Download Bailgate and Castle Hill Character Statement

Lincoln Townscape Assessment
Bailgate and Castle Hill
Inherited Character Area Statement
December 2007
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Table of Contents
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Overview
Historical Development
Urban form
Views
Condition of Buildings and Streetscape
Use
Relationship to City and Surrounding Areas
Key Townscape Characteristics
Appendix 1: Character Area Attributes
Appendix 2: List of RAZs
Appendix 3: List of Monuments
Appendix 4: List of Ecological Sites
Appendix 5: Historical Components which influence the current character
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Overview
The Bailgate and Castle Hill Character Area (see Figure 1) is located on largely flat land on the top of the north escarpment
overlooking the Witham ‘gap’. It has a complex townscape character that has been strongly influenced by nearly 2000 years of
historical development, notably during the Roman and High Medieval Eras. This influence is most noticeable in the street layout
and building plots as well as surviving buildings. The irregular grid street pattern is largely medieval and the mainly deep building
plots running back from the streets with narrow frontages are strongly influenced by surviving medieval burgage plots.
Bailgate, Castle Hill and Steep Hill and the medieval burgage plots form the heart of the Character Area. The townscape
character is also very strongly influenced by the nearby ‘iconic’ medieval buildings of the Cathedral and Castle Cathedral and
Castle, especially in Castle Hill. The Cathedral and Castle, together with the historic monuments within the Character Area
(Newport Arch, the Mint Wall, the Roman well and the outline at the former St Peter in the Bail site), form an important part of
the influence of earlier developments on the current townscape character.
This Character Area, together with the neighbouring Cathedral and Castle Character Areas, is a key tourist destination in Lincoln
and the East Midlands region. Castle Hill is a key public square and nodal point for pedestrian movement. Around Castle Hill the
buildings are taller than most of the rest of the Character Area, often three to four storeys high, and provide a good sense of
enclosure to the ‘square’. However, the sense of enclosure is degraded by the surface car park on a lower level to the west, even
with the Castle to its rear. The existing natural materials used in the public realm, including stone slabs on the footways and stone
setts in the carriageway, are important townscape elements, in particular on Steep Hill, Exchequergate and Castle Hill.
Bailgate and Steep Hill act as a ‘High Street’ in the area with a mix of residential and commercial uses continuing a long tradition
of these uses since the medieval era. 18th and 19th century houses and shops on former medieval plots along Bailgate and Steep
Hill form a key part of the townscape.
The form, materials and architectural style of the buildings in Bailgate and Castle Hill vary greatly which reflects the complex
history of development in the area, mainly carried out plot by plot. The buildings provide no clear rhythm along the streets due to
their varied form and door/window patterns. The building density is high and there is a good sense of enclosure along relatively
narrow streets with mainly two to three storey buildings set at the back of the footway. The very narrow Steep Hill gives a
particularly strong sense of enclosure which provides a striking contrast at its junction with the wider space of Castle Hill. The
northern end of Bailgate opens out to create a wider space with raised footways on either side. Along Bailgate and Steep Hill, in
particular, there are varied roofscapes which can be seen from the streets, including many steep roofs, and which reflect the varied
form and periods of the buildings fronting onto the streets.
The medieval buildings in this and neighbouring Character Areas are part of a nationally recognised group of residential and
commercial medieval buildings.
There are some small urban blocks which allow easy movement within parts of the Character Area. However, surrounding large,
irregularly shaped urban blocks to the SW, SE, NW and NE, principally influenced by the earlier walls of the upper city, inhibit
movement in these directions. Vehicle traffic through much of the area is restricted.
There are many landmark buildings in a relatively small area, including Newport Arch, Leigh Pemberton House, the Cathedral and
Castle, Exchequergate, the Prince of Wales public house. They often terminate views along streets. The views along the historic
streetscapes and of the Cathedral and Castle also contribute greatly to the townscape character.
Historical Development
The current complex townscape character of Bailgate and Castle Hill has been strongly influenced by nearly 2000 years of
historical development. The area has been at the heart of settlement in Lincoln since the Roman military conquest. In particular, the
influence of both the Roman Era, during the latter part of which Lincoln was one of four provincial capitals in Britain, and the High
Medieval Era (AD850-1350) can still be discerned in the townscape today. This influence is most noticeable in the street layout
and building plots as well as surviving buildings.
It is conceivable that there was a hilltop enclosure even before the Roman legionary fortress was built here in the Roman Military
Era (AD 60-90). The line of the northern rampart of the fortress still influences the townscape in this Character Area as it was
later rebuilt in stone during the Roman Colonia Era (AD90-410). These fortifications included a north gate, the current Newport
Arch, built in approximately AD200, which is the only Roman archway in the United Kingdom still used by vehicular traffic.
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Fig 2 Upper Bailgate and Newport Arch
A small section of the north wall can also be seen in the front garden of 52 Bailgate. The chamfered base of the western gate
tower in the northern defences survives as a ruin just to the west of Newport Arch. The line of the northern defences has also
determined the alignment of the sections of Chapel Lane and East Bight that adjoin Bailgate and which run along what would have
been the inside of the earlier wall.
Bailgate and Steep Hill follow, very approximately, the principal north-south street through the legionary fortress and succeeding
upper city of the Roman Colonia (the ‘cardo’) which ran from Newport Arch to a gate in the south wall between the current 26
and 44 Steep Hill. Masonry remains of the south gate can be seen between 25 and 26 Steep Hill and within 44 Steep Hill. This
road was part of Ermine Street, a major Roman road which linked Lincoln with London to the south and York to the north.
