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Chapter 10
Renaissance and Discovery
Respond to each question on a separate sheet of paper
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following cities played a key role in the trade between Europe and the Near East?
A. Bologna
B. Venice
C. Florence
D. Milan
Page Ref: 319
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
2. Medieval Europe was a feudal society that had a(n) ________.
A. growing lay and secular control of thought and culture
B. agricultural economy and was dominated by the church
C. growing national consciousness and political centralization
D. urban economy based on organized commerce and capitalism
Page Ref: 318
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
3. Which of the following comprised Florence’s popolo grosso in the Renaissance?
A. the old merchant classes
B. the lower urban classes
C. guild masters
D. capitalists and bankers
Page Ref: 320
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
4. What occurred in 1378 as a result of the unbearable conditions for those at the bottom of society and
the disruption caused by the Black Death?
A. the Jacquerie
B. Ciompi Revolt
C. French Revolution
D. signing of the Treaty of Lodi
Page Ref: 320
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
5. Cosimo de’ Medici brought stability to which city after his rise to power in 1434?
A. Florence
B. Rome
C. Milan
D. Venice
Page Ref: 320
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
162
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6. The first humanists were ________.
A. orators and poets
B. politicians and their secretaries
C. farmers and blacksmiths
D. historians and musicians
Page Ref: 323
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
7. Who was known as the “father of humanism”?
A. Giovanni Boccaccio
B. Dante Alighieri
C. Francesco Petrarch
D. Guarino da Verona
Page Ref: 323
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
8. Which of the following was the most important intellectual recovery made during the Italian
Renaissance?
A. Spartan military strategies
B. Roman law
C. Roman studies
D. Greek studies
Page Ref: 324
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
9. The great masters of the High Renaissance were ________.
A. Titian, Donatello, and Giotto
B. Titian, Vincent van Gogh, and Masaccio
C. Vincent van Gogh, Donatello, and Giotto
D. Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo
Page Ref: 327
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
10. Who is considered the “father of Renaissance painting”?
A. Donatello
B. Raphael
C. Michelangelo
D. Giotto
Page Ref: 327
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
11. Whose most famous painting is the Mona Lisa?
A. Donatello
B. Michelangelo
C. Raphael
D. Leonardo da Vinci
Page Ref: 327-328
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
163
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12. In 1500, the title “duke of Romagna” was given to ________.
A. French King Charles VIII
B. Ferdinand of Aragon
C. French King Louis XII
D. Cesare Borgia
Page Ref: 331-332
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
13. The term “Machiavellian” has become synonymous with ________.
A. tools made by machinists
B. ruthless political expediency
C. welfare policies
D. slow decision-making
Page Ref: 333
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
14. The Habsburg-Valois wars were fought between France and ________.
A. Austria
B. Spain
C. the Holy Roman Empire
D. Russia
Page Ref: 332-333
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
15. A new alliance between monarchs and ________ helped break the bonds of feudal society.
A. nobles
B. clergy
C. peasants
D. townspeople
Page Ref: 333-334
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
16. King Louis XI shared conquered Burgundian lands with ________.
A. Habsburg emperor Maximilian I
B. Isabella of Castile
C. Ferdinand of Aragon
D. Charles the Bold
Page Ref: 335
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
17. Who sponsored Genoese adventurer Christopher Columbus?
E. Catherine of Aragon
F. King Henry VIII
G. Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain
H. Archduke Phillip
Page Ref: 335–336
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
164
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18. One way in which the northern humanist Desiderius Erasmus gained fame as a religious reformer was
by ________.
A. elaborating Scholastic theology
B. editing the works of the Church Fathers
C. issuing a new edition of Abelard’s works
D. pleasing church authorities
Page Ref: 338-339
Topic: The Northern Renaissance
19. Humanism prepared the way for Protestant reforms in which of the following countries?
A. England, France, and Spain
B. France, England, and Denmark
C. Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain
D. England, France, and Germany
Page Ref: 339-340
Topic: The Northern Renaissance
20. What English humanist wrote a famous book called Utopia?
A. Roger Bacon
B. Thomas More
C. William of Ockham
D. Johann Reuchlin
Page Ref: 339
Topic: The Northern Renaissance
21. Columbus thought his first landfall was ________.
A. India
B. China
C. Indonesia
D. Japan
Page Ref: 341
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
22. By the time of the Spanish conquest, the Aztecs ruled almost all of ________.
A. eastern Peru
B. present-day California
C. Central Mexico
D. Cuba
Page Ref: 343
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
23. ________ was by far the most effective and outspoken critic of the Spanish conquerors.
A. Michel de Montaigne
B. Francisco Pizarro
C. Bartolomé de Las Casas
D. Hernán Cortés
Page Ref: 345
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
165
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24. The ________ of the West Indies and Brazil became the major center for black slavery in the midsixteenth century.
A. cotton plantations
B. sugar plantations
C. gold mines
D. sweet-potato fields
Page Ref: 346-347
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
25. Endemic warfare between the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor ________.
A. was a boon for the landed nobility
B. had all but ended by the year 1000
C. assisted the growth of Italian city-states
D. had little effect on Italy
Page Ref: 319
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
26. Social strife and competition for political power became so intense within the Italian city-states that
most evolved into ________.
