Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
7 OMEGA-3 PHOSPHOLIPIDS FROM KRILL. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS IN DIET WWW.AKO3.COM FACTSHEET 7 Omega-3 phospholipids from Krill. Essential fatty acids in diet OMEGA-3 — ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS IN DIET The long-chain Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids DHA and EPA are popularly called Omega-3. Supplementary intake of Omega-3 is recommended in the western world, due to generally low dietary intake and Omega-3’s healthpromoting benefits. Benefits attributed to Omega-3 include reduced risk and improved treatment outcomes regarding cardiovascular disease and inflammatory joint diseases. Better brain and central nervous system development, improved cognitive functioning, and improved skin health are additional benefits. Research indicates that even more Omega-3 benefits for individuals will be identified and that greater intake can lead to better general health in western, industrialized cultures. 2 store triglyceride fatty acids. Because Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids cannot be synthesized in the body, dietary intake of these essential fatty acids influences their relative concentration in adipose tissue storage. PHOSPHOLIPIDS — KEY STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ROLES Phospholipid fatty acids are key structural components of human cells and cell organelles and play a vital role in membrane functioning. Systemic transport pathways and, especially, the transport of molecules across cell membranes and sub-cellular membranes involve phospholipids. Thus, the functioning of the body’s cells, tissues, and organs is affected by the bioavailability of various phospholipid fatty acids. ANTARCTIC KRILL — AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF OMEGA-3 AKO3™ krill oil is extracted from the Antarctic krill specie Euphausia Superba, which is rich in Omega3. Moreover, the Omega-3 in krill oil is mainly in the Omega-3 phospholipid form, which research suggests is a preferred dietary supplement when compared to Omega-3 in triglyceride form. Marine Omega-3 in dietary supplements is mostly derived from fish, such as fish body oil and cod liver oil, which provide Omega-3 in triglyceride form. The Omega-3 obtained from eating fatty fish such as salmon also provide some Omega-3 in the phospholipid form. THE OMEGA-3 IN KRILL OIL IS MAINLY IN THE OMEGA-3 PHOSPHOLIPID FORM, WHICH RESEARCH SUGGESTS IS A PREFERRED DIETARY SUPPLEMENT WHEN COMPARED TO OMEGA-3 IN TRIGLYCERIDE FORM FATTY ACIDS IN THE BODY — MORE THAN ENERGY STORAGE The human body contains large amounts of fatty acids. A general distinction can be made: CHANGES IN THE WESTERN DIET REDUCED INTAKE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS Food sources and their nutrient values have changed tremendously over the past century in western cultures. In fact, while the human genome most likely has changed insignificantly over the past 10,000 years, the foods eaten in industrialized countries are a far cry from the staples consumed when mankind evolved. Reasonable assumptions are that “primitive” diets provided phospholipids in greater abundance than the current Western diet and that humans evolved such that phospholipids are the preferred source of Omega-3. The current Western Phospholipid fatty acids are key structural and functional diet provides only small amounts of phospholipids; dietary components of cells throughout the body, whereas specia- phospholipids represent only 5 percent of total lipid intake, of lized adipose tissue cells –the body’s energy storehouses– which very little is in the form of Omega-3 phospholipids. WWW.AKO3.COM FACTSHEET 7 Omega-3 phospholipids from Krill. Essential fatty acids in diet 3 KRILL OIL — A RICH SOURCE OF OMEGA-3 PHOSPHOLIPIDS Omega-3 phospholipids constitute a substantial proportion of the Omega-3 in krill oil, of which most is the phospholipid phosphatidylcholine. Research indicates th at phospholipid Omega-3 fatty acids have greater bioavailability for cell growth and functioning, compared with Omega-3 triglycerides. Also, Omega-3 utilization in some tissues increases when delivered in the form of Omega-3 phospholipids. Such observations suggest that krill oil is a more bioefficient carrier of Omega-3 in humans. RESEARCH INDICATES THAT PHOSPHOLIPID OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS HAVE GREATER BIOAVAILABILITY FOR CELL GROWTH AND FUNCTIONING, COMPARED WITH OMEGA-3 TRIGLYCERIDES. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF OMEGA-3 PHOSPHOLIPIDS Triglycerides and phospholipids are digested and absorbed in different ways in the small intestine. Omega-3 phospholipids follow simpler digestion and distribution routes than Omega-3 triglycerides in the human body. Greater bioavailability and bioefficiency of Omega-3 phospholipids relative to Omega-3 triglycerides influence cellular absorption, functioning and distribution of Omega-3. Triglycerides are insoluble in water; their digestion by enzymes and subsequent absorption in the small intestine requires emulsification by bile salts via the formation of micelles. Phospholipids are not dependent on bile for digestion; they can spontaneously form micelles and be conveyed in plasma; considerable triglyceride transport involves facilitation by the lymphatic system. After absorption in the small intestine, lysophosphatidylcholine is reassembled (via the addition of a fatty acid) to phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylcholine is an important structural component of cellular membranes and participates in fatty acid transport in blood and across membranes. an aqueous environment. Phospholipids can be absorbed Because fatty acids are water insoluble, they can not without digestion in their intact form, or as sophosphatidyl- be transported in their free form in blood; instead, choline after digestion by enzymes in the small intestine. lipoprotein assemblages act as a vehicle for fatty acid Their simpler digestion process in the small intestine before transport in blood. Phospholipids located along the absorption is one of the factors indicating that Omega-3 surface of lipoproteins play important roles in fatty acid phospholipids offer greater bioavailability in the human body transport in blood. Human lipoproteins include chylo- than Omega-3 triglycerides. microns, HDL, LDL, and VLDL. (see graph on next page) Another suggested factor is that phospholipids are directly The size of a lipoprotein assemblage varies according to the absorbed by intestinal epithelia for distribution via blood amounts and types of fatty acids transported in it. WWW.AKO3.COM FACTSHEET 7 Omega-3 phospholipids from Krill. Essential fatty acids in diet 4 OMEGA-3 PHOSPHOLIPIDS — A MORE BIOEFFICIENT SOURCE OF OMEGA-3 Increased intake of Omega-3 is recommended due to its beneficial overall health effects and its capacity to prevent and ameliorate disease. Krill oil delivers Omega-3 in the phospholipid form. Omega-3 phospholipids are more efficiently absorbed via the small intestine and distributed to tissues, compared with Omega-3 triglycerides. Omega-3 phospholipids are suggested as preferred sources of Omega-3 for human cell structures and cell functions, as a result of greater bioavailability and bioefficiency, compared with Omega-3 triglycerides. Thus, Omega-3 phospholipids from krill are a more bioefficient source of Omega-3 than the Omega-3 triglycerides derived from fish oil. OMEGA-3 PHOSPHOLIPIDS FROM KRILL ARE A MORE BIOEFFICIENT SOURCE OF OMEGA-3 THAN THE OMEGA-3 TRIGLYCERIDES DERIVED FROM FISH OIL ILLUSTRATIONS: Kari C. Toverud, MS, CMI REFERENCES: Larger assemblages deliver fatty acids to various tissues Amate L, Gil A, Ramírez M. Feeding infant piglets formula with long-chain throughout the human body, while small lipoprotein assembla- polyunsatu-rated fatty acids as triacylglycerols or phospholipids influences ges serve as “housekeepers,” bringing excess fatty acids to the the distribution of these fatty acids in plasma lipoprotein fractions. J Nutr. liver for degradation. Omega-3 phospholipids in the lipopro- 2001: 131 (4); 1250 – 5. teins can influence the distribution of lipoproteins in the body and, hence, the availability of fatty acids. Increased transport to and utilization of Omega-3 by various tissues has been demonstrated, when delivered as Omega-3 phospholipids. For example, elevated concen-trations of Omega-3 in target organs, such as the brain and liver, are observed when delivered as Omega-3 phospholipids. Thus, dietary intake of Lagarde M, Bernoud N, Brossard N|, et al. Lysophosphatidylcholine as a preferred carrier form of docosahexaenoic acid to the brain. J Mol Neurosci. 2001; 16: 201-4. Lemaitre – Delaunay D, Pachiaudi C, Laville M, et al. Blood compartmental metabolism of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in humans after ingestion of a single dose of [(13)C]DHA in phosphatidylcholine. J Lipid Res. 1999; 40(10): 1867-74. Ramirez M, Amate L, Gil A. Absorption and distribution of dietary fatty acids from differ-ent sources. Early Hum Dev. 2001; 65 Suppl: S95-S101. Omega-3 phospholipids appears to play a beneficial role in Tou JC, Jaczynski J, Chen Y-C. Krill for human consumption: nutritional value the distribution of fatty acids to various body tissues. and potential health benefits. Nutrition Nutr Rev. 2007; 65(2): 63-77. WWW.AKO3.COM