The forum of the Roman Colonia was located on this main north-south street around the present junction of Bailgate and
Westgate. The colonnaded frontage of the forum is marked out along Bailgate by setts in the road and pavement, and the entrance
to Westgate is located on the site of one of the former entrances to the forum. A well and a small section of wall from the east
range of the forum are located at the junction of Bailgate and Westgate. The well shaft may date from the Roman Military Era.
The site of an early timber church (probably built between AD350-650), St Paul-in-the-Bail, is also marked out at this location.
The townscape is also remarkable for still incorporating the c.6m high Mint Wall on West Bight. The Mint Wall was the north wall
of the basilica and dates from around AD200.
There is little influence of the Early Medieval Era (AD410-850) on the current townscape, other than the continuing occupation of
St Paul-in-the-Bail, the plot of which remains visible today. The High Medieval Era (AD 850-1350) saw a dramatic rise in the
city’s fortunes, the effect of which has a huge influence on the current townscape character of Bailgate and Castle Hill. The current
street layout, the general building plot size and shape, and standing houses dating from this era, together with the nearby Castle,
Cathedral, Exchequergate and the Close Wall, greatly shape the townscape character.
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Fig 3 The correlation in orientation between the Roman (red) and medieval road infrastructure (existing) in Bailgate
and Castle Hill Character Area
Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, William the Conqueror took over the upper city as a Castle. The present Castle
boundaries date from the early-mid 12th century, and the then still defensible walled former Roman upper-city became the outer
bail. The area is still referred to as ‘the Bail’ today and it also led to the name ‘Bailgate’. The area was outside the jurisdiction of
the city authorities, and even today the Castle, formerly the base of the King’s representative, belongs to the Duchy of Lancaster
and is managed by Lincolnshire County Council rather than the City of Lincoln Council. The Castle clearly dominates the western
aspect of Castle Hill and is visible from the junction of Westgate and West Bight, St Paul’s Lane and Gordon Road.
Following a fire and possible earthquake which destroyed most of the earlier Norman cathedral, the main period of construction
of the present Cathedral was in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Views of the Cathedral throughout the Bailgate and Castle
Hill Character Area greatly influence its townscape character.
Fig 4 View of the West façade of Lincoln Cathedral from Castle Hill Car Park
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The Close Wall, including Exchequergate, built between the late 13th century and the mid-14th century to protect the Cathedral
clergy and property, forms a large part of the Character Area’s eastern boundary. It divides the Cathedral Close, with its large
houses facing the Cathedral and along the current James Street, from the more modest houses and commercial buildings running
back from Bailgate and Steep Hill. In addition to Exchequergate, and an existing section of wall on the northern boundary of the
rear of 5 Doleraine Court, the line of the Close Wall is marked by the rear plot boundaries of the White Hart Hotel, 39-43 Steep
Hill and the Bailgate Methodist Church. Exchequergate itself is a key component of Castle Hill and forms a clear ‘gateway’
between Castle Hill and the Cathedral Close. St Mary Magdalene originated in the 13th century, although it has been extensively
rebuilt since then, and was used to form the northern boundary of a small square between Exchequergate and a now demolished
more westerly gate.
Westgate (the western part of which probably followed the building of the Castle and runs along the outside of its northern ditch
and wall), Bailgate, James Street, Eastgate (which led from the Castle to the eastern gate in the upper city), East Bight, Chapel
Lane (an Anglo-Saxon short cut between the north and west gates) and Exchequergate are all surviving medieval streets (although
some had Roman origins as stated above). The thin, narrow, and mainly long building plots running east and west back from
Bailgate and Steep Hill are surviving examples of medieval burgage plots and help define the distinctive townscape. West Bight
may have been a ‘back lane’ to the west of burgage plots. The properties on the eastern side of Steep Hill have encroached on
what would have been the wider Ermine Street which ran back as far as the later Close wall.
The surviving High Medieval residential and commercial buildings running back from Bailgate, Eastgate and Steep Hill form part of
a very important collection of medieval buildings in the upper city, including the Cathedral Close. Numbers 82-84 Bailgate, 6
Eastgate and 28-30 Steep Hill date from around the 14th century. Numbers 6-10 Bailgate and 38-40 Bailgate and others contain
building fabric from the High Medieval Era.
As today, Castle Hill was situated in a prominent position between the Castle and Cathedral and between Bailgate and Steep Hill.
It probably functioned as a market place during the High Medieval Era.
By around 1350 Lincoln’s fortunes had declined due, in part, to the collapse of the cloth industry in the late 13th century.
However, the Bailgate and Castle Hill Character Area suffered less than other areas in Lincoln, in part due to the wealth of the
nearby ecclesiastical, military and civic elite. In the early part of the Early Modern Era (AD 1350-1750) the houses and
commercial buildings of the mercantile classes in this area were more likely to be timber-framed (for example, the 15th-century
number 7 Eastgate and the 16th-century 79 Bailgate and Leigh Pemberton House) rather than built in stone as in the earlier
medieval era.
Fig 5 Leigh Pemberton House, a timber framed merchant house built c.1543 on the corner of Castle Hill and Bailgate
(Lincoln City Council, 2007)
Thereafter, in the early 18th century building in brick was more common (such as 69-72 Bailgate and 24 Steep Hill). As a result
of continued occupation, many buildings have been significantly altered over time and this variety and complexity of building form
adds to the townscape character of the Character Area. For example, 34 Bailgate has an internal timber framed hall with a later
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brick façade. St Mary Magdalene was also repaired and rebuilt in the 17th century and some of this fabric survives the later 19th
century reconstruction.
