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7. KEYS TO FAMILIES
Division. ANGIOSPERMS
I. Leaves usually reticulate veined,
cotyledons two ....
Class· I . Dicotyledons
2. Flowers complete,corolla usually made up of free petals ....
Sub·c1ass - 1. Polypetale
3. Stamens usually free, inserted on the thalamus ,torus elongated ....
Series· I . Thalamillorae
4. Herbs or woddy plants, thalamus much elongated ....
Order· 1. Ranales
5. Sepals and petals are trimerous, numerous stamens & cm'pels,
gynoecium apocarpous.
1. Family· ANONACEAE
5. Sepals and petals are trimerous or more, stamens not more than 10 ,
carpel free, 3 to 6.
2.Family·MENISPERMACEAE
5. Aquatic habit, flowers regular indefinate stamens ,carpel united.
3. Family· NYMPHAEACEAE
4. Floral part in 2-4, placentation parietal.. ..
Order· 2. Parietales
5. Plants with yellow/milky sap. leaves simple, entire, lobed. Petals twice
as many as sepals, stamens indefinate ....
4.Family·
PAPAVERACEAE
5. Petals cruciform. stamens-6. tetrad ynamous • seed rounded ,oily.
S. Family· BRASSICACEAE
5. Petals
not cruciform. stamens-6 to indefinite not tetradymtmous, ovary
raised on a gynophore • seed reniform
6. Family
5. Petals
not
CAPPARACEAE
cruciform, stamens if 6 not tetradynamous and sessile on
the disc. gynophore is generally present.. ..
7. Family . CLEOMACEAE
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S. Herbs, petals not cruciform, sepal well developed, stamens-S ....
8.Family- VIOLACEAE
5. Trees, palmately devided leaves, fruit capsule ....
9.Family- COCHLOSPERMACEAE
5. Plants without sap, Inflorescence not compound, flowers pale greenish
yellow ....
10. Family- FLACOURTIACEAE
4. Flowers zygomorphic
Order - 3. Polygallales
5. Herbs , sepals 5, two inner enlarged petaloid, stamens-8
monodelphous , placentation
axile....
.. ..
11. Family - POLYGALACEAE
4. Herbs, flower actinomorphic, free -central placentation ....
Order - 4 . Caryophyllales
5. Dehiscence of the fruit valvular. ...
12. Family - CARYOPHYLLACEAE
5. Sepals only 2 ,gynoecium syncarpous, ovary unilocular. ...
13. Family - PORTULACACEAE
5. Placentation parietal, leaves scale-like, seeds plumose or winged ....
14. Family - TAMARICACEAE
4. Trees, shrubs, herbs, flower actinomorphic sepals imbricates,ovary syncarpous,
multilocular axile placentation ....
Order - 5. Guttiferales
5. Leaves
opposite, plants not stellately hairy Placentation, axile or
sometimes basal, stamens distinct, not united ....
15. Family - ELATINACEAE
4.
Trees, shrubs, herbs, plants with stellately hairs flower actinomorphic ,sepals
valvate, ovary multilocular, axile placentation ....
Order - 6 . Malvales
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5. Mostly herbs, shurbs, rarely trees, leaves mostly simple, epicalyx
present, staminal tube present ....
16. Family - MALVACEAE
5. Mostly
herbs ,shurbs and trees, stamens
monadelphous, anther 1-2
celled staminodes present or absent.. ..
17. Family - STERCULIACEAE
5. Mostly herbs, shrubs or trees with mucilage and branched hair,
stamens free, anther 2 - celled, ovary multilocular ....
18. Family - TlLIACEAE
5. Mostly trees, leaves mostly compound, staminal tube. polydelphous
stamens ....
19. Family - BOMBACACEAE
3. Torus thickened, expanded into fleshy disc, sepals free or adnate to OVaty,
stamens usually insetted on the disc ...
Series: I Disciflorae
4.
Disc generally annular and adnate to stamen, flower part 5 or multiplied by 5.
Order -I . Geraniales
5. Plants not resinous; leaves not gland dotted. herbs or under shrubs; ovules
2 in each cell; ovary angled ...
20. Family - ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
5. Flowers
regular, ovary
syncarpous
but
styles 5, free or if I, with 5
linear, stigmatose branches, fruit a capsule ....
