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1 1 part SOCIOLOGY The Sociological Perspective McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 chapter The Sociological Point of View CHAPTER OUTLINE •What is Sociology? •Developing the sociological imagination. •The Development / History of Sociology •Major Theoretical Perspectives McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 What is Sociology? █Sociology – The systematic study of social behavior in human groups. – Examines the influence of social relationships on people’s attitudes and behavior. – Studies how societies are established and change. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 What is Sociology? █The Sociological Imagination – Definition: An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society. – It is the ability to view our own society as an outsider might, rather than from the perspective of our limited experiences and cultural biases. – “Find the F” cards McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 What do you see? McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 What is Sociology? █Sociology is the study of “Common Sense” – Knowledge that relies on “common sense” is not always reliable. – Sociologists must test and analyze each piece of information that they use. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 What is sociology? Number of police in a patrol car Which is safer? or McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Development of Sociology █ Impact of the Industrial Age on society – Move to urban areas – Less sense of belonging or connecting – Changes in the workplace – Pace of society / stress – Small role of government – Barter to cash McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 The Development of Sociology █Early Thinkers – Auguste Comte 1798–1857 • --Coined the term sociology as the science of human behavior; “Father of Sociology” – Herbert Spencer 1820–1903 • --Studied “evolutionary” changes in society • “Social Darwinism” Continued... McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 The Development of Sociology █Early Thinkers – Émile Durkheim 1858–1917 • --Pioneered work on suicide – Max Weber 1864–1920 • --”Interactionist” – Karl Marx 1818–1883 • --Emphasized the importance of the economy and of conflict among classes in society McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 The Development of Sociology █Modern Developments – Charles Horton Cooley 1864–1929 • --Pioneered work on small group interaction within society – Jane Addams 1860–1935 • --Combined sociological study with activism – Robert Merton 1910–2003 • --Works on deviant behavior and crime McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 What is Sociological Theory? █Theory: An attempt to explain events, forces, materials, ideas or behavior in a comprehensive manner. █Sociological Theories: Seek to explain problems, actions, or behavior. • (religion / suicide study) McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Major Theoretical Perspectives █Functionalist Perspective (Macro) – Analyzes how parts of society are structured to maintain its stability. – Views society as a vast network of connected parts, each of which helps to maintain the system as a whole. (body) – Each part must contribute or it will not be passed on from one generation to the next. Continued... McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Major Theoretical Perspectives Functionalism: McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Major Theoretical Perspectives █ Functionalist Perspective (related terms) – Manifest Functions of institutions are open, stated, conscious functions. They involve the intended, recognized, consequences of an aspect of society. – Latent Functions are unconscious or unintended functions and may reflect hidden purposes of an institution. – A dysfunction is an element or a process of society that may actually disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Major Theoretical Perspectives █Conflict Perspective (Macro) – Social behavior is explained best by understanding the flaws in society & conflict between groups / classes. – Conflict can be social, economic, political, etc. – Groups that control the wealth, power, & prestige will create a society to benefit them. Continued... McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Major Theoretical Perspectives █Conflict Theory: McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Titanic: Casualties by Class Women Children Men Total 1st Class 4/117 (3%) 1/7 (14%) 104/159 (65%) 119/319 37% 2nd Class 13/91 (14%) 0/25 (0%) 135/148 (91%) 152/269 57% Steerage 91/179 (51%) 55/80 (61%) 381/740 (52%) 527/699 75% McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Major Theoretical Perspectives █Conflict Perspective – The View of Karl Marx: Conflict is seen not merely as a class phenomenon but as a part of everyday life in all societies. Continued... McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Major Theoretical Perspectives █Interactionist Perspective (Micro) – Studies the forms of social interaction in order to understand society as a whole. – Interactionism views human beings as living in a world of “meaningful” objects (material things, actions, other people, relationships, symbols, etc) – Societies / groups may interpret thing “meanings” differently. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Major Theoretical Perspectives Interactionism McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Interactionism: In the news today: 9-21 What’s all the fuss? McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Modern Perspectives █Feminist Perspective – Definition: Views inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Modern Perspectives █The New Right Perspective – Social problems are largely a result in the breakdown of small communities and the family. – Government programs intended to help are seen as shifting peoples’ attitudes towards personal responsibility and the role of government. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Major Perspectives █The Sociological Approach – Sociologists make use of all the perspectives. – Each perspective offers unique insights into the same issue. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Criticism towards Sociology █ “Left of center” politics – Vocabulary – • “social justice / economic justice” • “affordable housing / affordable health care” • “livable wage” █ Providing information vs Activism – Example: Inequality needs “fixing” • Minimum wage McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.