Despite Lincoln’s decline during the Early Modern Era, the Bailgate and Castle Hill area still provided a social and commercial
focus for Lincoln and the County. The Assembly Rooms were built in 1744 (with a classical frontage added in 1914) to provide a
venue for dances and social events. There are also surviving public houses from this era, including the Lion and Snake and the
Duke William Hotel, which helped cater for the influx of people on market days. The market continued on Castle Hill, but being
within the Bail, remained outside the jurisdiction of the city authorities. Boundary stones dating from around c.1750 that marked
the parish boundaries, and so the division between the Bail and the City, are still visible just north of Newport arch, on both sides
of the road, and by 24 Steep Hill.
In the 18th century many narrow-fronted, brick houses and shops were built on existing medieval plots in upper Bailgate. They
include numbers 30-33, 46-50 and 86/86. Numbers 40-43 on the east side of Steep Hill are similar examples. Housing from this
period is relatively rare in Lincoln outside this Character Area and the Cathedral Close. In the Early Industrial Period (17501845) a Methodist chapel, now Newport Hall, was built on Chapel Lane, which was renamed after the chapel. The Judges
Lodgings on Castle Hill were built in 1810 to provide accommodation for the judiciary serving the nearby court in the Castle
grounds, and still serve the same function today.
The period of Late-Victorian/Edwardian expansion (1869-1919) also saw the building of houses in this area as well as shops
(many shopfronts still survive), including on the corner of Bailgate and Eastgate (89-90 Bailgate and 1-2 Eastgate), and 25-29 and
64-66 Bailgate. This was a period of rapid expansion in Lincoln to cater for the growing population. Although the expansion was
more dramatic elsewhere in the city, the increased need for infrastructure saw the building of the Methodist Church and Sunday
School in Bailgate, the current Magna Carta and Prince of Wales pubs, a new malthouse at the back of the Duke William (part of
which still survives), and 5 Drury Lane which used to be a brewery, now modified as the Sam Scorer gallery. A new road,
Wordsworth Street, was also built. The current section of Drury Lane between Wordsworth Street and Castle Hill was moved to
its present position in the mid-19th century. St Mary Magdalene underwent an extensive restoration led by the important architect
G.F. Bodley. In the early 20th-century a mission room (now Roman’s Place) was built on Drury Lane.
The 20th Century has seen more limited changes in the Bailgate and Castle Hill Character Area, although the former buildings on
the Castle Hill car park site were demolished in the Inter-War Period. The site was used as a reservoir in Word War II. A
telephone kiosk designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott was added to Castle Hill in the 1930s. A new bank was built in the 1960s
at 19 Bailgate, following the demolition of the 14th century Plough public house. Public toilets and a car park have also been built
on Castle Hill, on the site of the former County News Room and County Club House.
Fig 6 Victorian shop front stretching across two early 18th century houses, formerly The Antelope Inn, a chemist has
occupied the location for over 150 years.
Urban form
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The area is largely flat and lies on the top of the north escarpment overlooking the Witham Gap. However, the section of Steep
Hill within the Character Area slopes gently down towards the south before the steep descent towards the lower city.
The street pattern is an irregular grid of largely medieval origin, although strongly influenced by the Roman Ermine Street, the
former upper city walls, and the Castle. There is good pedestrian access to the north and south, and also to the east along
Eastgate, which is orientated towards the East gate in the former Roman city walls, and through Exchequergate to the Cathedral
Close. To the west, access from Castle Hill is limited by the Castle, although Westgate provides a westerly link north of the wall
of the Castle. Castle Hill itself, although accessible by vehicles, is an important nodal space for pedestrian movement, especially
from the lower city to the south. Small urban blocks allow ease of movement within parts of the Character Area. However,
surrounding large, irregularly shaped urban blocks to the SW, SE, NW and NE, principally influenced by the earlier walls of the
upper city, prevent movement in these directions.
Vehicle traffic through much of the area is restricted by a one-way system along Bailgate, Eastgate and parts of Westgate, and by
blocked access between Bailgate and Castle Hill and at Exchequergate.
Bailgate acts as a ‘High Street’ in the upper part of the city and contains a mix of residential and commercial uses continuing a long
tradition of these uses since the medieval era. The sections of Steep Hill, Westgate, Eastgate and Drury Lane within the Character
Area also have a mix of uses.
There is a good sense of enclosure along the relatively narrow streets of mainly two to three storey buildings nearly all of
which are set at the back of the footway and form a strong, near-continuous building line. The very narrow Steep Hill gives a
particularly strong sense of enclosure which provides a striking contrast at its junction with the wider space of Castle Hill. Around
Castle Hill the buildings are taller; often three to four storeys high and also provide a good sense of enclosure to this wider
‘square’. However, this is degraded by the surface car park lying at a lower level to the west, despite the Castle behind it. The
only building which has a narrow forecourt separating it from the footway is the Judges’ Lodgings. The northern end of Bailgate
opens out to create a wider space, with some raised footways, which then converges onto Newport Arch.
The building plots are usually deep and narrow and are strongly influenced by the former pattern of medieval burgage plots.
The form, materials and architectural style of the buildings in Bailgate and Castle Hill vary greatly reflecting the complex history of
development in the area, mainly carried out plot by plot. This is a key part of the townscape character.
The buildings are mainly made of brick (red bricks, including some red Victorian Albion bricks and some yellow bricks), although
there a few stone buildings, mainly ecclesiastical and civic buildings such as St Mary Magdelene, Exchequergate and Newport
Arch, and timber framed buildings such as Leigh Pemberton House. A number of buildings have timber framing although later
additions to the front façade partly conceal this fact. Most buildings are made from small scale materials (e.g. brick), although
some buildings are rendered, such as the Duke William public house. A few have jettied first floors (e.g. The Lion and Snake
public house).
