Download Unit 8 Notes Part 1

Micaela Leon Perdomo
US History, Period 2
10/16/16
Marlin Kann
Crash Course #20
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Civil War 1861-1865 (basically Lincoln’s Presidency)
-Union (the North) vs Confederate States of America (the South)
-Not all slave states were part of the Confederacy
-These border states b/w North and South were very important for
the Union
The main cause of the Civil War was slavery
-Many people believe it was about larger issues of fed vs state etc
-Confed govt passed first conscription act, levied national taxes,
national currency and had a large govt bureaucracy
-Lincoln at first downplayed slavery as the cause, said it was
preserving the Union
-War was also partly about religion
-North wanted to extend Christianity and Am democracy around
the world
-South wanted to improve holiness of the US
-Many soldiers went to war for smaller, more personal reasons
-For North, Union, religion and slavery were main rationale for war
Union won the war, due to its many advantages
-North had many more people
-Large pop in SOuth was black, did not support South either
-North manufactured most of the American goods (90%)
-Made more textiles, shoes, boots, iron, firearms…
-North had 20,000 miles of RR, while South had only 10,000
-Allowed the army to move around more easily, enlisted double
that of the South
-Northern agr was more productive
-Took advantage of mechanization, South did not
South’s only advantage was better military leaders
-Tactically famous generals of Civil War were all Southern
-Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, Jeb Stuart….
Was the actual result of the war the only possible conclusion:
Several thought paths on the possible outcome of the War. Southern thinking:
-Confed had to build nation from scratch, states were committed to their
own autonomy
-Issue of overcoming class conflicts
-Ruling class usually did not fight in the war
-Based solely on fighting the war, Union’s inevitable victory is not so
clear
-Confed just had to outlast the North
-War of attrition would wear down Northern resolve
-War of attrition had several problems
-North had more resources, would last a long time
-South had fewer, would crumble before the North
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Northern thinking:
-Gen Ulysses Grant was willing to sustain large casualties to wear his
enemy down
-Determination to destroy enemy made him modern/successful
Union general
-Grant’s brutal strategy and North’s vast resources points to obvious
outcome of war
-Also shows reasons to be cautious about this conclusion
-Took 3 years for Union to adopt Grant’s strategy
-Lost many battles in the first years of the war
-Could lose motivation for war
-Some believe North had better motivation, God and slavery
-However most poor enlistees cared little about this
-In fact, free blacks might compete w/ them for jobs
-South believed they were fighting for the freedom, not to protect
slavery
Motivation is based on victory, several turning points led to outcome of the war
-July 1863 saw 2 most important Union victories of the War
-In West, Grant captured Vicksburg, MS
-Along w/ New Orleans, now controlled Mississippi River
-Grant focused on East, Battle of Gettysburg, PA
-Gen Lee’s biggest offensive in North, Union victory
-These 2 battles shifted the tide in Union’s favor
-August 1864 saw another turning point, ensure Union victory
-Gen Sherman of Union took Atlanta
-Important politically, allowed Lincoln to win election 1864
-War was unpopular, capture of Atlanta changed public
opinion of war and Lincoln
Outcome of the war was ensured by both military and political victories
Crash Course #22
After Civil War ended, US had to reintegrate slave population and rebellious
population into country
-Harder after Lincoln was killed and Andrew Johnson
-Lincoln’s post-war idea: reunion and reconciliation
-Johnson’s post-war idea: “South never had a right to secede in the
first place
-Johnson was Southerner→ resented all elites in South who had ignored
him
-Racist who didn’t want blacks to have a role in Reconstruction
• Period of Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867)
-Johnson appointed provisional governors, ordered them to call state
conventions to establish new all white governments.
• For slaves, Fiske and Howard universities were established as well as primary and
secondary schools due to The Freedman’s Bureau
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-Land ownership=freedom
-Former slaves thought that Union Army would offer them land, didn’t
happen
-↳Instead, Johnson returned all land to its former owners
Same ppl of South remained after the war→ Sharecropping replaced slavery
-Landowners would provide sharecroppers w/ a small house, tools & seed
and sharecroppers received a share of their crop (usually between ⅓ and ½)
-Free blacks controlled their work, plantation owners got steady workforce
that couldn’t leave bc they had little opportunity to save money & make investments.