21. Family - OXALIDACEAE
5. Placentation axile fruit not as above, flowers irregular, flowers
spurred ....
22 Family - BALSAMINACEAE
5. Herbs, shrubs or tree, if twining, plants armed, leaves aromatic and gland
dotted ....
23. Family - RUTACEAE
5. Trees; Plants not resmous leaves not
gland dotted ovules one in each
cell, flowers regular; style 2-5, connate; ovat·y lobed; fruit winged,
24. Family-
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SIMAROUBACEAE
5. Plants armed. leaves compound bifoliate ....
25. Family- BALANITACEAE
5. Shrubs and trees; plants resinous, leaves gland dotted, flowers regular
style 2-5, connate; ovary lobed; fruit winged,
26. Family5. Herbs, shrubs and
BURSERACEAE
trees; leaves not gland dotted, leaves gland dotted
stamens monadelphous ....
27. Family -
4. Disc
generally
MELIACEAE
annular and adnate to the base of calyx tube, stamen as
many as the petal.
Order-2 . Celastrales
5. Flower
actinomorphic, plants usually unarmed. flowers cymose, stamens
free 4 -5,calyx not accrescent ...
28. Family - CELASTRACEAE
5. Flower actinomorphic, plants usually
armed with prickles; flowers in
axillary fascicles ,stamen opposite to petal, ovules one in each
29. Family 5. Plants
generally
Inflorescence
climbing
locule ....
RHAMNACEAE
or twinning; stamen opposite
to
usually leaf opposed, often tendrillar; species
petal
usually
tendril bearing; leaves simple or compound .,.
30. Family
4.
Disc
VITACEAE
below the ovary, stamens perigynous or inserted on the disc
tube,
stamen as many as the petal.
Order - 3. Sapindales
5. Placentation
axile
or
pendulose, plants
usually
with not acrid
resinous juice, flowers irregular; leaves compound more than 2foliolate,flower irregular ovary not lobed; fruit 2-3 lobed drupe
31. Family 5. Placentation
axile
SAPINDACEAE
or axile pendulos, plants usually with not acrid
resinous juice stem bearing, reslUOUS passage
32. Family -
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ANACARDIACEAE
5. Placentation parietal; fruit elongated pod like capsule.
33. Family 3. Stamens
perigynous
MORINGACEAE
or epigynous disc absent, calyx gamosepalous, sepals
adnate to ovary, ovary usually inserted in the calyx ....
Series: III Calyciflorae
4. Leaves mostly compound ....
Order - 1. - Rosales
5. Leaves
mostly compound and Imparipinnate, Int10rescence raceme,
simple; carpel I; fruit legume aestivation vexillary, stamens,
rarely
didelphous (9+ 1) ,t1owers papilionaceous, irregular ....
34. Family - FABACEAE
5. Leaves mostly compound paripinnate and
panicle, carpel
biparipinnate, Inflorescence
I; fruit legume, aestivation
not vexillary,
stamens
(5+5) ,staminodes usually present ,t1owers not papilionaceous irregular ....
35. Family -CAESALPINIACEAE
5. Leaves mostly compound biparipinnate, Int10rescence
carpel
I; fruit legume, aestivation not
present, flowers not
spike or head,
vexillary, stamens
(jJ
or 10
papilionaceous, regular.
36 Family -MIMOSACEAE
5. Herbs, leaves mostly simple; t10wer axillary, solitary or in
raceme,
spike or cyme; capsule 2- celled globose, stamens definate or not more
than 10.
37. Family - VAHLIACEAE
5. Herbs
or undershrubs, t1eshy and succlant habit, leaves mostly simple
t10wer cyme at the end of leafy shoot,
38. Family - CRASSUlACEAE
4. Leaves mostly simple ,opposite, glandular, punctate with intra-marginal nerves
Order - 2. Myrtales
5. Trees, shrubs, woody climber, herbs, leaves mostly simple, Hower
axillary, solitary or in raceme, spike or cyme calyx uperior ,ovary
inferior
39. Family - COMBRETACEAE
5 . Calyx
more
or less adnate to the ovary (i.e.: ovary inferior) leaves
opposite, glandular punctate with intra marginal nerves ...
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40. Family - MYRTACEAE
5. Leaves well developed; calyx free from the ovary (i.e. ovary superior).
Herbs or under shrubs, leaves without latex, axile placentation.
