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AP Biology Nucleic Acids N l i acids Nucleic id _____________ _____________ AP Biology 2006-2007 AP Biology Nucleic Acids Function: _______________________ ________________________ g genes blueprint for building proteins DNA DNA → RNA → proteins ________________________ blueprint for new cells blueprint for next generation AP Biology proteins G A AP Biology A C T A C T A C G G T 1 AP Biology Nucleic Acids Examples: Nucleotides 3 parts ________ (ribonucleic acid) single helix _____________ (C-N ring) _____________(5C) ribose in RNA ________ (deoxyribonucleic acid) deoxyribose d ib i DNA in double helix Structure: AP Biology monomers = ________________ DNA Types of nucleotides 2 types of nucleotides different nitrogen bases _________________ RNA Purine = AG Pure silver! _____________________ Are nucleic acids charged molecules? AP Biology Nucleic polymer Backbone sugar to PO4 bond _______________________ double ring N base new base added to sugar of previous i base b ________________ polymer grows in one direction ________________ _________________ Nitrogen base I’m the A,T,C,G or U part! single ring N base ________________ N bases hang off the sugar-phosphate backbone Dangling bases? Why is this important? ________________ ________________ AP Biology AP Biology 2 AP Biology Pairing of nucleotides Nucleotides bond between DNA strands DNA molecule Double helix H bonds purine :: pyrimidine __________ ____________ between bases join the 2 strands A :: T C :: G 2 H bonds __________ 3 H bonds H bonds? Why is this important? Matching bases? Why is this important? AP Biology AP Biology Copying DNA Replication _______________________ _______________________ When does a cell copy DNA? When in the life of a cell does DNA have to be copied? ____________________ ____________________ have one, can build other h have one, can rebuild b ild the th whole ________________ ________________ Matching halves? Why is this a good system? AP Biology AP Biology 3 AP Biology 1953 | 1962 DNA replication Watson and Crick … and others… “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.” James Watson Francis Crick 1953 AP Biology Maurice Wilkins… and… AP Biology AP Biology 1953 | 1962 Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) AP Biology 4 AP Biology Interesting note… Ratio of A-T::G-C affects stability of DNA molecule Another interesting note… ATP Adenosine triphosphate 2 H bonds vs. 3 H bonds biotech p procedures more G-C = need higher T° to separate strands high T° organisms adenine (AMP) + Pi + Pi many G-C modified nucleotide parasites + many A-T (don’t know why) AP Biology + AP Biology HELIXHELIX Macromolecule Review AP Biology AP Biology 5 AP Biology Carbohydrates Structure / monomer Lipids Structure / building block monosaccharide Function Function energy gy raw materials energy storage structural compounds glycosidic bond Examples glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen AP Biology amino acids levels of structure enzymes transport signals defense d f structure receptors nucleotide Function peptide bond Examples AP Biology fat, phospholipids, steroids Nucleic acids Structure / monomer Function ester bond (in a fat) AP Biology Proteins Structure / monomer energy gy storage g membranes hormones Examples glycerol, fatty acid, cholesterol, H-C chains information storage g & transfer Examples DNA, RNA digestive enzymes, membrane channels, insulin hormone, actin AP Biology phosphodiester bond 6
