discuss why different nutrient levels change with each life stage and what effects excesses or deficiencies may have. • Assist in the management of prevention of obese, critically ill and FLUTD patient. • Understand the components of a pet food label and help pet owners make an educated decision on which food to feed. SURGICAL PREPARATION AND INSTRUMENT CARE • Recognize common surgical instruments, needles, suture material, and their intended use. • Perform proper instrument care and pack preparation for sterilization. • Use aseptic technique for surgical preparation of patient and surgical site • Demonstrate personal surgical scrubbing and gown/glove • Assist in common surgical procedures such as feline neuters, declaws and wound repair. URINALYSIS, HAEMATOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY • Understand and perform the practical and theoretical aspects of collection and analysis of urine and blood as well as collection, staining and interpretation of cytologic samples. VETERINARY DENTISTRY • Recognize normal and abnormal dental structures, conditions and lesions, causes and stages of gingivitis and periodontitis. • • • • Perform complete dental prophylaxis, care and use of dental hand instruments and a home care program. Explain the basics of equine dentistry Use a dental chart to document pre and post dental oral anatomy Understand the principles of dental radiography. VIROLOGY • Know the composition of a virus, the process of replication, classification, and identification of common viruses. • Describe sample collection techniques of specimens and submission of samples. • Perform various diagnostic testing procedures and common techniques for the prevention of contracting a virus ZOONOSES • Identify and describe common bacterial, viral, parasitic, and mycotic zoonotic diseases, their etiology, symptoms (human and animal), transmission, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. Rewrite Policy: Candidates may apply to rewrite the General Veterinary Knowledge Exam 4 times. Therefore, including candidates initial attempt, a total of 5 attempts are available. Following a 5th unsuccessful attempt, it is recommended that candidates investigate attending a CVMA accredited AHT program of their choosing. CVMA accredited programs can be found on the Canadian Association of Animal Health Technologists and Technicians website at http://www.caahtt-acttsa.ca/ahtvt_programs.php Prepared by: Nichole Boutilier, RAHT Project Coordinator—Animal Health Technology School of Professional and Continuing Education C 780.233.0472 E [email protected]