The building density is high. Many of the houses have 2 or 3 bay frontages on narrow plots. Buildings with wider frontages,
such as the White Hart and the Judges’ Lodgings, stand out in the townscape. Many buildings are also plain with limited
decorative detailing (e.g. most 18th- and 19th-century brick terraced houses have little decorative detailing at the eaves).
Although here again there are exceptions which stand out in the townscape, especially churches, civic buildings and inns, such as
Bailgate Methodist Church, the classical stone decorative facade of the Assembly rooms, and the classical detailing of the White
Hart. Indeed most decorative detailing, where it exists, is in the classical style, and in stone.
Windows are almost invariably vertical in orientation and are often vertical sash windows, some with large panes and some with
multiple small ones: although there are a number of casement windows, particularly on older buildings. The window openings have
many different forms (e.g. shallow curved brick arches or stone lintels), although again most show a classical influence. A
particular characteristic of Bailgate and Castle Hill Character Area is the large number of projecting first floor bay windows on the
first floor in differing architectural styles. The facades have a high solid-to-void ratio throughout.
Another key characteristic of the Character Area, particularly along Bailgate and Steep Hill, are the large number of relatively
narrow 18th, 19th and 20th century shopfronts. They are mostly built of wood and are in a variety of loosely classical styles with
shallow cornices, pilasters, low stallrisers and either single panes of glass or smaller panes divided by slim mullions. One notable
example is Watson’s at 6-7 Bailgate. The shops often have hanging signs and awnings projecting out onto the streets.
The majority of street frontages are punctuated by frequent windows and doors, including many shopfronts, restaurants and
cafes, which generate activity and a feeling of safety throughout most of the Character Area. The rear of properties facing St
Paul’s Lane also engage with the street, with large delivery entrances, door and windows, many of which are being converted as
small commercial/retail spaces. However, around Castle Hill car park, and along the south side of St Paul in the Bail, many
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buildings do not face the street or spaces and there are few doors and windows. Although most of the buildings face onto Castle
Hill with doors opening onto the square, for such an important public space/ pedestrian junction/tourist attraction there is only one
building, the Magna Carta public house, which has a small seating area and associated activity on the pavement.
Most buildings have shallow eaves and pitched roofs with the ridge line parallel to the street. Ecclesiastical and civic buildings
such as Bailgate Methodist Church and the Assembly rooms have their gable end facing the street which provides an effective
contrast with the domestic buildings and marks their location in the street more strongly. The pitched roofs are mainly of Welsh
slate and pantiles, and many are steep. Along Bailgate and Steep Hill, in particular, there are complex roofscapes which can be
seen from the streets and reflect the varied form and differing periods of the buildings fronting onto them.
The buildings provide no clear rhythm along the streets due to their varied form and door/window patterns. This is a key
characteristic of the area. However, most buildings have a vertical emphasis with narrow frontages, steep roofs and vertical
windows.
There are many landmark buildings in a relatively small area, including Newport Arch, Leigh Pemberton House, the Cathedral
and Castle, Exchequergate, and the Prince of Wales public house. They are usually in important locations along the streets, for
example at corners or terminating views along streets. Many of these have a public function.
The historic monuments of Newport Arch, the Mint Wall, Roman well and the outline at the former St Peter in the Bail site,
together with the nearby ‘iconic’ medieval Cathedral and Castle, all show the influence of earlier developments on the current
townscape character. The medieval buildings are part of a nationally recognised group of residential and commercial medieval
buildings in this and neighbouring Character Areas.
Footways are formed from a variety of materials, including surviving historic elements. Some riven York stone flags are used:
other slabs are textured York Stone or concrete, and there are some tarmacked footways. ‘Tegular’ paviors are also used. There
are concrete and York stone kerbs and dished York stone channels as well as grooved channels. White limestone blocks mark
some crossings over the footway in Westgate.
Most carriageways are tarmac. However, the use of natural materials including York stone setts, and York stone and pink
granite setted channels in the carriageway, are a key characteristic of some areas, particularly Steep Hill and Castle Hill. Pink
granite and basalt setts are also used in the carriageway near the Castle. Granite setts mark the location of the Roman Forum in
Bailgate and the circular bastions of the East gate of the Castle.
Cast-iron 19th-century lanterns, including later ‘Foster’s’ lanterns cast in the same form, are used in the Character Area. Other
street furniture includes cast-iron basement grills and drains (e.g. made by Duckering of Lincoln), cast-iron green bollards,
lanterns mounted on brackets on buildings, ‘heritage style’ bins, many seats, and modern road signs and bus-stop signs. There is
also a red ‘Gilbert Scott’ telephone kiosk in Castle Hill and red post-boxes. Many 19th/ 20th-.century cast iron street
nameplates also survive.
As mentioned above, Castle Hill is an important public square in Lincoln. It is probably the most important historic/cultural public
space in the East Midlands with its surrounding historic buildings, particularly the Castle and Cathedral. It provides a ‘destination’
for visitors and tourists, especially for pedestrians coming up from the lower city. Castle Hill car park is adjacent to Castle Hill,
albeit some 1-2m below it. Its function and tarmac surface are in contrast to the materials and uses of the public space in the rest
of Castle Hill.
The Westgate/Bailgate junction at the site of St Paul in the Bail is a relatively large public open space incorporating trees and
shrubs. However, it is not well used and there are no active frontages along its southern boundary. Two adjacent pub yards
between the Prince of Wales and Lion and Snake public houses form a small open space opposite Westgate.
Private spaces within the Character Area are rear gardens and yards. Other than rear gardens, there are no other ‘green’ spaces
except a small area near Bailgate Methodist Church and another bordering the Castle walls. A few trees have been planted in
streets (e.g. in Castle Hill and Exchequergate).
The Character Area is very active during the day and many tourists visit the area.