41. Family - LYTHRACEAE
5. Leaves
alternate,
without intramarginal
nerves
and
not glandular
punctuate, ovary more than one celled ...
42. Family - PUNICACEAE
5. Herbs, flowers yellow, without latex, spikes or cymes
capsules
4-5 celled, linear cylindric or obcylindric
43.
5. Herbs,
flowers
axillary, solitary
Family - TURNERACEAE
or
in racemes, spikes or cymes
capsules 4-5 celled, linear cylindric or obcylindric
44. Family - ONAGRACEAE
5.
Plants etendrillar. Habit aquatic, ovary 112 inferior, 2-celled; fruit spmous,
indehiscent
45. Family - TRAPACEAE
4.
Leave simple; fruit a capsule, achene, berry or schizocarpic. Herbaceous,often
climbing by tendril flower unisexual
Order - 3 Passiflorales
5.
Leave simple; fruit a capsule, achene ,berry or schizocarpic. plants
tendril- bearing; flowers bisexual, ovary superior. ..
46. Family -PASSIFLORACEAE.
5. Soft wooded tree with latex Leave simple, palmetely fid to partite,
with
long
hollow petiole; fruit a capsule, achene, berry or
schizocarpic
stamens generally definite ; ovary supenor. ...
47. Family - CARICACEAE
5. Leave
simple; fruit a capsule, achene, berry or schizocarpic. Plants
tendril - bearing.
flowers unisexual, ovary inferior... . ..
48. Family - CUCURBITACEAE
4.
Flower regular,unilocular parietal or free --central placentation with superior or
half inferior ovary, multilocular axile placentation
Order - 4. Ficoidales
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5. Habit terrestrial ,stamens generally indefinite ,leaves usually much
reduced or absent; succulents with joined, prickly phylloclades ...
49 Family - CACTACEAE
5. Petal absent, seeds reniform, rugulose or muricate; seeds reniform,
variously striate, rugulose., Fruit a 3- 5 valved capsule or 2-5,
50 Family - MOLLUGINACEAE
5. Herbs or under shrubs , habit terrestrial ,stamens generally indefinite,
leaves well
developed, t1eshy; Petals absent; if present not as above,
ovules basal,
51. Family - AIZOACEAE
4. Stamens usually definate. Ovary inferior or half inferior
Order -5. umbellales
5. Flowers in simple or compound umbels; foliage aromatic, ovary inferior
or half inferior.... . ...
52. Family -
APlACEAE
5. Trees , leaves alternate, without intramarginal nerves and not
glandullar; ovary inferior. one celled ...
53. Family - ALANGIACEAE
2. Flowers complete or incomplete, corolla usually made up of united petals ...
2.Sub-cIass3.
GAMOPETALAE
Ovary inferior: stamen as many as corolla-lobes, aggregation of t10wers in
head
Series. 1- Inferae
4.
Stamen as many as corolla-lobes,Aggregation of t10wers in head. Ovary 2 or
more ovary inferior
Order - Rubiales
5. Leaves
opposite, stipules inter or intra-petioler, ovary inferior: stamen
as many as corolla-lobes, aggregation
of
t10wers in head. ovary 2 or
more than 2-celled,
54. Family - RUBIACEAE
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4.
Mostly herbs, woody plants ,leaves vanous
crowded in
stipules absent of t10wers
the head. Ovary 1 celled, inferior ...
Order -2. Asterales
5. flowers
ovary
crowded
in the head, calyx absent or modified into pappus.
I-celled, ......
55. Family -ASTERACEAE
4. Herbs, seldom undershrubs, ovary I celled ...
Order -3. Primulales
5. Herbs,or shrubs,calyx often stipitate glands
56. Family -PLUMBAGINACEAE
5. Placentation free-central , stamen opposite the petals ...
57 . Family -PRL'vlULACEAE
3. Ovary superior ,more than two, stamen epipetalous ...
Series -2. Superae
4. Trees or shrubs,Leaves alternate exstipulate, leathery. stamen epipetalous inserted
in the corolla tube,carpel more than 2 .ovary supenor
Order -1. Ebnales.
5. Trees with milky juice . t10wers bisexual
stamens inserted on the
corolla, staminodes present; ovary 2- 8 celled ...
58. Family - SAPOTACEAE
5. Flowers usually unisexual, stamens inserted on the receptacle ...
59. Family - EBENACEAE
3. Stamen epipetalous alternating corolla tube. ovary superior, carpel two...
. ...
