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Lab 2: Background information Ways of expressing data Numerical figures can be very large or very small Scientists use SCIENTIFIC NOTATION to express numbers B X 10E E = exponent B = base 1< number < 10 The metric system is based on 10 103 = 1000 10-2 = 0.01 = 1/100 If there is a positive exponent, then you add that number of 0s. You move the decimal point to the right. If there is a negative exponent, then that is how many decimal places there are before the number. You have moved the decimal point to the left that many of places. 7.23 X 103 = 7230 7.23 X 10-3 = .00723 Look at section 2.2, question 2 and convert the numbers to scientific notation Numbers can also be expressed in decimal notation. 9.83 X 10-3 = 0.00983 Look at section 2.2, question 3 and convert the numbers to decimal notation Multiplication of numbers Multiply the bases and add the exponents. (2.1 X 109) X (4.3 X 1012) = 2.1 x 4.3 = 9.03 10(9 + 12) = 1021 Answer = 9.03 X 1021 If the base > 10, you need to express it in a form that is less than 10 to be using CORRECT scientific notation. (2.3 X 108) X (5.8 X 106) = 13.34 X 1014 = 1.334 X 1015 Remember, multiply the bases and add the exponents but you must express the base <10. Move the decimal to the left and add one to the exponent. If the number is <1, you must make it greater than 1. You would move the decimal to the right one place and subtract the exponent by 1. Look at section 2.2, question 4 and do the calculation requiring multiplying numbers (adding exponents). Division of numbers Divide the bases and subtract the exponents. 8 X 103 = 8 X 103 = 8 X 10(3-8) = 2 X 10-5 4 X 108 4 108 4 If the answer results with the base is <1 or >10, you must correct it to get the answer in correct scientific notation. 4 X 103 = 0.5 X 10-5 = 5 X 10-6 8 x 108 Look at section 2.2, question 5 and do the calculation requiring dividing numbers (subtracting the exponents). Section 2.3 Look at other document showing how to convert between different units in the metric system. Standard units in the metric system: meter = m = length gram = g = mass (weight) liter = l = volume degree celcius = °C = temperature can combine these different standard units with prefixes and suffixes milli, centi, kilo, etc. If you go from smaller to larger, you move the decimal point to the left or decrease the exponent. If you go from larger to smaller, you move the decimal point to the right or increase the exponent. You will always have more of the smaller units than the larger units. ng 103 g 103 mg Examples: Going from smaller to larger 103 ng = 103 - 3 = 100 = 1 g 10 mg = 1 cg 103 g = 1 kg 1g = 10-3kg 1 ng = 1012 kg Going from larger to smaller 1 kg = 103 g 10 cg 10 dg 10 g 103 kg Look at section 2.3, question 6 and do the problems requiring you to convert between different units. You will also need the following formulas to do the temperature conversion. °C = (°F - 32) X 5/9 °F = (°C X 9/5) + 32 Graphing You should have a title on each graph and label the X and Y axes. Line graph: each value represented by one point points represented by a straight line continuous variables the points are related to each other for example: how long student held breath after different times of exercise can have more than one line in a graph - from last week, each line would represent a different student This is a graph of the results from last week. I have only shown one person. Each person who did the experiment should have a line. Bar graph Discrete variables No intermediate values The points are not related For example: if we take 4 different students and take the values for how long each held his/her breath after1 minute of exercise. Look at section 2.4 and answer the questions on graphs.