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Fig 7 View of the west façade of the Cathedral from the Castle walls
Views
Views of the Cathedral and Castle contribute greatly to the townscape character in this Character Area. The Cathedral can be
seen from many places in and around the Character Area, especially from Castle Hill, Exchequergate, and along Bailgate,
Westgate and Eastgate. Close views of the Castle from Castle Hill, Exchequergate, St Paul’s Lane, Drury Lane and Westgate
have a strong influence on the townscape character of these areas. Indeed, part of the distinctiveness of Castle Hill and
Exchequergate, and what makes this open space a key historic ‘square’, is that it has close views of the Cathedral with
Exchequergate in the foreground and the Castle.
There are also distinctive views along the historic streetscapes, particularly Bailgate, Steep Hill and Eastgate. The views include
varied rooflines as described above.
Condition of Buildings and Streetscape
The majority of the buildings appear to be in good condition. Footways and carriageways are in varied condition. The
carriageway setts in some areas of Castle Hill and Steep Hill have been poorly repaired which markedly affects the wider
appearance of Castle Hill. The White Hart garage plot, north of the Judges’ Lodgings, is in poor condition as seen from St Paul’s
Lane and Castle Hill.
Use
A key characteristic of Bailgate and Castle Hill Character Area is the wide variety of uses that exist in a small area, including
commercial, retail (with many small shops), residential, tourist attractions, leisure, ecclesiastical and civic. This variety of uses is a
manifestation of the area’s long history as an important centre in Lincoln and helps make the Character Area a focal point today.
Relationship to City and Surrounding Areas
The inter-relationship of Bailgate and Castle Hill to surrounding Character Areas, particularly the Cathedral Character Area to the
east, the Castle Character Area to the west, and the Steep Hill/Strait Character Area to the south is central to the townscape
character in each of these areas. They form an identifiable neighbourhood on the north escarpment throughout which the
townscape character is strongly influenced by developments from, in particular, the Roman and High Medieval Eras. The
influences include the former walls of the Roman upper city, the medieval street pattern, the Cathedral and Castle, the Close Wall,
and existing medieval plots and buildings. These characteristics help make this ‘neighbourhood’ a key attraction for residents and
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visitors alike.
This Character Area and its wider neighbourhood on the north escarpment also form one of two focal points in Lincoln, the other
being the commercial centre of High Street to the south. Its historical influences, especially the Cathedral, make this
neighbourhood of Lincoln an important visitor attraction for people from across the world.
Key Townscape Characteristics
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The area is located on largely flat land on the top of the north escarpment overlooking the Witham ‘gap’
The Character Area has a complex character that has been strongly influenced by nearly 2000 years of historical development, notably
during the Roman and High Medieval Eras
The former Roman roads, upper walled city and surviving structures influence the current character
The largely medieval irregular grid street pattern including Bailgate, Castle Hill and Steep Hill and the medieval, deep, narrow fronted
burgage plots running back from the streets also strongly influence the current character
The form, materials and architectural style of the buildings in the Character Area vary greatly which reflects the complex history of
development in the area, mainly carried out plot by plot. The buildings provide no clear rhythm along the streets due to their varied form
and door/window patterns.
The medieval buildings are part of a nationally recognised group of residential and commercial medieval buildings in this and
neighbouring Character Areas
The townscape character is very strongly influenced by the Cathedral
The townscape character is also very strongly influenced by the Castle, especially in Castle Hill
The historic monuments of Newport Arch, the Mint Wall, the Roman well and the outline at the former St Peter in the Bail site form an
important part of the influence of earlier developments on the current townscape character (together with the nearby ‘iconic’ medieval
buildings of the Cathedral and Castle)
This Character Area, together with the neighbouring Cathedral and Castle Character Areas, is a key tourist destination in Lincoln and
the East Midlands region
Castle Hill is a key public square and is situated in a prominent position between the Castle and Cathedral and between Bailgate and
Steep Hill. It is a nodal point for pedestrian movement
The building density is high
Bailgate and Steep Hill act as a ‘High Street’ in the area with a mix of residential and commercial uses continuing a long tradition of
these uses since the medieval era
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18 and 19 century houses and shops on former medieval plots along Bailgate and Steep Hill form an important part of the
streetscape
Natural stone setts and slabs in the carriageway and footways also form an important part of the streetscape, especially on Steep Hill
and Castle Hill
There is a good sense of enclosure along relatively narrow streets with mainly two to three storey buildings set at the back of the
footway
The very narrow Steep Hill gives a particularly strong sense of enclosure which provides a striking contrast at its junction with the wider
space of Castle Hill.
The northern end of Bailgate opens out to create a wider space with raised footways on either side
Around Castle Hill the buildings are taller than most of the rest of the Character Area, often three to four storeys high, and provide a
good sense of enclosure to the ‘square’. However, the sense of enclosure is degraded by the surface car park on a lower level to the
east, even with the Castle to its rear
There are many landmark buildings in a relatively small area, including Newport Arch, Leigh Pemberton House, the Cathedral and
Castle, Exchequergate, the Prince of Wales public house. They often terminate views along streets
There are some small urban blocks which allow easy movement within parts of the Character Area. However, surrounding large,
irregularly shaped urban blocks to the SW, SE, NW and NE, principally influenced by the earlier walls of the upper city, inhibit
movement in these directions
Vehicle traffic through much of the area is restricted
Along Bailgate and Steep Hill, in particular, there are varied roofscapes which can be seen from the streets, including many steep
roofs, and which reflect the varied form and periods of the buildings fronting onto the streets
Views along the historic streetscapes, and of the Cathedral and Castle contribute greatly to the townscape character
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Appendix 1: Character Area Attributes
Character Area Type: Commercial
Predominant Period:
Late Victorian/Edwardian (1869 to 1919 AD)
Secondary Period:
High Medieval (850 to 1350 AD)
Average Building Density: High
Location Type:
City centre
Average Building Type: Attached buildings
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Appendix 2: List of RAZs
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Long distance roads
Intermediate distance roads
Newport market
Market place on Castle Hill
Former High Market of the lower city - The fish market
Houses in the Bail (and the Close within St Mary Magdalene's parish)
Housing in the lower city
Upper City Assembly Rooms
Upper City defences
Lincoln Castle from c.1350-c.1750
The Close Wall
St Paul-in-the-Bail
All Saints-in-the-Bail
St Mary Magdalene
Christ's Hospital School (The Blue Coats School) 2 - Christ's Hospital Terrace
Market place at Castle Hill
Working class housing of the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Newport, the Bail, the lower city and Wigford.