-Poor whites began sharecropping in 1860→ Most sharecroppers were
white by Great Depression
-Sharecroppers=Opposite of Jefferson’s ideal (small, independent
farmers)
• Republicans in Congress weren’t happy that reconstructed South looked like preCivil War South→ They took lead in reconstruction after 1867
-Radical Republican “Tommy Lee Jones” Stephens wanted to take away
land from southern planters and give it to former slaves
-Civil Rights Bill named ppl born in US citizens and established
nationwide equality before the law regardless of race
-↳Johnson vetoed law
-↳Congress overrode Presidential veto w/ 2/3rds majority, making
Civil Rights Act a law
-↳14th Amendment- defines citizenship, guarantees equal protection,
extends Bill of Rights to all states
• In 1867, Congress passed Reconstruction Act
-Divided South into 5 military districts and required each state to create a
new gov’t that included participation of black men
-Gov’ts had to ratify 14th amendment in order to get back into the
Union
• Republican Ulysses S. Grant won presidential election of 1868
-Congressional Republicans pushed 15th Amendment, prohibited states
from denying men the right to vote based on race (but not anything else)
-↳Used exceptions as excuses to deny black men the right to vote
-Most blacks were Republicans
-Blacks were shown as corrupt in the media, but the blacks in
Congress were in fact not corrupt at all
• Pinckney B. S. Pinchback became first black governor in Louisiana, 1872
• Republican gov’ts in South did start the system of (segregated) education/schools
and develop a gov’t where blacks and whites could vote, but Republican gov’ts
eventually FAILED in the South
• Reconstruction ended because…
-Schools and road repair cost money→ taxes, Americans hate taxes!!!
-White southerner could not accept African Americans exercising basic
civil rights, holding office, or voting
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-Violence towards Republicans→ In 1866, Klu Klux Klan became
a terrorist organization that targeted black or white Republicans to keep
them from voting
-Massacre at Colfax, Louisiana, KKK murdered hundreds
of Former slaves
-Less black men voted, allowing white Democrats to take over state gov’ts
in South
-↳New Democrats of South called themselves “Redeemers”
• In 1873, US fell into a depression and northerners lost stomach to fight for rights
of southern blacks (didn’t have the money to)
-By 1876 supporters of Reconstruction were in full retreat and Democrats
were taking over
• In the election, Samuel Tilden was Democrat candidate and Rutherford B. Hayes
was Republican candidate
-More Republicans in Congress→ Rutherford B. Hayes won
• Bargain of 1877- Ceded control of South to Democrats and built a
transcontinental railroad through Texas→ killed Reconstruction
-White Democrats in South began restricting freedom of blacks again by
passing Jim Crow laws
• In the end, blacks were given many rights including voting and citizenship, but
post-Civil War US still didn’t give free blacks what they wanted: their own
property and independence.
Crash Course #23
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Am industry after Civil War increased dramatically
-Civil War improved finance through uniform currency
-Industry bc gave contracts to arms and clothing manuf
-Also telegraph and transcontinental RR thru Pacific Railway Act
1862
-Economic growth due to demography, geography and law
-Geography: had necessary resources to boost econ
-Water, coal, iron, oil, lots of grain
-Helped increase population
-Demography: huge increase in population
-Large amounts of immigration
-Went to cities, shift from agrarian rural econ to industrial urban
one
-NYC: fin and comm center, Great Lakes: industrial
center…
-Law: Constitution’s Commerce Clause made US single area of commerce
-Similar to a large customs union
-S Court interpretation of laws saw very business-friendly
-Const protects patents
-Caused invention and innovation
-Govt helped econ growth
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-High tariffs, land grants to RR, NA on reservations
Foreigners also spurred econ growth
-Invested in the econ
-More profitable than European economies
Changes caused by econ growth were huge
-1880 majority workforce worked non-agr jobs, 1890 ⅔ worked for
wages, 1913 ⅓ of the world’s industrial output was American
RR key to American industrial success
-Increased commerce and integrated the diff markets
-Allowed national brands to emerge
-Created time zones, and standardized time
-RR were first modern corporations
-Companies were big, many workers throughout whole country
-Methods of organization were needed
-Diff levels of supervising
-First publicly-traded organizations
-Sold shares to raise capital for tracks and stations
-Bought and sold by the public
-RR created first captains of industry (large
capitalists:Vanderbilt, Carnegie, Stanford
-Symbol for relation b/w govt and industry
-Transcontinental RR built w/ fed grants, govt sponsored bond
issues, congress legislation
Industrial capitalists both heroes and villains, captains of industry vs robber
barons
-Often from poor backgrounds, made themselves wealthy, unscrupulous
methods
-Drove competitors out of business, cared little about workers
-First captain of industry was Cornelius Vanderbilt
-Fortune thru transport, ferries and RR
-Most famous was John D. Rockefeller
-Started working for Cleveland merchant, became richest man in
world
-Bought up all his rival companies
-1880s controlled 90% of oil business