A. despotisms
B. feudal states
C. oligarchies
D. democracies
Page Ref: 319
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
27. The ________ greatly helped reduce the need to go to war and allowed increased control over the
enemy.
A. use of despotism
B. art of diplomacy
C. hiring of mercenaries
D. purchase of enemy territory
Page Ref: 320-321
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
28. Along with his rigorous teachings of ancient languages, humanist Vittorino da Feltre included
________ as part of his daily educational instructions.
A. discussions after each subject
B. physical exercise and games
C. the art of agriculture
D. playing a musical instrument
Page Ref: 324
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
166
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29. How did Valla become a hero to Protestant reformers?
A. his defense of free will against the advocates of predestination
B. his defense of predestination against the advocates of free will
C. his teaching to depict humans as the only creatures in the world who possess the freedom to be
whatever they choose
D. his work, Oration on the Dignity of Man
Page Ref: 326
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
30. Which of the following ideas was held to be true in both Renaissance Italy and in Reformation
Europe?
A. The interests of laity are no longer subordinate to clergy.
B. Medieval Christian values are important teachings.
C. The philosophies of Plato and Aristotle are counter to truth.
D. Art must be abstract and formulaic.
Page Ref: 327
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
31. Medieval art tended to be abstract and formulaic, whereas Renaissance art showed ________.
A. the natural world and human emotions
B. religious figures without faces
C. sacred images painted on wood
D. small scenes in the margins of text
Page Ref: 327
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
32. A new style of art called “mannerism” allowed the artist to include ________ in his or her work.
A. perfectly refined images
B. outdoor scenes
C. people dining together
D. the strange and the abnormal
Page Ref: 328
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
33. The political alliance known as the Treaty of Lodi did which of the following?
A. brought Milan and Naples into an alliance with Florence
B. brought the Papal States into an alliance with Florence
C. brought Venice and Naples into an alliance with Florence
D. brought Milan and Naples into an alliance with Venice
Page Ref: 303
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
167
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34. How did the Dominican preacher Girolamo Savonarola convince the Florentines to allow King
Charles VIII of France to enter Florence without resistance?
A. He told them that the king’s arrival was divine vengeance on their immorality.
B. He promised to ask the king to leave all the land to the Florentines.
C. He explained that Charles VIII had only the best intentions for the Florentines.
D. He delivered a heartfelt speech on the merits of good international relations.
Page Ref: 331
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
35. What caused the Florentines to finally execute Savonarola in 1498?
A. They felt he did not do enough to recover Pisa.
B. They felt that Florence was losing power under his rule.
C. They tired of his puritanical tyranny.
D. They discovered that he had lied to them.
Page Ref: 331
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
36. What did Pope Alexander VI hope to gain by securing a friendship with the French king?
A. control over regions in Italy
B. protection by the French military in times of war
C. his own piece of private land in France
D. a piece of land in France where his son Cesare Borgia could live
Page Ref: 331-332
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
37. Which of the following expresses a viewpoint held by Machiavelli?
A. Roman rulers and citizens of ancient Rome did a poor job of defending their homeland.
B. Italian political unity and independence were ends that justified any means.
C. Ancient Roman patriotism and self-sacrifice were ineffective.
D. Republican ideals were outdated.
Page Ref: 333
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
38. The primary reason monarchs sought out new sources of income in the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries was due to the ________.
A. growing cost of warfare
B. growing cost of farming equipment
C. food and clothing needs of the peasants
D. need to build new public offices
Page Ref: 333-334
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
168
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39. The monarchy of Ferdinand and Isabella in Spain was an example of the emergence of __ in the
1400s.
A. absolute monarchy
B. sovereign states
C. despotism
D. enlightened absolutism
Page Ref: 334
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
40. What caused the secure government of France created by Louis XI to become a defeated nation under
his successors?
A. bad foreign policy
B. the collapse of the English empire
C. the dissolution of Burgundy
D. newly acquired Burgundian lands
Page Ref: 335
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
41. The Inquisition was a key national agency established in 1479 for the purpose of ________.
A. monitoring the activity of converted Jews and Muslims in Spain
B. increasing the size of the empire of Spain
C. converting Christians to join Jewish and Muslim religions
D. merging the Anglican church and the English Reformation
Page Ref: 335
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
42. During an assembly in Worms in 1495, Emperor Maximilian allowed the members to create _______.
A. a permanent representative body
B. the Golden Bull agreement
C. a seven-member electoral college
D. a Supreme Court of Justice
Page Ref: 337
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
43. The Brothers of the Common Life, an influential lay religious movement, eliminated what
requirements from the religious life of men and women?
A. abstinence from food and drink before holy communion
B. sleeping on wooden floors and benches
C. eight hours of prayer and meditation each day
D. vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience
Page Ref: 337
Topic: The Northern Renaissance
169
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
44. Why did German humanists rush to Reuchlin’s defense when Pfefferkorn attacked Reuchlin for being
a Jew?