Series 3. Bicarpellatae
4. Leaves opposite, corolla regular,stamen epipetaJous, equal and alternating with
corolla tube
Order - 1. Gentiales
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5. Plants
without milky latex or greenish-yellow sap. t10wers regular.
leaves opposite or at least lower ones opposite. stamens-2 ...
60. Family -OLEACEAE
5. Trees
or shruhs, very rarely herbs, stipules small or
transverse
reduced
to a
line, plants without milky latex or greenish- yellow sap,
t10wers regular. leaves opposite or lower ones opposite. stamens-4-5,
ovary I celled,
61. Family - SALVADORACEAE
5. Plants with milky latex or greenish yellows sap, carpels two, gynostegium
absent, style-I.. ....
62. Family . APOCYNACEAE
5. Gynostegium
present , style-I. filaments united; anthers with horny
wings, pollen in waxy masses,
63 Family· ASCLEPIADACEAE
5. Filaments free from
glandular
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each other, anther without horny wings, pollan
tetrad... ...
64 Family· PERIPLOCACEAE
5. Ovary
2
celled
and
plant
unarmed, ovules generally many
each cell, on axile placentation (rarely placentation parietal and
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one
celled ovary) ...
65.Family
5. Herbs
or
seldom
LOGANIACEAE
undershrubs. ovary
1 celled, placentation free
central or parietal, stamens alternate with petals ...
66. Family· GENTIANACEAE
4.
Leaves
alternate, corolla
regular, stamen
epipetalous, equal
to
alternating with corolla tube
Order ·2. Polemoniales
5. Trees or shrubs, carpels either anterior posterior or lateral. ..
67. Family·
EHRETIACEAE
5. Herbs or undershrubs; fruit a drupe or have four nutlets ".
68. Family . BORAGINACEAE
60
and
5. Chiefly twining, ovary 2- celled Fruit a capsule ...
69. Family - CONVOL VULACEAE
5. Plants Parasitic ,plants stem parasites. ovary superior. ...
70. Family - CUSCUTACEAE
5. Plant erect or diffuse ,not twining, leaves alternate, ovules indefinate in
each cell, carpel obliquely placed in the flower...
. ..
71. Family - SOLANACEAE
4. Leaves alternate or opposite, corolla irregular, stamen epipetalous, less than
the corolla..... ..
Order -3. Personales
5. Plants mostly root parasites, ovary superior ,placentation axile ....
n. Family
- SCROPHULARIACEAE
5. Plants root parasites, ovary superior, placentation axile
73- Family - OROBANCHACEAE
5. Plants
green, not
always with
a
parasitic, sometimes
carnivorous,
aquatic,
leaf bladder
74. Family - LENTIBULARIACEAE
5. Trees, leaves
usually compound,
seed
winged ,
fruit elongated
flowers not glandular at the base of pedicels , fruits not spiny
75. Family - BIGNONIACEAE
5. Trees, leaves usually simple, seed not winged ,fruit
t10wers
without
bracts
and
bracteolate;
not elongated,
placentation axile, fruit
indehiscent spinous or in capsular without spine...
. ..
76. Family -PEDALIACEAE
5. Herbs, leaves usually simple, seed not winged, fruit not elongated
flowers without bracts and bracteolate; placentation parietal, fruit a
woody capsule with 2 long ...
77. Family - MARTYNIACEAE
5. Herbs, stem swollen at joint leaves usually simple, seed not winged,
fruit not elongated , t10wers with bracts and bractiolate ....
78. Family - ACANTHACEAE
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4.
Leaves whorls or opposite, corolla irregular, stamen epipetalous,
Order -4 .Lamiales
5. Plants not aromatic, inflorescence not vertic ell aster ; style terminal;
ovary not lobed ...
79. Family - VERBENACEAE
5. Plants aromatic, inflorescence vertic ell aster ; style gynobasic;
ovary 4
lobed ...
80. Family - LAMIACEAE
5. Green plants not parasites or carnivorous ,seed boat shaped ..... .
81 Family -PLANTAGINACEAE
2. Flowers incomplete, parienth present,... . ...
Sub-class-3.