Innovation in organization of industries
-Capitalists formed trusts to control prices and limit competition
-Allowed prices to stay high
-Vertical integration
-Firms bought up all aspects of production process
-Ex bought raw materials to production to transport to
distribution
-Horizontal integration
-Big firms bought up small ones
-Ex: Rockefeller’s Standard Oil
Benefits of econ growth never really reached workers
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-Prices dropped due to competition
-Raised standard of living for workers
-Growing pop and immigration led to job insecurity
-Booms and busts caused depressions in 1870s and 1890s
-Hit the working poor the hardest
-Worked long hours, no pension or injury compensation
-US had highest injury rate per year
-National Unions were created
-First national union was Knights of Labor created in 1870 by Terence
Powderly
-Became very popular, admitted blacks, women and unskilled
workers
-Ruined by Haymarket Riot in 1886
-Rioters started a lot violence
-People associated KoL w/ this violence
-By 1902 ceased to exist
-American Federation of Labor created 1886 by Samuel Gompers
-More moderate than anarchist and socialist workers
-Focused on pay, hours and safety
-Also became v popular, especially among iron and steel workers
Social Darwinism was another innovation of the era
-Argued people were poor because of their own faults and weaknesses
-Big companies were big because they were fitter
-Argued govt shouldn’t pass laws to protect poor or regulate business
Unions continued to fight for better conditions, sometimes w/ violence
-Many workers were part of these unions
-Unions wanted US to picture freedom more broadly
-Unequal econ system lessened freedom, as Am became more
prosperous
Chapter 14: The Civil War (368-389)
There was great sectional tension between US states by the 1860s
-Lincoln contributed to tension by winning the election of 1860; Lincoln
was anti-slavery→ Southern states began to secede from Union→ Civil War
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The Withdrawal of the South (368):
South Carolina was first to secede from Union
-Seven southern states had seceded by 1861→ Confederate States of
America
• Fort Sumter was in an island in the harbor of Charleston, SC
-SC sent commissioners to Washington to ask for surrender of Fort Sumter
-President Buchanan refused to yield it
-Buchanan sent unarmed merchant ship to supply island w/ more
troops and supplies
-Guns on shore fired at vessel and turned the ship back
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-↳First shots between North & South
The Failure of Compromise (368):
Crittenden Compromise- Called for several constitutional amendments that
guaranteed slavery in slave states and satisfy southern demands on runaway
slaves
-Goal was to bring back Missouri Compromise
-Republicans did not approve of Crittenden Compromise bc they did not
want slavery to expand
• Lincoln became president and clarified that states could not leave Union and
secession was illegal.
Fort Sumter (368):
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Lincoln sent relief expedition to the fort, informing SC authorities that there
would be no more attempts to send troops or munitions unless supply ships met
w/ resistance.
-Confederate gov’t was conflicted; didn’t know whether to permit
expedition to land (submission to federal authority) or to fire on ships or fort (aggression
towards North)
-Confederate leaders decided to appear aggressive; ordered General P. G.
T. Beauregard to take island, by force if necessary
-Confederates bombarded fort for 2 days until it surrendered
- Civil War had begun
• Lincoln began mobilizing North for war
-Four more slave states joined Confederacy
-Rising tensions between North & South
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The Opposing Sides (371):
As war began, North had population, industrial, and transportation advantages
-However, war was being fought on Southern land→ South had advantage
of familiarity w/ their own territory
-Southerners strongly supported war while Northerners were unsure and
indecisive until almost the end
-Dependance of English and French textile industries on American cotton
would cause them to side w/ the Confederacy
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Economic Measures (371):
All-Republican Congress now exercised their power by enacting nationalistic
program to promote economic development (West). Congress...
-Passed the Homestead Act of 1862, Morrill Land Grant Act→ New
colleges
-Passed series of tariffs
-Built a transcontinental railroad→ Union Pacific Railroad Company,
Central Pacific, railroads would connect in the middle.
-National Bank Acts of 1863-1864 created uniform system of currency
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-Gov’t tried funding war by imposing taxes, issuing paper money,
and borrowing
-Popular resistance prevented gov’t from raising rates→ taxes
didn’t help much
-New paper currency (“greenbacks”) caused uncertainty and was
used sparingly by gov’t, some inflation was caused
-Loans from the American ppl were the main source of financing
for war
-Most came from banks or large financial interests
Raising the Union Armies (374):
At the beginning of the war in 1861, US army consisted of 16,000 troops, most of
them out West protecting whites from Indians
-↳Union had to raise army mostly from scratch, like Confederacy
-Lincoln recruited 500,000 volunteers from state from state militias for
three-year terms.