A. to promote pro-Jewish sentiment
B. to promote academic freedom and good scholarship
C. to promote Luther’s ninety-five theses against indulgences
D. to support the Dominican order in Cologne
Page Ref: 339
Topic: The Northern Renaissance
45. The Portuguese exploration of the African coast started out as a search for gold and slaves, but by
century’s end it had established ________.
A. an organization promoting freedom of religion
B. friendly relations with Muslims and pagans
C. an organization promoting the freedom of slaves
D. a sea route around Africa to Asia’s spice markets
Page Ref: 340
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
46. What was the primary reason Spanish explorers sailed the Atlantic Ocean?
A. to measure the actual size of the Atlantic Ocean
B. to bring more slaves back to Spain
C. to find more gold on the other side of the Atlantic
D. to find a shorter route to the East Indies
Page Ref: 340
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
47. European voyages of discovery and conquest provided several profound biological impacts on Native
Americans, including the ________.
A. spread of measles and smallpox
B. spread of a virulent form of syphilis
C. introduction of corn
D. introduction of a new species of fish
Page Ref: 345
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
48. What argument about Native Americans caused tension between the mendicant friars and Spanish
conquerors?
A. the renaming of Native American groups
B. the education of Native American children
C. the need to conquer Native Americans to convert them
D. preserving Native American traditions
Page Ref: 345
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
170
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49. Renaissance art was much more likely than medieval art to attempt to represent ________.
A. what we see
B. the cosmic order
C. an abstract concept of the world
D. imaginary worlds
Page Ref: 327
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
50. Ludovico of Milan’s fatal mistake was that he ________.
A. sold the city of Milan to the French without proper authority
B. appealed to the French for help
C. claimed Naples for himself, as king, and disregarded French dynastic claims to rule
D. disregarded the threat posed by Milan and denied French aid or assistance
Page Ref: 331
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
51. The Spanish voyages of discovery can be seen as an outgrowth of _______.
A. the beginning of the Reconquista
B. the Inquisition
C. the Renaissance
D. the unification of Spain
Page Ref: 335-336
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
52. Examine Map 10–2 on page 342. According to the map, which of the following statements is true?
A. By 1600, Spain controlled most of coastal Central and South America.
B. Portugal had the largest claims to land in the New World.
C. Spain claimed all of Central and South America.
D. Spain held claims in both modern India and the Philippine Islands.
Page Ref: 342
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
SHORT ANSWER
53. Most scholars agree that the ________ (literally “rebirth” in French) was a time of transition from
medieval to modern times.
Page Ref: 318
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
54. By the fifteenth century, the great Italian cities acted as the ________ for much of Europe.
Page Ref: 319
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
55. Because despots could not count on the loyalty of the divided populace, they operated through
mercenary armies obtained through military brokers known as ________.
Page Ref: 320-321
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
171
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56. _________ was the scholarly study of the Latin and Greek classics and of the ancient Church Fathers,
both for its own sake and in the hope of reviving respected ancient norms and values.
Page Ref: 321
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
57. The goal of humanist studies was ______ eloquently spoke, both knowledge of the good and the
ability to move others to desire it.
Page Ref: 323
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
58. The appeal of ________ lay in its flattering view of human nature, which distinguished between an
eternal sphere of being and the perishable world in which humans actually lived.
Page Ref: 325
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
59. ________ is a reaction to the simplicity of High Renaissance art and made room for the strange and
the abnormal, giving freer reign to the individual perceptions and feelings of the artist, who now felt free
to paint, compose, or write in an “affected” way.
Page Ref: 328
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
60. After the Black Death reduced the supply of laborers everywhere in Western Europe, the demand for
_________ soared.
Page Ref: 328-329
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
61. The Concordat of Bologna helped to keep France Catholic after the breakout of the ________.
Page Ref: 332-333
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
62. Spanish colonials born in Spain were known as _______, as opposed to the American-born creoles.
Page Ref: 347
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
63. Between the newly acquired Burgundian lands and his own inheritance, King Louis XI was able to
end his reign with a kingdom almost ________ the size of that he had inherited.
Page Ref: 335
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
64. An agreement called the ________, reached in 1356 by Emperor Charles IV and the major German
territorial rulers, established a seven-member electoral college to administer the German empire.
Page Ref: 336-337
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
65. A(n) ________ is the formal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians.
Page Ref: 346-347
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
172
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
66. The ________ is a device, often harsh, that required adult male Indians to devote a certain number of
days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises.
Page Ref: 346-347
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
Short Answer – Answers should be brief—either 1-3 sentences, or a bulleted list.
67. Why was Pope Julius II called the “warrior pope”?
Page Ref: 332-334
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
68. What did Machiavelli believe is the most important trait for a ruler?
Page Ref: 333
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
69. In what way did the humanist movement lead to the Reformation?.
Page Ref: 339-340
Topic: The Northern Renaissance
70. Describe the impact of the printing press.
Page Ref: 337–338
Topic: The Northern Renaissance
71. What were the principal effects of the European voyages of “discovery”?
Page Ref: 347-349
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
173
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.