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Molar Pregnancy
Published on OBGYN.Net (http://www.obgyn.net)
Molar Pregnancy
July 26, 2011 | Fetal Monitoring [1], Pregnancy and Birth [2], Contraception [3], IVF [4]
By D. Ashley Hill, MD [5]
Molar pregnancies are an uncommon and very frightening complication of pregnancy. The formal
medical term for a molar pregnancy is "hydatidiform mole."
Molar pregnancies are an uncommon and very frightening complication of pregnancy. The formal
medical term for a molar pregnancy is "hydatidiform mole." Simply put, a molar pregnancy is an
abnormality of the placenta (afterbirth), caused by a problem when the egg and sperm join together
at fertilization. The following is a brief review of this complicated subject.
Types of Molar Pregnancy
There are two types of molar pregnancy, complete and partial. Complete molar pregnancies have
only placental parts (there is no baby), and form when the sperm fertilizes an empty egg. Because
the egg is empty, no baby is formed. The placenta grows and produces the pregnancy hormone,
called HCG, so the patient thinks she is pregnant. Unfortunately, an ultrasound (sometimes called a
sonogram) will show that there is no baby, only placenta. A partial mole occurs when 2 sperm
fertilize an egg. Instead of forming twins, something goes wrong, leading to a pregnancy with an
abnormal fetus and an abnormal placenta. The baby has too many chromosomes and almost always
dies in the uterus. Thus, molar pregnancies are "accidents of nature" that are not anyone’s fault.
They are not caused by behavior, but they are more common in older women and in certain
geographic locations. Also, although most molar pregnancies occur after a miscarriage, some occur
after an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy or even a normal delivery.
Risk Factors
The incidence of molar pregnancy varies depending on where one lives. For example, in the US
about 1 out of every 1000 pregnancies is a molar pregnancy. In Southeast Asia the incidence is 8
times higher. Interestingly, women from Mexico, Southeast Asia, and the Philippines have higher
rates than white US women, who themselves have higher rates than black US women. Age over 40 is
a risk factor for molar pregnancy, as is having a prior molar pregnancy. In fact, the chance of having
another molar pregnancy is about 1 out of 100. The reasons for the geographic and age differences
are currently unknown.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Women with a molar pregnancy usually feel pregnant and complain of vaginal spotting or bleeding.
Many women with molar pregnancies develop nausea and vomiting. Some even develop rare
complications like thyroid disease or very early preeclampsia (toxemia). Preeclampsia occurring
earlier than 20 weeks is very worrisome for a molar pregnancy. The doctor or midwife more than
likely will check them for a possible miscarriage, and may order or perform an ultrasound
(sonogram). The pelvic exam may reveal a larger, or smaller, than expected uterus. It may also
reveal enlarged ovaries, caused by non-cancerous ovarian cysts stemming from abnormally high
amounts of the pregnancy hormone HCG. The ultrasound will often show a "cluster of grapes"
appearance or a "snowstorm" appearance, signifying an abnormal placenta. If a baby is present it’s a
possible partial mole, while if the baby is absent it’s probably a complete mole. Treatment consists
of a D&C (dilation and curettage) of the uterus, where a small vacuum device is inserted into the
uterus, under anesthesia, to remove the molar pregnancy. This must be done very carefully or
excessive bleeding and blood clots to the lungs can occur. The placental tissue is sent to the
pathologist, who looks under the microscope to make the final diagnosis. An HCG level, and
sometimes a thyroid level, are also obtained. In unusual cases, where the patient has completed her
childbearing, a hysterectomy may be preferable. Although most cases of molar pregnancy occur
after a miscarriage, some occur after ectopic pregnancies or a normal pregnancy. Therefore, women
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Molar Pregnancy
Published on OBGYN.Net (http://www.obgyn.net)
with abnormal bleeding or a persistent cough (especially if it produces blood) should see their doctor
for an HCG level to make sure they do not have a molar pregnancy.
Follow-up
After evacuating a molar pregnancy it is critically important that the patient see her doctor
frequently, as molar pregnancies can recur. Follow-up usually consists of a baseline chest x-ray,
review of the pathology specimen, physical examination of the vagina and uterus every 2 weeks
until the uterus returns to normal then every 3 months for a year, contraception like the pill or shot
with no attempt to become pregnant for 1 year, and, most importantly, weekly HCG blood levels
until zero then every month for a year. As one can see, this involves a lot of trips to the lab and the
doctor’s office! This is important because molar pregnancies can "come back" even after a thorough
D&C. When they come back the patient may need chemotherapy to prevent the microscopic
placental cells from spreading to other organs like cancer. Fortunately, this only occurs in about 20%
of complete molar pregnancies; it is even more uncommon with partial molar pregnancies. Many
women are frustrated when their doctor recommends waiting one year to become pregnant. This is
actually important, because a rise in HCG levels may indicate a normal pregnancy when the patient
is trying to get pregnant, or a recurrent molar pregnancy, which requires chemotherapy. To avoid
this confusion we ask for a 1 year period without becoming pregnant.
Treatment for recurrent molar pregnancy
When the HCG levels drop then increase again it means that the molar pregnancy has grown from
microscopic cells in the wall of the uterus to larger cells. These cells can act like a cancer, and
metastasize (spread) to other organs, like the lungs, brain, bones, and vagina. Treatment for
recurrent molar pregnancy, called gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, or GTN, in medical terms,
usually consists of a chemotherapy medication called methotrexate. Fortunately, methotrexate is a
pretty "easy" chemotherapy on the system, and can be given as an intramuscular shot. Sometimes
only 1 shot is necessary. In other cases, multiple shots, or even the addition of other medications, is
necessary. Also, when GTN is suspected, the patient usually gets a CT scan of the brain, lungs, and
abdomen, and a battery of blood tests. Again, weekly HCG tests are obtained until they fall to zero,
then careful follow-up is undertaken for a year. Patients can expect an almost 100% cure rate using
chemotherapy.
Future Pregnancy
Fortunately, the risk of having another molar pregnancy is about 1% (1 in 100). Most doctors will
perform an ultrasound to make sure the pregnancy is normal when a patient has had a prior molar
pregnancy. It is also a good idea to send the placenta to the pathologist after the delivery just to
make sure there are not abnormal areas.
D. Ashley Hill, M.D.
Associate Director
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Florida Hospital Family Practice Residency
Orlando, Florida
http://home.mpinet.net/dahmd
Other Articles by Dr. Hill
Source URL: http://www.obgyn.net/fetal-monitoring/molar-pregnancy
Links:
[1] http://www.obgyn.net/fetal-monitoring
[2] http://www.obgyn.net/pregnancy-and-birth
[3] http://www.obgyn.net/contraception
[4] http://www.obgyn.net/ivf
[5] http://www.obgyn.net/authors/d-ashley-hill-md
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