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APWH
Massey
Name________________________
Date_______Block______OMH___
ERA 1 REVIEW
Beginnings  600 CE
1.
a. Define civilization.
Stable human community, development of cities, division of labor, social hierarchy,
politics
b. How does civilization differ from hunter-gatherer societies?
Development of cities and more complex political, social and economic systems
c. How does civilization differ from pastoral societies?
Staying in one place allows for more development, not everybody needs to be involved
in getting food
2. What technologies made rise and expansion of civilization possible? (list at least 3)
-
Slash and burn agriculture
Irrigation systems
Defense systems
Permanent houses
Clothing  Also allows for migration to colder climates
Fire
3. Compare the basic characteristics (e.g. political, economic, social, cultural, and environmental)
of the ancient civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, China, and the Olmec).
Mesopotamia
Political
City-states
Divine ruler
Hammurabi’s
Code
Economic
Bronze/copper
Wheel
Pottery industry
Farming &
irrigation
Silver currency
Egypt
Pharoah
Unified state
Coordinated
irrigation
Traded with
Kush
Indus
Harappa and
MohenjoDaro center
of control
Began
trading with
China
Govt directed
trade
China
Shang
Dynasty
Bronze,
coal, iron
Olmec
Little is
known, will
contribute to
later civ.
Isolated
development
Corn, root
crops,
Few
domesticated
animals
Selective
breeding
practiced
Social
Kings, nobles,
Slavery used
Indo-
priests control
European
migrants
place
themselves
at the top of
the caste
systems
Semitic
(Jewish)
invasion
creates
diversity
Cultural
Cuneiform
Frescos and
statues
Ziggurats
Numbering
Environmental
Used fertilizers
Pyramids
Lively art
Math
Hieroglyphics
Belief in
afterlife
Writing
Irrigation
used along
Nile
Irrigation
Oracle
bones
Science
arose early
Art and
music
Calendar
Alphabet
Mud houses
common
Pyramid
shaped
religious
monuments
Developed
accurate
calendars
Selective
breeding led
to better
varieties of
corn
4. What are the basic beliefs of the major world religions (Polytheism, Judaism, Christianity,
Islam,Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism)?
Polytheism
Judaism
Christianity
-
Many gods, often animistic (belief in nature spirits)
-
First Monotheistic religion
Believed they were the “chosen people”
Patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac, Moses, etc)
Believed in a promised Messiah
10 Commandments embody their law code
Jesus is the promised Messiah
Salvation requires belief in Jesus
Heaven promised to all Jews and non-Jews (Gentiles) who
believe
Teachings spread by Paul and Peter
Came under persecution by the Roman emperors for putting
God ahead of the state
-
Islam
-
Mohammad the prophet unites the Bedouin tribes
Teaching written in the Qu’ran
5 Pillars – belief in Allah and Mohammad, prayer, fasting, hajj,
alms,
Hinduism
-
Believes in many forms of one god
Reincarnation
Dharma (ethical conduct)
Karma (sums of life’s actions) determines reincarnation in next
-
life
Caste system develops
Buddhism
-
Similar to Hinduism, develops in India
Believes in reincarnation, but no caste system
Seeking to reach Nirvana
Follow the Eightfold Path and the Four Noble Truths
Confucianism
-
Emphasizes family, authority, system of ethics
Education and training make one able to lead
Civil Service Exam system
Develops in China
Yin and Yan as opposites
Provide balance and avoid excess
Does not promote political involvement as in Confucianism
5. Compare the role of women in Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, and Hinduism.
Religion
Role of Women
Comparison to other religions
Buddhism
Generally supported
equality early on, but
changed to support the
patriarchal structure in
China
Similar to Christianity in professed
equality early on, but adopts more
Confucian values as it spreads
Allowed for women to
serve as nuns
Christianity
Preaches the equality of
souls before God, however
men and women are not
equal in function.
Gives more respect to women than
in many other religious systems,
preaches that they have value
before God, though still espouses
patriarchy in earthly functions
Men and women allowed to
worship together, but men
must be the ones in
leadership
Teaches monogamy
Confucianism
Women serve men, women
must respect men as their
Differs from Christianity in the
extent of its patriarchy, it’s more
similar to Hinduism in this respect.
superior
Heavily patriarchal
Sons are prefer, female
infanticide results
Polygamy and concubines
used to have more sons
Hinduism
Women serve men and
worship him as a god
Very patriarchal, similar to
Confucianism. No rights for women.
Often forced to eat after the
man
Arranged marriage and sati
common
6. Compare the basic characteristics of the classical empires of Greece, Rome, Qin and Han
China,and Maurya and Gupta India.