Working-class housing estates c.1850-1945 in Newport, Newland, Butwerk Wigford and elsewhere
Housing in the Close and Eastgate
Newly-built Victorian housing for the middle and upper classes c. 1850-1918
Food processing industries and brewing industry
Textile industries
Long distance road routes
Elementary Schools
The Judge's Lodgings
Prisons
Theatres and cinemas
St Paul-in-the-Bail
St Mary Magdalene
Wesleyan and Methodist Chapels
The Jurassic Way
Hill top activity
Limestone uplands
Road up the northern hillside
Canabae outside east, north and west gates
An early hilltop enclosure?
Neronian Fortress
Fortifications
Principia
Barracks
Houses within the upper city
Houses within the walled lower city
The defences
The forum
The baths
The sewer system
Upper Ermine Street
St Paul-in-the-Bail
Central elements of former Roman city and Roman network
Reserved enclosure(s) defined by the Roman city walls
Long distance roads
Intermediate distance roads
Newport market
Market place on Castle Hill
Houses in the Bail (and the Close within St Mary Magdalene's parish)
Houses in the lower city
Upper city defences
Lincoln Castle from the mid-12th century
Close Wall
Page 14 of 21
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St Paul-in-the Bail
All-Saints-in-the-Bail
St Mary Magdalene
Early graveyard around St Mary of Lincoln
Page 15 of 21
Appendix 3: List of Monuments
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Vinery, Stonegarth, Northgate (53.245, -0.53)
Lane, Langworthgate to Nettleham Road (53.236, -0.53)
Roman road Greetwellgate (53.235, -0.53)
43-45 Waterside North (53.228, -0.53)
7 Gordon Road, Ginos Restaurant (53.235, -0.54)
Smithy, 77B Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
Lime-burning pit, Westgate/West Bight (53.236, -0.54)
Maltings, Duke William Inn, Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
Stable?, 22 Bailgate [rear of] (53.236, -0.54)
Well, 52 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
Lockup garages, Chapel Lane/West Bight (53.237, -0.54)
Wall, East Bight (53.237, -0.54)
Rope Walk, 50 Bailgate/Chapel Lane (53.237, -0.54)
49 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
48 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
3 Eastgate (53.235, -0.54)
1-2 East Bight (53.237, -0.54)
11 and 12 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
11 and 12 Bailgate and 3 St Pauls Lane (53.235, -0.54)
7 Chapel Lane, Chapel Cottage (53.237, -0.54)
2-8 Chapel Lane (53.237, -0.54)
10-14 Chapel Lane (53.237, -0.54)
89-90 Bailgate & 1-2 Eastgate (53.235, -0.54)
31-33 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
57 Bailgate, former George Inn (53.237, -0.54)
68 Bailgate Wilkinsons School (53.236, -0.54)
4 Westgate (53.236, -0.54)
White Hart Hotel Tap, Eastgate (53.235, -0.54)
77 and 77A Bailgate, Prince of Wales Public House and attached house (53.236, -0.54)
Sunday School, Bailgate Methodist Church (53.237, -0.54)
Sunday School, Bailgate Methodist Church (53.237, -0.54)
Roman grave slab, 50 Bailgate? (53.237, -0.54)
Roman metalling, Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
Castle Tavern, Castle Hill (53.235, -0.54)
Roman tessellated pavement, North District School, Westgate (53.236, -0.54)
Castle Hotel, Westgate (53.236, -0.54)
White Hart Yard, Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
Roman Catholic Chapel, Bail (53.236, -0.54)
19 Bailgate, former HSBC Bank (53.235, -0.54)
21/22 Bailgate, Lloyds TSB Bank (53.236, -0.54)
4 Eastgate (53.235, -0.54)
Angel Yard, Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
3 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
Bedfords Court/Bedford Court/Bedfords Passage, St Pauls Lane (53.235, -0.54)
Mint Wall Passage, Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
Bail Passage, Bailgate/St Pauls Lane (53.235, -0.54)
Newport Hall, 3 Chapel Lane (53.237, -0.54)
Halliwells Court, Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
Townrows Passage, Bailgate/East Bight (53.237, -0.54)
Lees Court, 2 Westgate (53.236, -0.54)
Well house, 77 and 77A Bailgate, Prince of Wales Public House (53.236, -0.54)
54 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
George and Dragon Public House, Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
77 Bailgate, Prince of Wales Public House (53.236, -0.54)
54 Bailgate. Half Moon / Windmill / Peacock Public House (53.237, -0.54)
Coach Inn, Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
55 Bailgate. Castle Tavern (53.237, -0.54)
6-10 Bailgate. Antelope Inn. (53.235, -0.54)
51 Bailgate, Lincoln Cooperative Society (53.237, -0.54)
Page 16 of 21
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50 Bailgate, Newport Arch Chinese Restaurant (53.237, -0.54)
80-81 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
Passage from Bailgate to Deloraine Court (53.236, -0.54)
Tenement, Gordon Road site, between 15 and 16 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
9-11 Eastgate, including Kings Head Inn (53.235, -0.54)
Boundary stone, Newport west side (53.237, -0.54)
67 and 68 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
64, 65, 66 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
50 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
32 Eastgate, Atton Place (53.235, -0.54)
85-87 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
82-84 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
80-81 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
Stable and pigeoncote, Lion and Snake, 79 Bailgate. (53.236, -0.54)
73-75 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
69-72 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
58-63 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
46-47 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
45 Bailgate Greet Cottage (53.237, -0.54)
40 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
39 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
38 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
37 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
36 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
35 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
34 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
33 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
32 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
31 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
30 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
29 Bailgate, Roman House (53.236, -0.54)
27 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
26 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
25 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
2 Westgate (53.236, -0.54)
23 and 24 Bailgate. Greggs bakery (53.236, -0.54)
18 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
17 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
16 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
14 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
12A (13) Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
Gordon Road (53.235, -0.54)
Medieval well, Gordon Road/16 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
Roman timber structures Bailgate Meth Church (53.237, -0.54)
Roman building, Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
Well, Westgate (53.236, -0.54)
Legionary fortress-general monument (53.236, -0.54)
Roman building, Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
Dowse Lane (53.237, -0.54)
Late Saxon Street, Eastgate/Westgate (53.236, -0.54)
Roman portico, Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
Roman tessellated pavement, Wesleyan Methodist Church, Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
19 Bailgate, former Plough Public House (53.235, -0.54)
Roman tessellated pavement, Bailgate Colonnade (53.236, -0.54)
Roman tessellated pavement, St Pauls Church, Westgate (53.236, -0.54)
Late medieval well, West Bight (53.236, -0.54)
Medieval kiln, West Bight (53.236, -0.54)
Medieval building, West Bight (53.236, -0.54)
Roman well, West Bight (53.236, -0.54)
Roman path, West Bight (53.236, -0.54)
44 Bailgate, medieval building, Duke William Hotel, (53.237, -0.54)
44 Bailgate, medieval building, Duke William Hotel, (53.237, -0.54)
Post-medieval well, 5-6 Eastgate (53.235, -0.54)
Page 17 of 21
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Newport Arch as medieval gateway (53.237, -0.54)
Roman intramural road in NW quarter of fortress (53.237, -0.54)
West Bail Gate in Eastgate (53.235, -0.54)
West Close Gate in Eastgate (53.235, -0.54)
Roman road E/W at Cottesford Place (53.236, -0.54)
Roman road N/S at Cottesford Place (53.237, -0.54)
37 Bailgate, medieval boundary wall (53.237, -0.54)
Bailgate Methodist Church, Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
76 Bailgate, County Assembly Rooms (53.236, -0.54)
Chapel Lane (53.237, -0.54)
St Peter in the Bail Church ? (53.236, -0.54)
Roman water supply. Sewers in Bailgate Steep Hill and Eastgate (53.236, -0.54)
Eastgate (53.235, -0.54)
Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
Roman road E/W, north of Mint Wall (53.236, -0.54)
Ermine Street within upper city (53.236, -0.54)
Mid Roman defences. Ditch (53.236, -0.54)
Mid Roman defences. Gates (53.236, -0.54)
Early Roman defences. Modifications (53.236, -0.54)
Early Roman defences. North gate. (53.237, -0.54)
Early Roman defences. Gates (53.236, -0.54)
Early Roman defences. Interval towers. (53.236, -0.54)
Early Roman defences. Fortress ditch. (53.236, -0.54)
Early Roman defences. Fortress rampart. (53.236, -0.54)
Early Roman defences (53.236, -0.54)
79 Bailgate. Lion and Snake Public House (53.235, -0.54)
Mid Roman defences. Gates. North gate of Upper City. Newport Arch (53.237, -0.54)
44 Bailgate The Duke William Hotel (53.237, -0.54)
Brummits Passage, 81-82 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
Roman well in forum, St Paul in the Bail, Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
15 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
3 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
7 Eastgate. The White Horse (formerly) (53.235, -0.54)
6 Eastgate. The Black Horse Inn (formerly) (53.235, -0.54)
24 and 24A Minster Yard (53.235, -0.54)
Roman building and tessellated floor, 19 Bailgate, Midland Bank (53.235, -0.54)
Medieval building West Bight (53.236, -0.54)
Roman cemetery 90 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
21/22 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
Roman colonnade in Bailgate (53.236, -0.54)
34 Bailgate, folly/summerhouse (53.236, -0.54)
88-90 Bailgate & 1-5A Eastgate, Angel Inn (53.235, -0.54)
91-94 Bailgate. White Hart Hotel (53.235, -0.54)
Medieval cobbled surface, 5-6 Eastgate (53.235, -0.54)
Medieval walls, 5-6 Eastgate (53.235, -0.54)
Roman wall, 5-6 Eastgate (53.235, -0.54)
52 Bailgate, Newport Arch Cottage (53.237, -0.54)
10 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
9 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
8 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
7 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
6 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
5 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
4 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
Roman building on east of Ermine Street (88 Bailgate) (53.235, -0.54)
Medieval building, Westgate (53.236, -0.54)
Medieval cobbled yard, Westgate (53.236, -0.54)
Late Saxon-early medieval building, Westgate (53.236, -0.54)
Late Saxon-early medieval building, Westgate (53.236, -0.54)
Roman basilica south wall (53.236, -0.54)
Late medieval kiln, Westgate. (53.236, -0.54)
Roman basilica, Mint Wall stables (53.236, -0.54)
Medieval walls, 80-81 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
Page 18 of 21
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Roman milestone, Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
Late Roman defences. Walls. Colonia wall thickening at 52 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54)
Stable? 20 Bailgate [rear of]/ St Pauls Lane (53.236, -0.54)
Early Roman building, West Bight (53.236, -0.54)
Early Roman building, West Bight (53.236, -0.54)
Roman building, West Bight (53.236, -0.54)
Roman basilica, West Bight/Westgate (53.236, -0.54)
Roman basilica Mint Wall, West Bight (53.236, -0.54)
Roman road/courtyard near Mint Wall (53.236, -0.54)
Late Roman to early medieval pit near Mint Wall (53.236, -0.54)
Late Roman to early medieval wall or path near Mint Wall (53.236, -0.54)
Medieval kiln and pits near Mint Wall, Westgate (53.236, -0.54)
Medieval building near Mint Wall, Westgate (53.236, -0.54)
Early Roman principia (53.236, -0.54)
Roman forum courtyard (53.236, -0.54)
Roman forum (53.236, -0.54)
Roman forum east range (53.236, -0.54)
Roman well in forum (53.236, -0.54)
Late Roman-middle Saxon building in forum (53.236, -0.54)
Late Roman-middle Saxon pits in forum (53.236, -0.54)
Late Roman-middle Saxon building in forum (53.236, -0.54)
St Pauls Church cemetery (53.236, -0.54)
St Pauls Church - Saxon chapel / mausoleum (53.236, -0.54)
Late Saxon-early medieval building, St Pauls (53.236, -0.54)
Late Saxon-early medieval pits, St Pauls (53.236, -0.54)
Late Saxon-early medieval floors, St Pauls (53.236, -0.54)
Late Saxon-early medieval pits, St Pauls (53.236, -0.54)
St Pauls Church - Medieval church (53.236, -0.54)
St Pauls Church - Georgian church (53.236, -0.54)
St Pauls Church - Victorian church (53.236, -0.54)
Roman intramural road and drain in NW quarter of fortress (53.237, -0.54)
Wall, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54)
Watsons Passage, Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
44 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
Roman building, Bailgate (53.234, -0.54)
35 Steep Hill, Magna Carta Public House (53.234, -0.54)
Duke of Marlborough Public House, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54)
30 Steep Hill. Wig and Mitre (53.234, -0.54)
29 Steep Hill, Widow Cullens Well PH (53.234, -0.54)
Boundary stone 45 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
45 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
44 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
43 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
42 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
41 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
40 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
39 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
37 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
36 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
27 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
Exchequergate Lodge (53.235, -0.54)
6-7 Castle Hill (53.235, -0.54)
Telephone kiosk, Castle Hill (53.234, -0.54)
3 Castle Hill (53.234, -0.54)
1 (and 2) Castle Hill (53.234, -0.54)
Late Roman building and tessellated pavement, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54)
32 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
The Bail (53.234, -0.54)
Roman building, Castle Hill (53.234, -0.54)
2 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54)
Castle Hill Market (53.234, -0.54)
Post-medieval well, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54)
Roman hypocaust, Castle Hill (53.234, -0.54)
Page 19 of 21
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28 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
33 Steep Hill. Browns Pie Shop (53.234, -0.54)
34 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54)
Rose and Crown, Bailgate (53.234, -0.54)
24 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
Boundary stone 24 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
25 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
26 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
St Mary Magdalenes Church 1, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54)
Inhumation, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54)
2 Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54)
St Mary Magdalenes Church 3, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54)
8-9 Castle Hill and 1 Bailgate, Leigh-Pemberton House (53.234, -0.54)
Mid Roman defences. Gates. South gate of Upper City (53.234, -0.54)
Early Roman defences. South gate (53.234, -0.54)
South Bail Gate/City Gate (53.234, -0.54)
St Mary Magdalenes Church 2, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54)
Roman intramural road in SE quarter of fortress (53.234, -0.54)
Western Exchequer Gate (53.234, -0.54)
Castle Hill (53.234, -0.54)
Post-medieval bakehouse, 29 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
Well, 32 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
4 Wordsworth Street (53.234, -0.54)
2 and 3 Wordsworth Street (53.234, -0.54)
Romans Place, Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54)
Gazzards Passage, Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
4 Castle Hill, Castle Hill House (53.234, -0.54)
Castle Lodge, Castle Hill (53.234, -0.54)
Crown Public House, Bail (53.234, -0.54)
Michaelgate Villas, St Michaels Terrace (53.233, -0.54)
1-4 Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54)
1 Wordsworth Street (53.234, -0.54)
Sam Scorer Gallery, 5 Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54)
Stables complex, Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54)
Public Toilets, Castle Hill/Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54)
Medieval path / yard, 29 Steep Hill / Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54)
Post-medieval path / yard, 29 Steep Hill / Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54)
Roman building, Castle Hill (53.235, -0.54)
Lincoln Castle East Barbican (53.235, -0.54)
Roman intramural road in SW quarter of fortress (53.234, -0.54)
Mid Roman defences. Walls. South colonia wall at Wordsworth Street (53.234, -0.54)
Late Roman defences. Walls. Colonia wall thickening at Wordsworth Street (southern defences) (53.234, -0.54)
Roman building, 32, Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54)
Theatre, Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54)
3 or 4 Castle Hill, Castle Hill Club (53.234, -0.54)
5 Castle Hill, Judges Lodgings (53.235, -0.54)
Ermine Street within lower city (53.231, -0.54)
Pavilion, West Common (53.235, -0.56)
Page 20 of 21
Appendix 4: List of Ecological Sites
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St Paul in the Bail
Page 21 of 21
Appendix 5: Historical Components which influence the
current character
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Burgage Plot Boundary / High Medieval
Road / High Medieval
Page 22 of 21