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1 What is culture? Culture, norms and values What do Sociologists mean by the term culture (include Linton’s definition)? Green Amber Red Green Amber Red Green Amber Red How is culture formed? Can you give examples of different cultures? What do Mead’s and Klineberg’s studies tell us about cultural differences? What are values? What are norms? Can you give examples of how cultures vary between societies? Types of culture What is a subculture? What does Willis’ and Hall and Jefferson’s work tell us about subcultures? What is the difference between high and popular culture? What does Bourdieu’s theory of ‘cultural capital’ tell us about high and popular culture? What impact on society does popular culture have according to Charles and Crichter? What is global culture? How has globalisation affected culture? What did McLuhan mean by the term, ‘global village’? In what ways has British culture become globalised according to Marsh and Keating? What is consumer culture? What impact does Celia Lury say consumer culture has had on identity? Other sociologists you must be aware of: Thornton, Featherstone, Pieterse, Ritzer, Strinati Cultural diversity and cultural hybridity What is cultural diversity? What is the difference between intercultural and intracultural diversity? What is cultural hybridity? What does Nayak’s study on ‘white wannabes’ tell us about hybrid identities? Key studies to know for this topic – you must know all of them: Mead (1935) Comparing tribal cultures Bourdieu (1984) Cultural capital McLuhan (1984) Global village Nayak (2003) White wannabes 2 What is socialisation? Primary and secondary socialisation What do functionalists like Parsons say is the role of primary socialisation? Green Amber Red Green Amber Red Green Amber Red Green Amber Red Green Amber Red What do Marxists say is the role of primary socialisation? What do feminists like Oakley say is the role of primary socialisation? What do functionalists say is the role of secondary socialisation? What do Marxists say is the role of secondary socialisation? What does Morgan say is the role of socialisation? Why is Brannen and Heptinstall’s research interesting for sociologists looking at socialisation? Why do some sociologists now believe that socialisation is not as effective as it used to be in the past? Other sociologists you must be aware of: Althusser, Durkheim, Postman, Palmer, Phillips. Agencies of socialisation Why is the family the main agency of primary socialisation? How do peer groups act as an agency of secondary socialisation? What does Lees’ study tell us about peer pressure and teenage girls? What does the work of Skelton and Francis tell us about peer pressure and socialisation? How does education act as an agency of secondary socialisation? What impact do Bowles and Gintis say education has on the socialisation process? In what ways does the education system support the socialisation process according to Functionalists? How does the media act as an agency of secondary socialisation? How do conflict theorists criticise the role of the media in the socialisation process? How does religion act as an agency of secondary socialisation? What positive functions for society does Durkheim say religion has? What does Marx say about the role of religion in the socialisation process? How does work act as an agency of secondary socialisation? Other sociologists you must be aware of: Harris, Sewell, Marsh and Keating, Barnett and Curry Nature/nurture debate What is the nature/nurture debate? What does Bouchard’s twin studies tell us about the debate? What do examples of ‘feral’ children tell us about the debate? What does the example of the Reimer twins tell us about the debate? Formal agencies of social control What are the formal agencies of social control in society? What sanctions can they impose on people to ensure compliance? Informal agencies of social control What are the informal agencies of social control in society? What sanctions can they impose on people to ensure compliance? Key studies to know for this topic - you must know all of them: Parsons (1955) The role of the family in primary socialisation Oakley (1981) Gender role socialisation in the family Lees (1983, 1997) Peer pressure and teenage girls Bowles and Gintis (1976) Schooling and the hidden curriculum Mulvey (1975) The ‘male gaze’ Young (2007) The ‘bulimic society’ Modood (1997) The importance of religion to young Asians Waddington (1999) ‘Canteen culture’ 3 What is identity? The concept of identity What is the concept of identity? Green Amber Red Green Amber Red In what ways is an individual’s identity made up of a number of different aspects? What do sociologists mean by hybrid identities? How does culture help shape identity? How does the socialisation process help shape identity? Aspects of identity and the associated cultural characteristics - Ethnicity How does ethnicity help shape identity in modern Britain? In what ways can ethnicity, race and nationality overlap and also lead to differences? What characteristics will an ethnic group share? What ethnic minorities exist in modern Britain and what differences exist between them? What does the work of Gilroy, Hewitt, Spencer and Dawney tell us about ethnic identity in the UK? What is racism and what is institutional racism? According to Cashmore & Troyna, James and Jacobson, how can ethnicity protect groups from racism? What does Sewell’s study tell us about Afro-Caribbean youths in the UK? Other sociologists you must be aware of: Mirza, Phillips, Marsh and Keating, Anwar, Drury, Tizard and Phoenix, Tikly, Jacobsen Key