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Ronald C. Marks, Ph.D. Professor of Chemistry North Greenville University http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime/eit_304/1024/latest.html, accessed 9, 2009 Heavenly Lights “Lights” in the heavens Planets Greater “light” to rule the day Sun Lesser “light” to rule the night Moon “He made the stars also.” 2 Purpose Stated And God said, "Let there be lights in the expanse of the heavens to separate the day from the night. And let them be for signs and for seasons, and for days and years, and let them be lights in the expanse of the heavens to give light upon the earth." And it was so. Genesis 1:14-15 ESV (emphasis added) 3 The Planets Our Solar System 4 Visible and Not-Visible Planets (and subplanets) Solar System Simulator, V4.0, http://space.jpl.nasa.gov/, accessed Oct 8, 2009 5 Not visible to the unaided eye Edited version of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Planets2008.jpg, accessed Aug 4, 2009. 6 7 Terrestrial Planets 8 All Planets have Prograde Orbits 9 http://www.solarviews.com/cap/misc/obliquity.htm, accessed Oct 6, 2009 Obliquity of the Planets Planetary Nebular Hypothesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet, accessed Oct 6, 2009 10 God made the two great lights, the greater light to govern the day, and the lesser light to govern the night; He made the stars also. Genesis 1:16 NASB 11 12 The Known Universe The Stars To the choirmaster: according to The Gittith. A Psalm of David. O LORD, our Lord, how majestic is your name in all the earth! You have set your glory above the heavens. Out of the mouth of babies and infants, you have established strength because of your foes, to still the enemy and the avenger. When I look at your heavens, the work of your fingers, the moon and the stars, which you have set in place, what is man that you are mindful of him, and the son of man that you care for him? Psalms 8:1-4 ESV 13 Large spheres of plasma Energy from fusion reactions http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/sun_parts.html, accessed May 8, 2010 http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime/eit_304/512/, accessed Oct 8, 2009 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FusionintheSun.png, accessed May 8, 2010 Star Composition 6 1H 2 4He + 21H + 2e+ +2Ve 14 Pleiades Star Cluster http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pleiades_large.jpg, accessed Oct 8, 2009 15 Whirlpool Galaxy 31 Million Light Years Away 16 “X-Structure” Black Hole, Whirlpool Galaxy http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-1992-17-a-full_jpg.jpg Super-massive Black Hole (Artist’s Conception) With dust toroid http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0409a/ 17 Some of the tools… 18 19 Largest Refracting Yerkes Observatory, 40 inch Newtonian Reflecting Telescope Developed by Isaac Newton First design 1668 20 H. M. Keck Observatory Mauna Kea, Hawaii http://keckobservatory.org/index.php/gallery/detail/109/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KeckObservatory20071013.jpg, accessed May 8, 2010 21 Space-Based Telescopes Spitzer Infrared Telescope Heliocentric Orbit 125,000,000 km “altitude” Primary mirror – 33.5 inches Launched 2003 Hubble Space Telescope Geocentric Orbit 559 km altitude Primary mirror – 94.5 inches Launched 1990 22 Largest Single Radio Telescope Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico courtesy of the NAIC - Arecibo Observatory, a facility of the NSF, http://www.naic.edu/public/about/photos/hires/ao011.jpg, accessed May 8, 2010 23 Radio Telescope Very Large Array (VLA) Socorro, NM Image courtesy of NRAO/AUI, http://images.nrao.edu/Telescopes/VLA/90, accessed Oct 4, 2009 24 Gravitational Lenses http://www.space.com/php/multimedia/imagedisplay/img_display.php?pic=070710_gravity_lens_02.jpg, accessed Oct 4, 2009. 25 Farthest and closest known stellar objects 26 How Fast and How Far? Speed of light 300 million meters/second (299,792,458 m/s) 186 thousand miles per second (186,282 miles/s) 671 million mph (670,616,629 miles/hour) Light-Year Distance light travels in one year (observed time) 9.5 trillion kilometers (9,460,730,472,580 kilometers) 5.9 trillion miles (5,878,625,373,200 miles) Sunlight to reach earth: 8.23 minutes Sunlight to reflect from moon to earth: 1.3 seconds Light from Proxima centari to reach earth: 4.22 light years 27 Farthest Known Stellar Object Behind the large galaxy cluster Abell 2218 Found using NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope CARA's W. M. Keck Telescopes on Mauna Kea in Hawaii Gravitational lens 13 billion light-years away (76,422,129,851,600,000,000,000 miles) “Hubble and Keck find farthest known galaxy in the Universe”, Physics and Astronomy Online, http://www.physlink.com/news/021604Abell2218.cfm, accessed Oct 4, 2009. 28 Closest Known Star Proxima Centauri 4.2 light years from Earth 1/7 size of our Sun Artist conception of a red dwarf like proxima centauri NASA/Walt Feimer, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RedDwarfNASA.jpg, accessed Oct 3, 2009 29 Size of Stars http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Star-sizes.jpg, accessed Sept 22, 2010. 