Download Coplanar Microwave Integrated Circuits

Ingo Wolff
Coplanar Microwave
Integrated Circuits
Verlagsbuchhandlung Dr. Wolff GmbH
Prof. Dr.-Ing Ingo Wolff
IMST GmbH
Carl-Friedrich-Gauss-Str. 2
D-47475 Kamp-Lintfort
Germany
[email protected]
www.imst.de
Coplanar Microwave Integrated Circuits
This book deals with the design and realization of components, circuits and
systems in microwave coplanar integrated circuit technology. Especially the
theoretical background for the simulation of coplanar waveguides, coplanar
waveguide discontinuities, lumped elements, couplers, and filters is intensively
discussed. The results of the simulations are interpreted with respect to the
properties of the components in coplanar circuit design. A developed circuit
design software for coplanar circuits is described in detail. A CD with a demo
version of the software is attached to the book. Special coplanar microwave
integrated circuits that have been developed using the software and especially
the advantages as well as the disadvantages of coplanar microwave integrated
circuits are the subject of the final chapter of this book.
ISBN 3-922697-30-5
555 pages
486 figures
30 tables
Hardcover
65.00 €, US$ 81.00
Publisher:
Verlagsbuchhandlung Dr. Wolff GmbH
Trierer-Str. 788
D-52078 Aachen
Germany
www.science-book.com
Content
Chapter I.
I.1
Chapter II.
II.1
II.1.1
II.1.2
II.1.3
II.1.3.1
II.1.3.2
II.2
II.2.1
II.2.2
II.2.3
II.2.4
II.2.5
II.2.6
II.2.7
II.2.8
II.2.9
II.2.10
II.2.11
II.2.11.1
II.2.11.2
II.3
II.3.1
II.3.1.1
II.3.1.2
II.3.1.3
II.3.1.4
II.3.2
II.3.2.1
II.3.2.2
Introduction....................................................................... 1
References to Chapter I ...................................................................... 9
Transmission Properties of Coplanar Waveguides ....... 10
Rigorous, full wave analysis of transmission properties....................10
The coplanar waveguide with a single centre strip and finite ground
plane width .......................................................................................11
The coplanar waveguide with a single centre strip and infinite
ground plane width ..........................................................................25
Coupled coplanar waveguides............................................................35
Scattering matrix of coupled coplanar waveguides............................36
Coupled coplanar waveguides and microstrip lines – a comparison..41
Quasi-static analysis of coplanar waveguides using the finite
difference method............................................................................47
Introduction ........................................................................................47
The finite difference method as applied to the analysis of coplanar
waveguide structures .......................................................................49
The solution of Laplace’s equation for planar and coplanar line
structures using the finite difference method ..................................50
Application of the quasi-static technique to the analysis of
coplanar waveguides ........................................................................57
Characteristic parameters of coplanar waveguides ............................66
The influence of the metalization thickness on the line parameters...76
The influence of the ground strip width on the line parameters.........78
The influence of the shielding on the line parameters........................79
Some special forms of coplanar waveguides......................................80
Coplanar-like waveguides ..................................................................83
Coupled coplanar waveguide structures.............................................92
Analysis of the characteristic parameter matrices..............................93
Determination of the scattering matrix of coupled coplanar
waveguides ......................................................................................96
Closed formula static analysis of coplanar waveguide properties .....98
Analysis of generalized coplanar waveguide with supporting
substrate layers ................................................................................99
Structure SCPW................................................................................102
Structure SCPW2..............................................................................104
Structure SCPW3..............................................................................104
Numerical results..............................................................................105
Static formulas for calculating the parameters of general broadsidecoupled coplanar waveguides........................................................114
Analytical formulas und results for the general broadsidecoupled coplanar waveguides...........................................................115
Analysis of an asymmetric supported BSC-CPW ............................120
II
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
II.3.2.3
II.3.2.4
II.4
Chapter III.
III.1
III.2
III.3
III.3.1
III.4
III.4.1
III.4.2
III.5
III.5.1
III.5.2
III.5.3
III.5.4
III.5.5
III.5.6
III.5.7
III.5.7.1
III.5.8
III.5.9
III.6
Chapter IV.
IV.1
IV.2
IV.2.1
IV.2.2
IV.3
IV.4
IV.4.1
IV.4.2
IV.5
IV.6
IV.7
Chapter V.