-Enthusiasm decreased→ Congress passed national draft law in
1863
-Only 46,000 were drafted, but draft increased # of volunteers
• Laborers, immigrants, and Democrats opposed the war→ “Peace Democrats”
(positive) or “Copperheads” (negative)
-Violent riots often broke out, Irish workers being the main threat; thought
that war was being fought for rights of blacks that would take Irish workers’ jobs
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Wartime Politics (375):
Many arrogant politicians who thought they themselves should be president
instead of Lincoln thought that Lincoln was unprepared and inexperienced, but
Lincoln took action and did many things w/ out asking for permission from
authorities
• Peace Democrats feared that agricultural Northwest was not as influential on
industrial East, meaning less money
-Thought that Republican nationalism was eroding states’ rights
-In 1862, Lincoln proclaimed that “discouraged enlistments or engaged in
disloyal practices” were subject to martial law
-13,000 ppl were arrested
• Election of 1864...
-Union Party- Organization of mostly Republicans and some Democrats
that supported the war
-They nominated Abraham Lincoln for reelection and Andrew
Johnson as vice-president
-Democrats nominated George B. McClellan
-Several Northern military victories boosted Republican prospects
-Lincoln won mostly b/c of timing (success of North in war)
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The Politics of Emancipation (376):
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Republicans still had different views on slavery between themselves
-Radicals- wanted to end slavery all together though war
-Conservatives- wanted slower, more gradual end to slavery
-Confiscation Act- All slaves who fought for Confederacy would become
free
-Second Confiscation Act- All slaves who had owners who supported
Confederacy were free and could become a soldier
-Emancipation slowly became goal for North
-Lincoln seized leadership of Republican ideal of emancipation
-Lincoln announced his goal of emancipation in 1862 and signed
Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, declaring how he would fight for end of slavery in
Confederate states as well as preservation of Union→ Many slaves of Confederate states
were freed
-By the end of the war, Maryland and Missouri, Union
slave states, became free states, and Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana became free
states of the Confederation
-In 1865, Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in all
parts of US
African Americans and the Union Cause (377):
186,000 emancipated blacks served as soldiers, sailors, and laborers for Union
forces
-Black enlistment was rare until Emancipation Proclamation
-Some were organized into fighting units, but most were assigned menial
tasks behind the lines, like digging trenches and transporting water
-Black soldiers lived in way more unsanitary conditions than whites and
died more of disease, also got paid a third less than whites were paid until 1864
-Instead of being kept as war prisoners, blacks were sent back to their
masters if they were captured by Confederates
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The War and Economic Development (377):
North did not go from agrarian to industrial after war; industry had taken over
already before the war, but economy of North still developed because...
-Coal productions increased
-Railroad facilities improved
-Industrial workers felt that they lost purchasing power
-Prices in North rose more than 70 percent during war while wages
only rose by 40 percent→ worker unions & protests
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Women, Nursing, and the War (378):
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Women took positions vacated by men during war such as teachers, retail sales
clerks, office workers, and mill and factory workers, but especially nursing
-The Sanitary Commission organized by Dorothea Dix, mobilized
females to serve in hospitals and contributed to decline of death by disease since it
promoted sanitary conditions
-Nurses were mostly female by 1900
-Male doctors were sexist and complained, but their complaints did not
change the fact that females were the nurses of the war
-Women felt liberated and surprised at the opportunities the war had
offered them
The Confederate Government (379):
Confederate constitution was almost identical to US Constitution except that it
acknowledged sovereignty of individual states and made abolition practically
impossible
-Jefferson Davis became president of Confederate govt while Alexander
H. Stephens became vice-president
-Govt was dominated by moderate leaders, less by old aristocrats of East
and more by new ones of West, like in the Union govt
-Most Southerners supported Confederacy, but there were still some who
opposed it and criticized it, turning the tide of the battle against the South
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Money and Manpower (379):
Because most wealth in South was used on slaves and land, financing Confederate
war effort was ultimately impossible and required high taxing, as well as
depending on an unstable banking system
-In 1863, Confederacy congress enacted an income tax, which settlers
could pay as a “percentage of their income,” but didn’t give govt enough revenue
-Borrowing didn’t work either: other govts lost faith in them
-Confederacy decided to pay for war through paper money (w/ no uniform
currency system)→ Disastrous inflation for both North and South
