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Human Blood Typing (Multiple Alleles) Mrs. Sprenkle Biology I. WHEN IS BLOOD TYPING DONE? blood transfusions blood donation organ donation for transplantation women planning to/become pregnant determination of blood relatives identify crime suspects II. ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES A. ANTIGENS Markers on surface of blood cells Most important antigens: A, B, O, and Rh B. ANTIBODIES Formed against certain ANTIGENS in blood Destroy foreign antigens and blood cells III. Blood Type Compatibilities A BLOOD: – A antigens on the RBC – Creates antibodies against type B – Genotypes: IAIA or IAi B BLOOD: – B antigens on the RBC – Creates antibodies against type A – Genotypes: IBIB or IBi Blood Type Compatibilities O BLOOD – NO antigens for A or B – “Universal Donor” Can donate to any blood type – Antibodies against BOTH A and B – Genotype: ii Blood Type Compatibilities AB BLOOD – BOTH A and B antigens on RBC – NO antibodies for either Type A or Type B – Genotypes: IAIB – “Universal Receiver” Can receive blood from any blood type IV. Rh FACTOR A. Named for the Rhesus Monkey in whose blood it was first found. Rhesus Monkey Rh FACTOR B. System consists of at least 8 different antigens of which the most prominent is called antigen D. 1. About 85% of Americans of Western European descent are Rh positive, which means that they have Antigen D on the surface of their red blood cells. 2. That means that the other 15% have no antigen D on their cells and are termed Rh negative. When they are exposed to Rh+ blood they form antibodies against the antigens on the Rh+ cells. C. Rh blood typing –Presence of Rh antigen (+) –Absence of Rh antigen (-) D. Genotypes (complete dominance) 1.Homozygous positive = ++ 2.Heterozygous positive = + 3.Homozygous negative = - - PERCENTAGE OF BLOOD TYPES BLOOD TYPE O A B AB Rh + Rh - WORLD % 45 % 41 % 10 % 4% 85 % 15 % TRANSFUSION CHART Blood Type OO+ AA+ BB+ ABAB+ Antibodies in blood Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti Rh Transfusion type O- Anti-A, Anti-B O-, O+ Anti-B, Anti-Rh A-, O- Anti-B Anti-A, Anti-Rh A+, A-, O+, OB-, O- Anti-A B+, B-, O+, O- Anti-Rh AB-, A-, B-, O- No Antibodies AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O- D. Crosses. There are 21 possible crosses between the 6 possible genotypes. Cross Possible Blood Types 1. AA x AA AA 2. AA x AO AA, AO 3. AA x BB AB 4. AA x BO AB, AO 5. AA x AB AA, AB 6. AA x OO AO 7. AO x AO AA, AO, OO 8. AO x BB AB, BO 9. AO x BO AB, AO, BO, OO 10. AO x AB AA, AB, AO, BO Cross Possible Blood Types 11. AO x OO AO, OO 12. BB x BB BB 13. BB x BO BB, BO 14. BB x AB AB, BB 15. BB x OO BO 16. BO x BO BB, BO, OO 17. BO x AB AB, AO, BB, BO 18. BO x OO BO, OO 19. AB x AB AA, AB, BB 20. AB x OO AO, BO 21. OO x OO OO BLOOD TYPING WEB SITES www.nobel.se/medicine/educational/ http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.ht ml www.bloodbook.com http://www.biology.arizona.edu/ http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~bkd 3019/blood.html