MONOCHLAMYDEAE
3. Flowers bisexual or unisexuales, regular, ovary superior,
Series-Curvembryae
4. Herbs or shrubs ,stem swollen at nodes, the perianth petaloid ovary
superior; flowers bisexual; leaves exstipulate ...
82. Family- NYCTAGINACEAE
4. Perianth not petaloid; if petaloid , bracts and bracteoles scarious ...
83 .Family- AMARANTHACEAE
4. Perianth not petaloid ; bracteoles absent or if present it is herbaceous ...
84. Family -CHENOPODIACEAE
4. Leaves with ochreate stipules ...
85 .Family - POLYGONACEAE
3. Herbs or shrubs, not parasitic trailing or twining.
Series- 2. Multiovulatae terristrial
4. Plants not parasitic; climbers/twiners, flowers zygomorphic ,ovary inferior
86. Family ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
3. Herbs or shrubs, often parasitic, flowers bisexual or unisexuales, regular,
ovary inferior
Series- 3. Achlamydosporeae
62
4. Parasites shrubs, flowers actinomorphic ...
87. Family- LORANTHACEAE
4. Root parasite, flower unisexual, disc epigynous or perigynous ....
88.
Family- SANTALACEAE
3 . Trees, shrubs, rarely Herbs , Flowers unisexuales, regular, ovary supenor
series- 4. Unisexuales
4. Trees or shrubs, t10wers unisexual or polygamous; ovary 3- celled ......
89 . Family -EUPHORBL4CEAE
4. Trees or shrubs, ovary 1- celled, calyx present, 4-8 lobed; int10rescence
various
cymose, spike or
anthers erect
III
hypanthodium ; plants
with watery-sap;
bud; leaves oblique at base; fruit a samara, nut or
drupe ... '"
90. Family - ULMACEAE
4. Trees or shrubs, ovary 1- celled, calyx present, 4-8 lobed; int10rescence
various cymose, spike or hypanthodium; plants with milky juice, anthers
int1exed in bud; leaves not oblique at base, fruit commonly multiple ...
91 . Family- MORACEAE
4. Trees or shrubs, calyx absent; flowers in erect or pendulous, catkins or
spikes, leaves much reduced, scale-like; stamens I; ovary J- celled
92. Family ·CASUARINACEAE
Anomalous family
4. Aquatics herbs, leaves verticillate, dichotomously cleft into filiform,
minutely toothed lobes ... '"
93. Family - CERATOPHYLLACEAE
II. Leaves usually parallel veined;
cotyledons one... '"
Class II· MONOCOTYLEDONS
2
Small herbs aquatic plants, leaves simple, perienth in two whorls, ovary
inferior, I - 3 celled.
Series-I. Microspermae
3. Plant aquatic, floating or submerged ,leaves are not floating, perienth
present in two whorls, ovary inferior ,stamen 3 or more ...
94. Family - HYDROCHARITACEAE
63
2 Herbs or shrubs, leaves radicle or cauline,perianth petaloid, ovary inferior ...
Series-2 . Epigynae
3. perianth
fertile
present in two whorls, ovary inferior, flowers zygomorhic,
stamens 1-2,
becoming
at
times only
petaloid, staminoides
perianth ,cOl'olla
not
half
anther
are more
spurred,
pollinia
fertile, the other
conspicuous
than
the
absent, 1 stamen fertile ...
95. Family - ZlNGIBERACEAE
3. Terrestrials, flower
inferior
regular, perianth
present in two whorls, ovary
stamen 3 or more ,no petaloid, staminoides ,plants
twining
or
climbing, flowers bisexual, fruits
and
not
seeds
not
winged, leaves parallel veined ,composed of convolute leaf sheaths ...
96. Family - MUSACEAE
3.
perianth
fertile
present in two whorls, ovary inferior, flowers zygomorhic,
stamens 1-2, at times
becoming
only
petaloid, staminoides
are
half anther
more
fertile, the other
conspIcuoUS
than the
perianth ,corolla not spurred, pollinia absent, '12 stamen fertile ...
97. Family - CANNACEAE
3. Terrestrials, flower
inferior, stamen
regular, perianth
3 or more, no
twining or climbing,
present in two whorls, ovary
petaloid, staminoides, plants not
flowers bisexual, fruits and
leaves parallel veined, stem
not
composed
seeds not winged,
of convolute leaf sheaths
inflorescence racemose, rarely solitary ;flowers bright to golden yellow ...
