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Phylogeny of Spiralia Pogonophora Mollusca Ectoprocta Annelida Eutrochozoa Lophophorata Lophotrochozoa Spiralia Practice Exam Essay • Pretend that I am cookie monster and I ask you to explain the animal kingdom to me. In a 2-3 page essay describe the nature of the animal kingdom. Select 4 of the following themes and describe variations, patterns, similarities and differences across ALL of the phyla we have learned. Protostome Phylogeny Etc. Ecydsozoa shed skin Rotifera, etc. Deuterostome embryology Eutrochozoa Locotrophozoa don’tshed skin Protostome embryology sk. Eumetazoa Lophophorates pgs. 451-457 especially Ectoprocta (also called Bryozoa) Phylogeny of Lophotrochozoa Rotifera Platyhelminthes Pogonophora Mollusca Ectoprocta Annelida Eutrochozoa Branchiopoda Lophophorata Lophotrochozoa Spiralia Phoronida Lophophore Hickman Fig. 22-1, 22-2 arc of ciliated tentacles for feeding, respiration, and excretion feeding (a different species) phylum Ectoprocta compare Hickman Fig. 22-4 • • • • • eucoelomate lophophorates Sessile, marine or freshwater colonial,individuals microscopic > 4,000 species, abundant Ectoprocta Anatomy fig 22-2 extended lophophore retracted mouth anus intestine esophagus coelom zoecium colony plant stem zooid 21. Spiralia Spiralia • “Spiralia” - all protostomes with spiral clevage at the third division • Includes Lophotrochozoa, and (separately) Rotifera and Platyhelminthes • Lophotrochozoa should be a subdivision of Spiralia, which should be parallel to Ecdysozoa Phylogeny of Spiralia Rotifera Platyhelminthes Pogonophora Mollusca Ectoprocta Annelida Eutrochozoa Lophophorata Lophotrochozoa Spiralia Branching of Protostomes • 3rd cleavage division – lophotrochozoans, rotifers, and flatworms spiral – ecdysozoans superficial or other basic deuterostome pattern 3rd Cleavage Division compare Campbell p. 163 Spiralia pattern Phylogeny of Spiralia Rotifera Platyhelminthes Pogonophora Mollusca Ectoprocta Annelida Eutrochozoa Lophophorata Lophotrochozoa Spiralia “Water Bears” compare Hickman Fig. 21-13 phylum Tardigrada Tardigrade Characteristics metameric appendages with claws Æ chitinous cuticle, shed to grow Æ tiny, no respiratory or circulatory organs Æ diecious Æ remarkable ability to dry out, freeze, etc. Æ Tardigrade Biology eat cell contents of mosses or algae, or prey on small animals, using stylet Æ ~ 800 species in moss, soil, and pond and ocean sediments Æ Tardigrade Anatomy (fig 21-14) hemocoel Diecious Sexual Reproduction previous cuticle of female shed skin holds fertilized eggs Cryptobiosis compare p. 447 • adults live in suspended animation for years – lose most of their water – thicken the cuticle – protect cells with special proteins Velvet Walking Worm Hickman Fig. 21-11 phylum Onychophora Onychophora Biology • • • • • • shed chitinous cuticle to grow, diecious main body cavity is an unlined hemocoel breathe by tracheal system appendages are unjointed and have claws metameric excretory sacs and pores flexible antennae Onychophora Biology • carnivorous - entangle prey with slime • ~ 100 species in moist tropical forest litter • similar to Cambrian marine fossils Ecdysozoan Phyla for ZO 110 • • • • Nematoda Tardigrada Onychophora Arthropoda Ecdysozoa . . . • have a non-living cuticle, shed to grow • have an unlined main body cavity – pseudocoelom or hemocoel • lack cilia • are mostly diecious Tardigrada vs. Nematoda ... 1 similarities – have pumping pharynx with stylets – produce resting eggs – adults capable of cryptobiosis Tardigrades vs. Nematodes 2 differences – tardigrades have metameric nerves and appendages • not reliant on pressurized body cavity for locomotion – tardigrade gonads and excretory organ (Malpighian tubules) attach to gut Tardigrades and Onychophora Similarities – chitinous cuticle – metameric appendages with claws – ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia Differences – tardigrades lack antennae, jaws and a respiratory system – excretory systems are different Relationships among Ecdysozoa Tardigrada Nematoda Arthropoda Onychophora Review! 1. List two ecdysozoan phyla with appendages that are not jointed. 2. List two eutrochozoan phyla. 