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 Sedation is a continuum of care. Pediatric patients bring unique
considerations for diagnostic testing and imaging in the community, a
low volume high risk population. Creating a process whereby providers
develop expertise and education in the care of pediatric patients and
families ensures cooperation for accurate test results and less repeat of
procedures related to inadequate sedation or sedation failure.
 Create a process where by safe and effective sedation could be
provided in a community hospital setting
 Review of current processes by a team of multidisciplinary providers
 Establishment of an expert core group of practitioners
 Ongoing evaluation of patient outcomes based on standard procedures
Consideration of Age and Developmental Level
 Minimize discomfort and pain
 Control Anxiety
 Minimize psychological trauma
 Control behavior and movement for safe completion of procedure
 Return to a safe stage for discharge
 Experience with children
 Level of pediatric experience
 Physiological and developmental differences in pediatrics
 What type of sedation
 Effective and safe dosing
 Approach to the child
 Where should it be done
 Travel time
 Community versus tertiary center
 Chloral Hydrate
 Versed – Intranasal, PO, IV
 Recovery with expected side effects
 Recovery with adverse events
 Evidence to support correct dosing,
administration, and timing of procedure related to pharmacokinetics
 Previous Situation – Nurse administered sedation
 Current Situation – Anesthesiology administered sedation
 Questions:
 Need for sedation?
 Provider?
 Education?
 Which medication?
 Outcomes?
 What is the best method of care for children in need of
echocardiogram?
 Is sedation necessary and if so what is needed to
ensure the best care and the best outcomes?
 What is the best medication and appropriate dose to
achieve safe and adequate sedation?
Members of the Pediatric Sedation Work Group
 Cardiology
 Pediatrics
 Director of Nursing
 Pediatric Nurse
 Radiology Nurse
 Emergency Department Clinical Educator
 Echocardiography Technician
 Doctor of Nursing Practice Student
 Assess – need for change in practice
 Link – problem interventions and outcomes
 Synthesize – best evidence
 Design – practice change
 Implement and Evaluate - change in practice
 Integrate and maintain – change in practice
 Core Group of Nurses
 Scheduling Guideline and Screening Process for Pediatric Minimal and
Moderate Sedation Non – Anesthesia
 Pediatric Minimal and Moderate Sedation Non-Anesthesia Guidelines
 PEDS Minimal or Moderate Sedation Order Set (RO-16) Physician’s
Orders
 Patient Satisfaction Survey
 Demographic
 Age, Weight, ASA status, Procedure Type
 Procedures Specific
 Medication & Dose Administered
 Delay in procedure Sedation or Scheduling Related
 Complications/Adverse Events
 Oxygen Desaturation
 Respiratory Problems/Apnea
 Vomiting
 Arrest
 Unexpected admission related
to sedation Complication
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Linder, J.M.B., & Schiska, A. (2007). Imaging children: tips and tricks. Journal of Radiology Nursing, 26(1), 23-25.
Lubisch, N., Roskos, R., & Sattler, S. (2008). Improving outcomes in pediatric procedural sedation. The Joint
Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 34(4), 192-195.
Piet, I., Leroy, J.M., Schipper, D., Hans, J., Knape, T.A. (2010). Professional skills and competence for safe and
effective procedural systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Pediatrics, 2010, 1-16.
Ruess, L., O’Connor, S., Mikita, C., & Creamer, K. (2002). Sedation for diagnostic imaging: use of pediatric and
nursing resources as an alternative to a radiology department sedation team. Pediatric Radiology, 32, 505-510.
Sandborn, P., Michna, E., Zurakowski, D., Burrows, P., Fontaine, P., Connor, L., & Mason, K. (2005). Adverse
cardiovascular and respiratory events during sedation of pediatric patients for imaging examinations. Radiology,
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Woodthorpe, C., Trugg, A., Gurney, A., Sury, M. (2007). Nurse led sedation for paedritic MRI: progress and issues.
Paediatric Nursing, 19(2), 14-18.
Yildirim, S.V., Guc, B.U., Bozdogan, N., & Tokel, K. (2006). Oral versus intranasal midazolam premedication for
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Acknowledgements
1
A special thanks to:
Mayo Clinic Health Systems Eau Claire
Pam White RN, MSN, Dr. Angela Stombaugh, Dr. Mary Zwygart-Stauffacher, Dr. Regis Fernandes, Debra White,
Jolinda Retzloff, RN, Suzanne Secraw, RN, Lisa Moelter RN, CPN, & My family for their support.