98. Family - HYPOXlDACEAE
3. Terrestrials, flower
inferior
twining
stamen
or
regular, perianth
3 or more, no
climbing
flowers
present
in two whorls, ovary
peta10id, staminoides ,plants not
bisexual , fruits
and
seeds not
winged, leaves parallel veined, stem not composed of convolute leaf
sheaths, inflorescence umbellate, flowers never
golden yellow ...
99. Family - AMARYLLlDACEAE
3. Terrestrials plants not climbing, plants not grass like, perianth petaloid
plants usually xerophytic; leaves mostly fibrous and thick ...
100. Family - AGA VACEAE
3. Terrestrials, Perianth
or more
present in two whorls, ovary inferior ,stamen 3
plants twining or climbing, flowers unisexuals, fruit capsule and
64
seeds winged ...
101. Family - DIOSCOREACEAE
2. Herbs mostly aquatic plants, leaves radicle or cauline, perianth petaloid,ovary
supenor,
Series-3, Coronarie
3. Terrestrials
plants ,
recemes , leaves
climbing
or
twining, flowers
In
sometimes reduce to cladodes; ovary superior
102. Family 3. Terrestrials
bisexuals,
plants
climbing
or
LILIACEAE
twining , t10wers unisexllals ,in
umbellate .....
103. Family - SMlLACACEAE
3. Plant aquatic, perianth composed
two
of
calyx and corolla,
present in
whorls inner petaliod 3+3, inflorescence subtended by spathe
like bract.. ..
104. Family --PONTEDERIACEAE
3. Terrestrials plants not climbing, plants not grass like, perinth petaloid.
plants
not
xerophytic; leaves not
fibrous and
thick outer segment of
perianth calyx like and different from the inner corolla segment,
105. Family - COMMELINACEAE
2. Unbranched trees, leaves with palmate or pinnate venation,trimerolls ,ovary
supenor.
Series- 4, Calycinae
3. Plant terrestrial, leaves fan - shaped or pinnate, usually very long or very
broad,
forming a terminal crown fibrous, long petiolate ...
106. Family -ARECACEAE
2 . Herbs, shrubs or trees, leaves radicle or cauline. t10wer naked in spadix
with
spathe, ovary superior.
Series- 5. N udiflorae
3. Plants , rhizomatous, but
represented by
not
t10ating
or
submerged , perianth
scales or bristles; if perianth absent, Int10rescence not
65
made up of spike lets;
flowers not sub tended by glumes or scales
107-. Family - PANDANACEAE
3. Plants, rhizomatous, but not floating or submerged perianth represented by
scales or bristles; if perianth absent,intlorescence not made up of
spike
lets; flowers not subtended by glumes or scales, plants not of wetlands ...
108. Family - TYPHACEAE
3. Plants, monoecious
tuberous, but not floating or submerged perianth
represented by scales or bristles; if perianth absent,Intlorescence not made
up of
spike lets;
109. Family -ARACEAE
3. Plant
submerged
bristles; if
or
floating perianth
represented
by scales or
perianth present, Inflorescence not made up of
spike lets;
by glumes or scales ....
flowers not subtended
110. Family - LEMNACEAE
2. Fresh water or marine water perennials, ovary apocarpous
Series- 6. Apocarpae
3. Plant aqatic, perianth composed of calyx and corolla, sepal
like
appendages on the stamens ....
l11.Family- POTAMOGETONACEAE
3. Plants tloating; perianth present, 2-lipped , anther 1-4 loculate ...
112 .. Family - NA}ADACEAE
2. Annual or perennial herbs, or trees with prominent nodes and internodes,
inflorescence spikelet or panical. perinth reduce to scale ,ovary superior.
Series-7. Glumaceae
3. Perianth
none, at
rudimentary
or scale
least in male flowers (If the flowers unisexual) or
or bristles not petaloid, flower sub tended by dry,
chaffy ,imbricating bracts .glumes. Stem solid and triangular, leaves not
ligulate .fruit a nut...
113. Family - CYPERACEAE
3. Perianth
scale
none,
or
imbricating
at
bristles
least
not
in
male
tlowers or
petaloid, flower
rudimentary
or
subtended by dry, chaffy
bracts. glumes. leaves ligulate .stem generally hollow and
cylindrical, fruit caryopsis...
114. Family - POACEAE
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