3. List a phylum that is in the group Spiralia but not in the subgroup Lophotrochozoa. Phylogeny of Spiralia Rotifera Platyhelminthes Pogonophora Mollusca Ectoprocta Annelida Eutrochozoa Lophophorata Lophotrochozoa Spiralia Arthropoda The Most Successful Phylum Diversity of Arthropoda • > 2,000,000 species (estimated) – our worst pests and valuable helpers • Three subphyla and numerous classes, many of which are very diverse Arthropod Characteristics • chitinous cuticle thickened to exoskeleton • metameric, jointed appendages – two or more adapted as mouthparts • hemocoel as main body cavity – dorsal heart with open circulatory system – coelom remnant in gonads Cuticle • mainly chitin – tough, flexible, glucose-amine polymer – stiffened with calcium carbonate in crustaceans – permeable but resists chemicals – waterproofed with waxes in insects • protection, support, muscle attachment Exoskeleton Structure compare Hickman 19-10 cuticle Arthropod Tagmata tagmata = metameres fused into functional units; singular is “tagma” 3 basic tagmata in all arthropods: • head, thorax, abdomen – head + thorax = cephalothorax – thorax + abdomen = trunk Segmentation and Anatomy Metameres of an insect 9 - 12 3 6 Mouthparts (Head Appendages) • Modified legs • Uniramia and Crustacea – antennae for sensing sound, touch, smell – mandibles for chewing – maxillae for tasting and handling food • Chelicerata – Pedipalps and chelicera for tasting and handling food Arthropoda Classification • Subphyla: – Chelicerata spiders, scorpions – Uniramia centipedes, millipedes, insects – Crustacea shrimp, crayfish (a fourth, Trilobitomorpha, is extinct) Arthropoda Types Crustacea Uniramia Chelicerata Trilobitomorpha fossil Subphylum Chelicerata Arthropods with Chelicera Chelicerate Classes • Merostomata horseshoe crabs – marine, only 4 species, benthic predators • Pycnogonida (sea spiders) not required • Arachnida spiders, mites, etc. – > 73,000 species – terrestrial and freshwater – many feeding types Chelicerate Characteristics • cephalothorax – mouthparts: chelicera, pedipalps – 4 pairs of walking legs – coxal glands for excretion (like Onychophora) • abdomen – ovipositors or spinnerets in some Merostomata Fig. 18.2 horseshoe crabs Merostomate Anatomy compare Hickman Fig. 18-2 • Aranea – spiders • Acari – ticks and mites • Opiliones – daddy longlegs • Scorpionida – scorpions Class Arachnida Aranea Anatomy Fig. 18.6 pierce-&-suck carnivores - chelicera are poison fangs Dangerous Spiders Hickman Fig. 18-10 brown recluse black widow Acari Anatomy parasites, detritivores, herbivores, predators Acari Diversity compare Hickman Fig. 18-16, 18-17 mange, follicle, and dust mites litter mites Dangerous Ticks after blood meal Carry diseases: • Rocky Mountain spotted fever • Lyme disease dog ticks deer ticks Scorpionida Anatomy carnivores (eat pieces of prey) Opiliones Anatomy carnivores and omnivores, eat particulate food subphylum Crustacea Arthropods with Crusty Exoskeletons - General Characteristics Chelicerate Characteristics • cephalothorax – mouthparts: chelicera, pedipalps – 4 pairs of walking legs – coxal glands for excretion (like Onychophora) • abdomen – ovipositors or spinnerets in some Crustacea (subphylum) • about 40,000 species • mostly marine, but many freshwater – terrestrial roly-poly “bug,” too • may be carnivores, herbivores, detritivores, or parasites • widely variable in size and shape General Crustacean Features • arthropods with biramous appendages • tagmata are (usually) cephalothorax and abdomen • two pairs of antennae • mouthparts: – mandibles – 1st and 2nd pairs of maxillae (marine, benthic cephalocarid) External Crustacean Anatomy compare Hickman Fig. 19-3 Internal Crustacean Anatomy Hickman Fig. 19-5 Crayfish Appendages • Biramous gill Endopod Exopod • Head: antennae (2 pr.), mandible, maxillae (2 pr.) • Thorax: maxillipeds (3 pr.), walking legs (5 pr.) • Abdomen: pleopods, uropod 19-3 Crayfish Head Appendages 19-4 Crayfish Thoracic Appendages Crayfish Abdominal Appendages Crustacean Larvae Larva (definition): immature life stage differing from adult in form and habits • marine, benthic, decapod crustaceans have planktonic larvae • entirely planktonic, copepod crustaceans have nauplius larvae • however, amphipod and isopod crustaceans have direct development inside a marsupium – including marine species Crustacean Larvae 19-9 Crustacea in Mixed Plankton Sample ostracod (Chesapeake Bay) crab