• Confederacy first called for volunteers who would join the military in 1861→
Conscription act in 1862, like Union (but later repealed)
-In 1864, Confederate lost men and needed more drafted quickly, but
between 1864 & 1865, 100,000 desertions b/c the men knew the Confederacy would lose,
lost hope
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States’ Rights versus Centralization (382):
• Southerners who wanted state rights basically didn’t listen to authority as a
protest, such as restricting Davis’ ability to impose martial law
-Confederacy, however, did centralize power in the South; impressed
slaves to work for military, regulated industry & profits
Economic and Social Effects of the War (382):
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War left Southern economy miserable; plantations were left w/ out their slaves
and could not function anymore, cut off planters from Northern markets, overseas
cotton sales were more difficult
-Most battles were in Confederacy territory, leaving South in ruins
-Northern naval blockade→ massive shortages of almost
everything for South
-There were food riots
-Women became more independent since their partners had left for war;
widowed and unmarried women had to go and find jobs for themselves
-Slaves ran away to Union states during war or were more rebellious at
work b/c their masters had gone to fight in war
The Commanders (384):
Lincoln was most important military commander, took advantage of Northern
resources, knew that he needed destruction of Confederate army instead of
occupation of Southern territory
-Needed chief of staff→ Hired many but couldn’t find the right one until
1864; Ulysses S. Grant, who shared idea of making enemy armies and resources instead
of enemy land
-Committee on the Conduct of the War often complained of the
ruthlessness of Northern generals, (inaccurately) saying how they had a secret sympathy
for slavery officers
-↳Interfered w/ conduct of war
• Southern command centered on President Davis, who named General Robert E.
Lee as principal military adviser→ Davis wanted to plan military strategy on his
own, so he did
-Military leaders were similarly trained in US Military Academy at West
Point & US Naval Academy at Annapolis→ Were even friendly w/ each other
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The Role of Sea Power (386):
Union Navy had a much greater advantage in war→ Blockade on Southern coast
in 1861
-Confederates tried breaking blockade w/ new weapons such as ironclad
warship the Merrimac, renamed the Virginia and was stopped by Union’s ironclad ship,
the Monitor
Europe and the Disunited States(387):
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Judith P Benjamin was Confederate secretary of state, counterpart in
Washington=William Seward
-At start of war, ruling classes of England & France were sympathetic to
Confederacy b/c needed imported cotton for textile industries in South, wanted to
see a weaker US, countries didn’t know who’s side to take b/c of popular support
for Union
-South countered British antislavery forces w/ “King Cotton diplomacy,”
arguing that Southern cotton=vital for these nations’ textile industries
-Counter-act didn’t work, British didn’t need American cotton,
replaced it w/ imports from Egypt & India
-No nation wanted to antagonize US unless Confed seemed likely to winnever happened
-Still, there was tension between US and GB & France b/c these nations
had declared neutrality.
-Also 1861 Trent affair over arrest of Confed diplomats aboard
English steamer from Cuba, later crisis over sale of British ships to South
The American West and the War (388):
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Most states and territories of West remained loyal to Union except TX, although
Southerners and S sympathizers active in organizing opposition
-Fighting occurred between Unionists and secessionists in Kansas and
Missouri, Confederate William Quantrill led guerilla fighters, Union Jayhawkers in KS
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Confederacy tried to ally w/ Five Civilized Tribes in Indian territory to recruit
support against Union, Indians divided, Never formally allied w/ either side
The Technology of Battle (388):
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Battlefield of Civil War reflected changes in tech that transformed combat
-Both sides began to use repeating weapons- Samuel Colt’s 1835 repeating
revolver, Oliver Winchester’s 1660 rifle. Also improved artillery & cannon
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Changes in weapons effectiveness led soldiers to change from infantry lines firing
volleys to use of no fighting formations but use of cover, fortifications, trenches.
Observation balloons, ironclad ships also appeared during war
Railroad impt in war where millions of soldiers mobilized & tons of supplies.
Allowed large armies to assemble and move, but forced to protect stationary lines.
Telegraph limited but allowed commanders to communicate during fight
The Opening Clashes, 1861 (389)
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First major battle of war occurred in northern VA btwn Union Gen Irvin
McDowell and Confed Gen PGT Beauregard at First Battle of Bull Run
-Union lost, forced to retreat to Washington, dispelled illusion of quick war
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1863 Union army under Gen George McClellan “liberated” anti-secessionists in
western VA, area admitted to Union as West Virginia 1863