Greece
Political
Rome
Local
Pericles
monarchy
Direct
gives way to
Democracy
Republic
Athens vs
(senate,
Sparta consul) and
Peloponnesia eventual gives
n War
way to Empire
Alexander the (w/ powerful
Great
emperors)
Objective law
codes
Julius Caesar
begins
imperial Rome
12 Tables law
code
Qin
Brutal but
effective
ruler, Shi
Huangdi
Provinces
ruled by an
extensive
bureaucracy
Powerful
army
Han
Improved
bureaucrac
y
Maurya
Established
my Aryan
Invaders
Gupta
Took over
after
Kushans
Less brutal
than Qin
Regional
princes kept
Not as
strong as
leaders
Established
Civil
Service
System
Autocratic
rule
Trade and
merchant
class
increases
under Han,
but still held
Emphasis
Emphasis on on trade
trade
continues
develops a
wellTraded
respected
with
Great Wall
built for
protection
from
nomadic
invaders
Negotiated
with local
Large armies princes
develop
Uniform
Fell to
law codes
Kushans
Census used
Economic
Traded
heavily in the
region
Traded,
Took colonies
for grain
production
Tax revenue
used for
public
projects
Mining
Plantations
Standard
coins,
weights,
measures
in suspicion
merchant
class
Travelled by
land AND
sea
Southeast
Asia, the
Middle
East and
the Roman
Empire
Developed
Remains
some cotton firmly
manufacturin agricultural
g
Social
Slavery used
Cultural
Hellenistic
culture
spreads
under
Alexander
Philosophies
teach
reason/logic
Slavery used
– usually
captives or
debtors
Constantine
makes
Christianity
the official
religion
Theaters,
stadiums
Bread and
circus keep
people
politically
apathetic
Opponents
of dynasty
were killed
Legalism
Scholargentry
develops
Establishes
schools of
learning to
train
bureaucrats
System
deeply
embedded,
will continue
even after
dynasty
falls
Tamils- trade
cotton, silks,
and dyes
Aryan
integrate the
caste
system,
placing
themselves
at the top
Asoka
converts to
Buddhism
and sends
missionaries
into Asia
Borrowed a
lot of culture
from
Alexander
the Great
Sanskrit
writingMahabarata
and
Ramayana
Lively art,
sponsored
by Asoka
Strong
women had
more of a
role than in
Chinese
society
Arranged
marriages
ensure
economic
security for
families
Indian
literature
and
classical
stories
develop
University
at Nalanda
Indian
scientists
build on
Greek
learning
Medical
research
Numbering
system ->
Arabic
numerals
Environm
ental
Gods and
goddesses
used to
explain the
natural world
Wine
cultivation
develops
Venice’s
location as
trade port
allows it to
thrive, even
after fall of
Rome
Geography
causes
Greece to be
split up into
selfgoverning
city-states
Irrigation
used and
public
projects
controlled
flooding
Ox drawn
plows,
collar for
draft
animals,
and
water=powe
red mills
help
improve
agriculture
Monsoons –
too much or
too little rain
could mean
devastation
Monsoons
– too much
or too little
rain could
mean
devastation
7. Compare the caste system to other systems of social inequality in early and classical
civilizations, including slavery.
Slavery
Caste System
Tied to religion
Often sold or captured
Could purchase freedom
Held a variety of jobs
Provides for
division of
labor
No social mobility – one
is born in their caste,
based on previous life’s
action
Untouchables relegated
to worst jobs
Form of control,
keeps order
Status
does not
change
Often viewed
as property
Woman responsible for
domestic work and bearing
children, sons often
preferred, arranged
marriages common
Patriarchy
8. Explain the collapse of:
a. The Roman Empire
Feelings of hopelessness among the people, poor leaders, pleasure-seeking focus
(bread and circus), Germanic invasions and economic pressure put on peasants
b. Han China
Less intellectualism, heavily taxed peasants, growing social unrest (pressures from
Daoists Yellow Turbans), nomadic invasions, epidemics, political ineffectiveness
c.
Gupta India
Hun invasions, some invaders converted to Hinduism, less drastic fall, Indian princes
maintain control over some of the provinces
d. Why was the collapse of the Western Roman Empire more severe than the Eastern
Roman Empire or Han China?
Eastern Byzantine empire had strong leadership (Justinian), maintained trade and had
growing wealth,
In China, the structures of Confucianism were too strong for complete collapse
9.
a. Summarize trade along the Silk Roads.
Overland route specializing in trade between China and the Byzantine Empire
Often conducted by merchants
Very long and dangerous trek
b. What was the cultural impact of the Silk Roads?
Promotes the spread of goods and ideas and develops the concept of a merchant class,
later will spread disease