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Famous Cell
Biologist
Robert Hooke (1665):
•Credited for naming cells after viewing cork under a simple
microscope.
Leeuwenhoek (1683):
•First viewed living organism (protozoans) using a simple
microscope.
Compound Light Microscope
The Microscope
• Compound Light Microscope uses two or
more glass lenses to magnify an object,
magnify 1500X
• Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): sweeps
a beam of electrons over a surface specimen
causing electrons to be emitted, 3-D,
magnify 60,000X
• Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM):
electrons are passed through a specimen,
less dense areas allow fewer electrons to
pass, 2-D, magnify hundreds of thousands of
times
Cell Theory
Three Scientist whose work was used to create the cell theory:
1.
2.
3.
M. Schleiden (1838) : All plants were made of cells
T. Schwann (1839) : All animals were made of cells
Virchow (1855): Cells come from other cells.
CELL THEORY (3 parts):
2. ALL living things are made of cells.
(unicellular- 1 cell)
(multicellular- 2+ cells)
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things.
“Levels of organization of life”
Organ
system
cells
tissue
organism
organs
3. Cells from cells: genetic material copied and passed down.
Skin
Cell
Skin
Cell
Skin
Cell
Cells with a purpose (Differentiation)
➢ Cell structure … (size/shape)
➢ Composition … (molecular make-up & special
organelles)
&
➢ Function … (job for the organism)
Unique, Specialized, and
Interconnected
All:
Specialized Animal Cells
Specialized Plant cells
Muscle cells
Guard Cells
Red blood
cells
Cheek
cells
Xylem
cells
Pollen
8
All cells need to perform the following
functions to survive
• Transport (of molecules)
• Chemical Reactions (Metabolism) as a way to
obtain energy
• Reproduction of the DNA genetic code
2 Cell Types:
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
• Contains cell wall and cell membrane
Contains nuclear envelope
• Single celled organisms (unicellular)
Contains cell wall (PLANTS not animal)
• Does not have membrane bound
organelles
(ie. Does not have a mitochondria)
Made up multi-cellular organisms
Cell division is by mitosis or miosis
• Cell division is BINARY
More complex and extensive DNA
Organelle Structure and Function
Plasma membrane
• Present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
• Structure: Phospholipid bilayer-forms a
stable barrier between two aqueous
compartments controls what enter and leaves the
cell)
Cell Wall
• Provides support, structure and protection for the
plant, fungi and some protists cells.
Nucleus = Control Center of Cell
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Chromatin
• Nucleolus within nucleus (protein/RNA= ribosomes)
• Chromatin (DNA/RNA/histones) condense to form
Chromosomes
• Chromatin condense to Chromosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are the site for protein synthesis. Made in the
nucleolus and found on in the cytoplasm or on ER.
Cytoplasm
• Surrounds the organelles within the cell
membrane and cell wall where chemical reactions
take place for the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Proteins synthesized on the ribosomes attached
to the ER collect in the ER for transport.
• Depending on the cell type, the Smooth ER
synthesizes, breaks down, and transports
various molecules for a cell.
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Golgi Apparatus (body)
• Modification and packaging
of proteins into vesicles for
distribution outside of cell.
Vacuole
• A membrane-bound vesicle for the
temporary storage of food, water and
waste.
Mitochondrion
• Power house of the cell. Due to the increase folds
(surface area) of the inner and outer membranes able to
produce max energy (in form of ATP) for the cell.
Chloroplast
• Site of the chemical reaction of
Photosynthesis in a plant cell.
• Light energy + CO2 + H2O → glucose + O2
Microtubules and Microfilaments
• Make-up the cytoskeleton of the cell. Also instrumental in cell
division
Lysosome
• Vesicles with digestive enzymes to digest excess or waste
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance with microfilament and
Microtubule filaments to create a framework
and matrix for cell shape, support and
organelle movement.
Medium for chemical reactions to take place.
Cilia
• Many short hair movement.
Flagella
•Single long hair movement
Pseudopod
Pseudopod – extensions
of cytoplasm that are used
to _ingesting nutrients or
food particles.
This is an amoeba – it
moves like a “false foot.”
Contractile Vacuole
Contractile Vacuole – a
structure that helps
removes waste out of the cell
Euglenas live in freshwater so
water enters their cells and
they need a way to get rid of
the extra water.
Eyespots
Eyespot – organelle
__photoreceptive______
Euglenas can use their
eyespot to detect light.
Light is needed for the
__making ATP(food)_.
Remember - chloroplasts
need light in order
photosythesize (glucose).
3differences between plant
and animal cells
• __Plant has a Cell Wall___
• _Plants have a LARGE vacuole_
• _Animal cell is much larger than plant cell_