studies to know for this topic - you must know all of them: Ghumann (1999) Asian identity and family Gilroy (1993) The ‘Black Atlantic’ identity Francis & Archer (2005) British Chinese families Back (1996) Neighbourhood nationalism Hewitt (2005) White British identity Aspects of identity and the associated cultural characteristics - Nationality How does nationality help shape identity in modern Britain? Green Amber Red Green Amber Red In what ways can national identity sometimes be confusing for British people? Why does Sardar say a colonial history makes it difficult for the English to find a national identity now? In what ways has the Scottish referendum brought the question of British identity to the fore? What impact does Darcus Howe say the rise of English nationalism is having on him? According to Hall, in what three ways is globalisation impacting on national identity? What does the Labour Force Survey tell us about Welsh ethnic identity? Other sociologists you must be aware of: Halsey, Dencombe, Curtice and Heath Key studies to know for this topic - you must know all of them: Anderson (1983) ‘Nation’ as an ‘imagined community’ Kumar (2003) English identity Aspects of identity and the associated cultural characteristics - Gender How does gender help shape identity in modern Britain? What are the biological and functionalist views of gender? Why do Feminists say gender is a social construct? According to Mac an Ghaill, what is ‘hyper-masculinity’? What role do agencies of secondary socialisation play in the gender socialisation process? According to Connell, what new masculinities are appearing but which type remains dominant What do Canaan and McDowall’s studies tell us about masculinity? In what ways has the patriarchy reacted to the rise of feminism according to Faludi? Can you evaluate the changes to masculine and feminine identity over the last 30 years? Other sociologists you must be aware of: Hey, Sharpe, Billington, Mort, Wilkinson Key studies to know for this topic - you must know all of them: Oakley (1981) Gender role socialisation in the family Mac an Ghaill (1984) Macho lads Jackson (2006) Lads and ladettes Aspects of identity and the associated cultural characteristics – Social class How does social class help shape identity in modern Britain? Green Amber Red Green Amber Red Green Amber Red How do we judge social class? Who are the upper class? Who are the middle class? Who are the working class? According to Murray, who are the underclass? What problems are there in trying to define the middle class? Why do some sociologists say the traditional working class is in decline? Why do Postmodernists such as Pakulski and Waters say class is no longer a way to define identity? In what ways is social class still very important in modern Britain? Other sociologists you must be aware of: Offe, Marshall, Savage, Skeggs, Hutton, Jordan, Charlesworth Key studies to know for this topic - you must know all of them: Mackintosh & Moonie (2004) Invisibility and social closure in the upper class Fox (2004) The English class system Aspects of identity and the associated cultural characteristics – Sexuality How does sexuality help shape identity in modern Britain? What do the cross cultural studies by Quinn tell us about sexuality? What does Weeks’ work tell us about sexuality and identity? What does Rich say patriarchal society has done to women’s sexuality and lesbian identity? In what ways have attitudes to homosexuality changed in Britain in recent years? Other sociologists you must be aware of: The Kinsey Report Key studies to know for this topic - you must know all of them: McIntosh (1996) The homosexual role Plummer (1996) The homosexual career Aspects of identity and the associated cultural characteristics – Age How does age help shape identity in modern Britain? What do sociologists mean by ‘life course’ and what stages are there in a life course? Why do postmodernists like Featherstone and Hepworth say age is now a fluid concept? In what ways are different age groups discriminated against? Other sociologists you must be aware of: Bradley, Corner, Featherstone and Hepworth, Johnson and Bytheway, Ray and Sharp Key studies to know for this topic - you must know all of them: Postman (1982) The disappearance of childhood Hockey & James (1993) The infantilisation of the elderly Aspects of identity and the associated cultural characteristics – Disability How does disability help shape identity in modern Britain? Green Amber Red What is the medical model of disability? What is the social model of disability? In what ways can disability become a ‘master status’? Other sociologists you must be aware of: Ridley, Gill, Zola Key studies to know for this topic - you must know all of them: Shakespeare (1996) Disability and identity Murugami (2009) Disability and identity Hybrid identities What does Back’s study tell us about hybridity and identity? What does Brah’s study tell us about hybridity and identity? What does Modood’s study tell us about the complex nature of hybrid identities? What does Johal’s study tell us about British-Asians? What does Butler’s study tell us about British young Muslim women? What does Tikly’s study tell us about mixed race students in British schools? Other sociologists you must be aware of: Kellner, Platt, Tizard and Phoenix. Green Amber 4 Sociological theory Consensus theory Green Amber Red Green Amber Red Other sociologists you must be aware of: Conflict theory Other sociologists you must be aware of: Social action theories Green Amber Green Amber Other sociologists you must be aware of: Postmodernism Other sociologists you must be aware of:
