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7
OMEGA-3 PHOSPHOLIPIDS
FROM KRILL.
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
IN DIET
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FACTSHEET 7 Omega-3 phospholipids from Krill. Essential fatty acids in diet
OMEGA-3 — ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS IN DIET
The long-chain Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids DHA
and EPA are popularly called Omega-3. Supplementary
intake of Omega-3 is recommended in the western world,
due to generally low dietary intake and Omega-3’s healthpromoting benefits. Benefits attributed to Omega-3 include
reduced risk and improved treatment outcomes regarding
cardiovascular disease and inflammatory joint diseases.
Better brain and central nervous system development,
improved cognitive functioning, and improved skin health
are additional benefits. Research indicates that even more
Omega-3 benefits for individuals will be identified and that
greater intake can lead to better general health in western,
industrialized cultures.
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store triglyceride fatty acids. Because Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids cannot be synthesized in the body, dietary
intake of these essential fatty acids influences their relative
concentration in adipose tissue storage.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS — KEY STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ROLES
Phospholipid fatty acids are key structural components
of human cells and cell organelles and play a vital role
in membrane functioning. Systemic transport pathways and, especially, the transport of molecules across
cell membranes and sub-cellular membranes involve
phospholipids. Thus, the functioning of the body’s cells,
tissues, and organs is affected by the bioavailability of
various phospholipid fatty acids.
ANTARCTIC KRILL — AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF
OMEGA-3
AKO3™ krill oil is extracted from the Antarctic krill
specie Euphausia Superba, which is rich in Omega3. Moreover, the Omega-3 in krill oil is mainly in the
Omega-3 phospholipid form, which research suggests
is a preferred dietary supplement when compared to
Omega-3 in triglyceride form.
Marine Omega-3 in dietary supplements is mostly derived
from fish, such as fish body oil and cod liver oil, which
provide Omega-3 in triglyceride form. The Omega-3 obtained from eating fatty fish such as salmon also provide
some Omega-3 in the phospholipid form.
THE OMEGA-3 IN KRILL OIL IS MAINLY IN THE OMEGA-3
PHOSPHOLIPID FORM, WHICH RESEARCH SUGGESTS
IS A PREFERRED DIETARY SUPPLEMENT WHEN COMPARED TO OMEGA-3 IN TRIGLYCERIDE FORM
FATTY ACIDS IN THE BODY — MORE THAN ENERGY
STORAGE
The human body contains large amounts of fatty acids.
A general distinction can be made:
CHANGES IN THE WESTERN DIET REDUCED INTAKE
OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Food sources and their nutrient values have changed tremendously over the past century in western cultures. In fact,
while the human genome most likely has changed insignificantly over the past 10,000 years, the foods eaten in industrialized countries are a far cry from the staples consumed
when mankind evolved.
Reasonable assumptions are that “primitive” diets provided
phospholipids in greater abundance than the current Western diet and that humans evolved such that phospholipids
are the preferred source of Omega-3. The current Western
Phospholipid fatty acids are key structural and functional
diet provides only small amounts of phospholipids; dietary
components of cells throughout the body, whereas specia-
phospholipids represent only 5 percent of total lipid intake, of
lized adipose tissue cells –the body’s energy storehouses–
which very little is in the form of Omega-3 phospholipids.
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FACTSHEET 7 Omega-3 phospholipids from Krill. Essential fatty acids in diet
3
KRILL OIL — A RICH SOURCE OF OMEGA-3 PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Omega-3 phospholipids constitute a substantial proportion of the Omega-3 in krill oil, of which most is the
phospholipid phosphatidylcholine.
Research indicates th at phospholipid Omega-3 fatty acids
have greater bioavailability for cell growth and functioning,
compared with Omega-3 triglycerides. Also, Omega-3 utilization in some tissues increases when delivered in the form
of Omega-3 phospholipids. Such observations suggest that
krill oil is a more bioefficient carrier of Omega-3 in humans.
RESEARCH INDICATES THAT PHOSPHOLIPID
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS HAVE GREATER BIOAVAILABILITY FOR CELL GROWTH AND FUNCTIONING,
COMPARED WITH OMEGA-3 TRIGLYCERIDES.
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF OMEGA-3
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Triglycerides and phospholipids are digested and absorbed
in different ways in the small intestine. Omega-3 phospholipids follow simpler digestion and distribution routes than
Omega-3 triglycerides in the human body. Greater bioavailability and bioefficiency of Omega-3 phospholipids relative to
Omega-3 triglycerides influence cellular absorption, functioning and distribution of Omega-3.
Triglycerides are insoluble in water; their digestion by enzymes and subsequent absorption in the small intestine requires emulsification by bile salts via the formation of micelles.
Phospholipids are not dependent on bile for digestion;
they can spontaneously form micelles and be conveyed in
plasma; considerable triglyceride transport involves facilitation by the lymphatic system. After absorption in the small
intestine, lysophosphatidylcholine is reassembled (via the
addition of a fatty acid) to phosphatidylcholine.
Phosphatidylcholine is an important structural component of
cellular membranes and participates in fatty acid transport
in blood and across membranes.
an aqueous environment. Phospholipids can be absorbed
Because fatty acids are water insoluble, they can not
without digestion in their intact form, or as sophosphatidyl-
be transported in their free form in blood; instead,
choline after digestion by enzymes in the small intestine.
lipoprotein assemblages act as a vehicle for fatty acid
Their simpler digestion process in the small intestine before
transport in blood. Phospholipids located along the
absorption is one of the factors indicating that Omega-3
surface of lipoproteins play important roles in fatty acid
phospholipids offer greater bioavailability in the human body
transport in blood. Human lipoproteins include chylo-
than Omega-3 triglycerides.
microns, HDL, LDL, and VLDL. (see graph on next page)
Another suggested factor is that phospholipids are directly
The size of a lipoprotein assemblage varies according to the
absorbed by intestinal epithelia for distribution via blood
amounts and types of fatty acids transported in it.
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FACTSHEET 7 Omega-3 phospholipids from Krill. Essential fatty acids in diet
4
OMEGA-3 PHOSPHOLIPIDS — A MORE BIOEFFICIENT
SOURCE OF OMEGA-3
Increased intake of Omega-3 is recommended due to its beneficial overall health effects and its capacity to prevent and
ameliorate disease. Krill oil delivers Omega-3 in the phospholipid form. Omega-3 phospholipids are more efficiently
absorbed via the small intestine and distributed to tissues,
compared with Omega-3 triglycerides.
Omega-3 phospholipids are suggested as preferred sources
of Omega-3 for human cell structures and cell functions, as
a result of greater bioavailability and bioefficiency, compared
with Omega-3 triglycerides. Thus, Omega-3 phospholipids
from krill are a more bioefficient source of Omega-3 than the
Omega-3 triglycerides derived from fish oil.
OMEGA-3 PHOSPHOLIPIDS FROM KRILL ARE A MORE
BIOEFFICIENT SOURCE OF OMEGA-3 THAN THE OMEGA-3 TRIGLYCERIDES DERIVED FROM FISH OIL
ILLUSTRATIONS:
Kari C. Toverud, MS, CMI
REFERENCES:
Larger assemblages deliver fatty acids to various tissues
Amate L, Gil A, Ramírez M. Feeding infant piglets formula with long-chain
throughout the human body, while small lipoprotein assembla-
polyunsatu-rated fatty acids as triacylglycerols or phospholipids influences
ges serve as “housekeepers,” bringing excess fatty acids to the
the distribution of these fatty acids in plasma lipoprotein fractions. J Nutr.
liver for degradation. Omega-3 phospholipids in the lipopro-
2001: 131 (4); 1250 – 5.
teins can influence the distribution of lipoproteins in the
body and, hence, the availability of fatty acids.
Increased transport to and utilization of Omega-3 by various tissues has been demonstrated, when delivered as
Omega-3 phospholipids.
For example, elevated concen-trations of Omega-3 in target
organs, such as the brain and liver, are observed when
delivered as Omega-3 phospholipids. Thus, dietary intake of
Lagarde M, Bernoud N, Brossard N|, et al. Lysophosphatidylcholine as a preferred
carrier form of docosahexaenoic acid to the brain. J Mol Neurosci. 2001; 16: 201-4.
Lemaitre – Delaunay D, Pachiaudi C, Laville M, et al. Blood compartmental metabolism of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in humans after ingestion of a single dose
of [(13)C]DHA in phosphatidylcholine. J Lipid Res. 1999; 40(10): 1867-74.
Ramirez M, Amate L, Gil A. Absorption and distribution of dietary fatty acids
from differ-ent sources. Early Hum Dev. 2001; 65 Suppl: S95-S101.
Omega-3 phospholipids appears to play a beneficial role in
Tou JC, Jaczynski J, Chen Y-C. Krill for human consumption: nutritional value
the distribution of fatty acids to various body tissues.
and potential health benefits. Nutrition Nutr Rev. 2007; 65(2): 63-77.
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