V.1
V.2
V.3
V.3.1
V.3.2
V.4
V.5
V.6
V.6.1
V.6.2
Application of the BSC-CPW as single CPW..................................122
Criteria for the coplanar behaviour of the structure .........................124
Bibliography and references to Chapter II .......................................125
Coplanar Waveguide Discontinuities ...........................145
The three-dimensional finite difference analysis .............................145
Computation of the electric field strength........................................147
Computation of the magnetic field strength .....................................150
Convergence and error discussion for the analysis technique..........152
Coplanar waveguide discontinuities.................................................154
Modelling the discontinuity..............................................................156
Extraction of the model parameters..................................................157
Description of coplanar waveguide discontinuities..........................162
The coplanar open end .....................................................................162
The coplanar waveguide short-circuited end....................................168
The gap in a coplanar waveguide .....................................................170
The coplanar waveguide step ...........................................................177
Air bridges in coplanar waveguides .................................................185
The coplanar waveguide bend ..........................................................194
The coplanar waveguide T-junction.................................................205
Analysis of the odd mode excitation ................................................224
The coplanar T-junction as a mode converter ..................................228
The coplanar waveguide crossing ....................................................237
Bibliography and references to Chapter III......................................246
Coplanar Lumped Elements..........................................251
Introduction ......................................................................................251
The coplanar interdigital capacitor...................................................252
The lumped element modelling approach ........................................252
Enhancement of the interdigital capacitor model for application
at millimetre-wave frequencies .....................................................272
The coplanar Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) capacitor.....................275
Coplanar spiral inductors..................................................................280
Enhancement of the inductor model for millimetre-wave
frequencies.....................................................................................293
Coupled coplanar rectangular inductors...........................................295
The coplanar rectangular spiral transformer ....................................299
The coplanar thin film resistor .........................................................306
Bibliography and references to Chapter IV......................................308
Coplanar Element Library and Circuit
Design Program...............................................................311
Introduction ......................................................................................311
Modelling, convergence and accuracy .............................................315
Overview on Coplan for ADS.......................................................318
Data items.........................................................................................320
Library elements...............................................................................322
Cache management...........................................................................324
Layout...............................................................................................325
Coplanar data items ..........................................................................326
Overview ..........................................................................................326
Description of the data items............................................................328
III
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
V.6.2.1
V.6.2.2
V.6.2.3
V.6.2.4
V.6.2.5
V.6.2.6
V.6.2.7
V.6.2.8
V.7
V.7.1
V.7.2
V.7.3
V.7.4
V.7.5
V.7.6
V.7.7
V.7.8
V.7.9
V.7.10
V.7.11
V.7.12
V.7.13
V.7.14
V.7.15
V.7.16
V.7.17
V.7.18
V.8
Chapter VI.
VI.1
VI.1.1
VI.1.2
VI.1.3
VI.1.4
VI.2
VI.2.1
VI.2.2
VI.3
VI.3.1
VI.3.1.1
VI.3.1.2
VI.3.2
VI.4
VI.4.1
VI.4.2
VI.4.3
VI.5
VI.5.1
VI.5.2
VI.6
Coplanar substrate data definition C_SUB ..................................329
Coplanar line type data definitions C_LINTYP............................331
Coplanar coupled lines data definitions C_NL_TYP...................333
Coplanar bridge type data definition C_AIRTYP.........................335
Coplanar grid data definition C_GRID .........................................338
Process (foundry) used for fabrication
C_PROCES ...................340
Technological data definition (default foundry)
C_TECH .........341
Layer data definition (default foundry)
C_LAYER ....................344
The coplanar components and their models .....................................345
Coplanar waveguide RF-port C_PORT.........................................349
Coplanar transmission line C_LIN................................................350
Coplanar intermetal via connection C_METVIA .........................352
Coplanar resistively loaded transmission line C_TFG..................353
Coplanar MIM-capacitor to ground C_CAPLIN ..........................355
Coplanar open-ended transmission line C_OPEN ........................357
Coplanar short-circuited transmission line C_SHORT .................359
Gap in a coplanar transmission line C_GAP.................................360
Step in a coplanar transmission line C_STEP ...............................362
Coplanar waveguide taper C_TAPER...........................................363
Coplanar air bridges C_AIR..........................................................366
Bend in a coplanar transmission line C_BEND ............................367
T-junction in coplanar transmission lines C_TEE ........................369
Crossing of coplanar transmission lines C_CROSS......................371
Coplanar interdigital capacitor C_IDC..........................................373
Coplanar rectangular inductor C_RIND........................................375
Coplanar thin film resistor C_TFR................................................377
Coplanar metal-insulator-metal capacitor C_MIM .......................379
References to Chapter V...................................................................381
Coplanar Filters and Couplers ......................................383
Coplanar lumped element filters ......................................................383
The coplanar spiral inductor as a filter.............................................383
Design and realization ......................................................................385
Results ..............................................................................................387
Phase shifting filter circuits..............................................................392
Coplanar passive lumped element band pass filters .........................395
Theoretical background ....................................................................396
Properties of the coplanar hybrid band pass filters ..........................397
Special coplanar waveguide filters...................................................401
The coplanar band-reject filter .........................................................402
The hybrid band-reject filter.............................................................402
The monolithic band-reject filter......................................................404
Coplanar millimetre-wave filters......................................................408
Coplanar edge-coupled line structures .............................................413
Verification of coupling between coupled coplanar waveguides.....414
End-coupled coplanar line structures ...............................................418
Coplanar waveguide end-coupled to an orthogonal coplanar
waveguide......................................................................................420
Coupled coplanar waveguide filters and couplers............................423
Interdigital filter design ....................................................................423
Coplanar waveguide couplers ..........................................................430
Coplanar MMIC Wilkinson couplers ...............................................437
IV
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
VI.6.1
VI.6.2
VI.6.3
VI.7
Conventional Wilkinson couplers ....................................................438
Wilkinson couplers with discrete elements ......................................439
MMIC applicable Wilkinson couplers with lumped coplanar
waveguide elements.......................................................................441
Wilkinson coupler in coplanar waveguide technique for
millimetre-wave frequencies .........................................................443
Bibliography and references to Chapter VI......................................447
Chapter VII.
Coplanar Microwave Integrated Circuits ....................451
VI.6.4
VII.1
VII.1.1
VII.1.2
VII.2
VII.2.1
VII.2.1.1
VII.2.1.2
VII.2.1.3
VII.2.1.4
VII.2.1.5
VII.3
VII.3.1
VII.3.2
VII.3.3
VII.3.4
VII.3.5
VII.4
VII.4.1
VII.4.1.1
VII.4.1.2
VII.4.1.3
VII.4.2
VII.4.2.1
VII.4.2.2
VII.4.3
VII.4.3.1
VII.4.3.2
VII.4.3.3
VII.4.3.4
VII.4.4
VII.4.4.1
VII.4.4.2
VII.5
VII.6
VII.6.1
VII.6.1.1
VII.6.1.2
VII.6.1.3
VII.6.2
VII.6.2.1
Introduction ......................................................................................451
The effect of the shielding on modelling..........................................452
The waveguide properties ................................................................453
Coplanar transistors and coplanar switches......................................456
Active power dividers and combiners and switches ........................456
Power dividers and combiners .........................................................456
Fundamental coplanar switch circuits ..............................................458
Results and measurements................................................................459
Device scaling ..................................................................................462
Design and realization of coplanar RF switches ..............................465
Coplanar microwave active filters....................................................469
Introduction ......................................................................................469
The coplanar active inductor ............................................................470
The first order active coplanar band pass filter ................................472
The fixed centre frequency second order active filter......................473
The coplanar active tuneable filter ...................................................476
Coplanar microwave amplifiers .......................................................483
Coplanar microwave amplifiers in waveguide design .....................483
Introduction ......................................................................................483
Circuit design and technological aspects..........................................484
Results and comparison with measurements....................................488
Coplanar lumped element MMIC-amplifiers ...................................490
Introduction ......................................................................................490
MMIC design and results .................................................................491
Influence of the backside metalization on the design of a
coplanar low noise amplifier .........................................................495
Modelling the transistor and its noise properties .............................495
The coplanar LNA design ................................................................496
Simulation results .............................................................................497
Measurement results.........................................................................499
Miniaturized Ka-band MMIC high-gain medium power
amplifier in coplanar waveguide technique...................................501
Introduction ......................................................................................501
MMIC design and results .................................................................501
Coplanar electronic circulators.........................................................504
Coplanar frequency doublers............................................................509
Different realization concepts of FET frequency doublers ..............509
The single-device FET frequency doubler .......................................509
The balanced (push-push) FET frequency doubler ..........................509
The wideband FET frequency doubler .............................................510
Realization of coplanar frequency doublers.....................................511
The coplanar balanced hybrid MIC frequency doubler....................512
V
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
VII.6.2.2
VII.6.3
VII.7
VII.7.1
VII.7.2
VII.8
Index
The coplanar balanced monolithic MIC frequency doubler.............515
A coplanar times five frequency multiplier......................................518
Coplanar microwave oscillators .......................................................522
Coplanar microwave oscillator design .............................................522
A 5 GHz coplanar voltage controlled oscillator...............................531
Bibliography and references to chapter VII .....................................532
..............................................................................................................................547