larva cladoceran copepod copepod barnacle larva Crustacean Diversity Crustacea Taxa to Learn selected classes: • Branchiopodafairy shrimp, "water fleas" • Copepoda copepods • Cirripedia barnacles • Malacostraca large crustaceans plus selected malacostracan orders: – Decapoda, Amphipoda, Isopoda Branchiopoda Daphnia fairy shrimp (Anostraca) 19-16 Cladocera (“water fleas”) Strange Crustacean Wonders Mantis shrimp Japanese spider crab Daphnia Hickman Fig. 19-16c 1 mm parthenogenetic eggs Cladoceran Parthenogenesis Daphnia haploid adult male meiosis adult female haploid egg parthenogenesis sperm diploid egg diploid resting egg sexual reproduction Copepoda compare Hickman Fig. 19-19 female copepod with eggs 1 mm freshwater planktonic copepods Copepod nauplius larva Fig. 19-23 Cirripedia compare Hickman Fig. 19-22 acorn barnacle anatomy Barnacle Reproduction Class Malacostraca the larger Crustacea orders: – Decapoda: crayfish, shrimp, crabs, lobsters – Amphipoda: sideswimmers or scuds – Isopoda: “roly-poly bugs,” sea lice • Start here Amphipoda Malacostraca Isopoda Decapoda Decapoda Some More Malacostraca giant, deepwater amphipod cleaner shrimp euphausiid Economic Value of Decapods • important seafoods – marine lobsters, crabs, and shrimp – freshwater prawns and crayfish • major part of marine food webs – including baleen whales’ Whale Food Chain baleen whale euphausiids diatoms Parasitic Crustacea isopod copepods Arthropods on Land Subphylum Uniramia Classes Chilopoda and Diplopoda Uniramian Adaptations for Land • cuticle waxed to hold water better • tracheal system to respire in air • excrete urea or uric acid – Both are less toxic than ammonia, may be voided with less water loss • insects evolved wings from dorsolateral, thoracic ridges Insect Tracheal System Invasion of Land by Arthropods • Cambrian invertebrates were all marine • Land arthropods first fossilized in Silurian Period (Campbell Table 25.1) – About same time as plants, well before chordates – Primitive spiders, then millipedes and insects – 3rd Period of Paleozoic Era, about 430 million years ago compare Campbell Fig. 25.5 amphibians arthropods plants exclusively marine animals subphylum Uniramia • Class Chilopoda centipedes • Class Diplopoda millipedes • “Class” Insecta Centipedes are Carnivores Head appendages: * antennae * (epistome) poison fangs * mandible * 1st maxilla * 2nd maxilla Centipede Diversity Millipedes are Detritivores Head appendages: * antennae * labrum * mandibles * maxillae (1 pr.) Millipede Diversity (order names not required) Millipedes Must Stay Moist egg mound Primitive Insecta Resemble the Many-Legged Uniramia Wingless insects - microscopic, live in leaf litter and soil Insect Mouth Parts centipedes (as second maxillae) millipedes insects Pop Quiz 7 1. What is the term for the fundamental pattern of Crustacea appendages? 2. List two, general ways that larvae differ from adults of the same species. 3. What is the most posterior mouthpart of Crustacea? Insects The Most Diverse Animals Hickman Pg 411 Categories of Insects phylum Arthropoda, subphylum Uniramia • “class” Insecta – Wingless insects (several orders) – Winged insects: • Incomplete metamorphosis (several orders) • Gradual metamorphosis (several orders) • Complete metamorphosis (several orders) Wingless Insects springtails Incomplete Metamorphosis • Wingpads visible in larvae damselfly mayfly wing pads wing pads Gradual Metamorphosis • larvae resemble adults without wings cockroach Complete Metamorphosis egg pupa larvae beetle eggs ant adult adult larva pupa adult adult Reproduction • Diecious, usually sexual • Sometimes parthenogenetic – e.g., some flies, wasps, and aphids – but does NOT produce resting eggs Wings • Usually, 2 pairs – 2nd & 3rd thoracic segments Unusual Wings 1st pair forms wing covers 2nd pair converted to halteres Abdominal Appendages compare Hickman Fig. 20-13 • male claspers • female ovipositors Flowering-Plant-Insect Coevolution Many insects are pollinators Most insects are phytophagous (= herbivorous) Parasitoids • biocontrol of pests • host-species-specific Fig. 20-17 Insect Pests • wood-eaters More Insect Pests • Blood-suckers crab louse mosquito Hickman Fig. 20-18 Also: fleas, blackflies, horseflies, buffalo gnats, punkies, bedbugs Social Insects Hickman Fig. 20-32 honeybees and ants termites