30 Largest Known Star Between 1800-2100 solar radii in size 4,900 light-years from earth 31 Smallest Known Star OCLE-TR-122b 167,000 km diameter (Jupiter – 143,000 km) Part of a binary star system http://www.universetoday.com/guide-to-space/stars/what-is-the-smallest-star/, accessed Oct 11, 2009 32 33 Measuring Stellar Distances The “Distant Starlight” Problem 34 Light Created “In Transit” http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2007/sn87a/, accessed Oct 10, 2009 Valid for original light Does not account for “recent” stellar events 35 Is the Speed of Light “Constant”? Assumption: speed is constant with time 2.99 792 458 x 108 m/s One lightyear = 9.461 x 1012 km Changes affect other fundamental constants E=mc2, Planck constant, fine structure constant, Rydberg constant, Hartree energy, StefanBoltzmann constant Too many problems just to account for interstellar distance concerns 36 Non-Rigidity of Time Time isn’t constant Clocks at Earth’s surface vs. clocks at high altitude Clocks moving at different velocities Time “flows” at different rates from different reference frames Global Positioning System Satellites 20,000 km altitude Satellite clock “ticks” 7 μseconds slower than zeroaltitude clock 14,000 km/hr speed Satellite clock “ticks” 45 μseconds faster than nonmoving clock 37 15 10 38 Gravity Well Affects Time Passage 6000 years required 39 The Horizon Problem At start of “Big Bang” A and B at different temps As universe expands, A and B too far apart BUT, A and B are now at same temp A and B must have been in “light-contact” several times 40 The Moon 41 Earth’s Moon Orbital Period 29.530 days Lunar “day” 29.530 earth days Same size in sky as the sun Solar eclipse Lunar eclipse Only one face always toward earth http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour.jpg, accessed Oct 10, 2009 42 43 The Moon as a “Clock” Apollo 11 Landing Site • Impossible to see with earth-based telescopes • Imaged by Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter November 9, 2009 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc_ 200911109_apollo11.html, accessed May 8, 2010 44 Recession of the Moon Earth-moon distance is not constant Current: 3.82 cm/yr (1.5 inches/year) Caused by gravitational and tidal forces Slows Earth rotation A Recession greater in the past B F Friction force Based on image from http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/moonrec.html , which acknowledges the 1989 edition of "Introduction to the World's Oceans" by Alyn & Allison Duxbury (the book is now in its 6th edition, as of July 1999) as source, accessed 6 Oct 2009) 45 Recession of the Moon 1.4 – 2.3 bya 1.0 bya today 46 Origin of the Moon: Fission Theory The Earth spun so fast Problems: a large portion broke The moon is off compositionally (George Howard Darwin, different from earth 1878) Earth and Moon The Pacific Ocean was different densities identified as the “scar” Impossible to spin from this event that fast (4X current angular momentum) “Escaping” moon would break up 47 Origin of the Moon: Capture Theory (Thomas Jefferson Jackson, 1909) Extrasolar object Entered Solar System Earth’s gravity pulled it in Captured and became a “moon” of Earth Problems: Extrasolar object would have very great momentum Would have to loose this energy to stay with Earth Too much energy, hard to account for More probable the object would be “slingshot” out of solar system Radioisotopes of oxygen on moon match earth Both formed at same distance from sun 48 Origin of the Moon: Co-accretion Theory Earth and Moon formed simultaneously Accreted from material orbiting Sun Problems: Earth and Moon compositionally different Earth and moon difference densities Insufficient gravitational forces 49 Origin of the Moon: The Big Whack Large planet hits earth Resulting collision ejects matter that becomes moon Second large planet impacts earth to slow spin to current Problems: One impact is highly improbable Large impact more likely to destroy earth Second impact of “just the right momentum” even more improbable 50 Origin of the Moon And God made the two great lights--the greater light to rule the day and the lesser light to rule the night--and the stars. Genesis 1:16 ESV. 51 DAY 5 Ronald C. Marks, Ph.D. Professor of Chemistry GENESIS 1:20-23 20 And God said, "Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the expanse of the heavens." 21 So God created the great sea creatures and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarm, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. 22 And God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful and multiply and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth." 23 And there was evening and there was morning, the fifth day. English Standard Version CREATION OF SEA- AND AIR-LIFE Evolution Biblical Creation Chance mutation Creation filled with life Simple to complex Fully formed and functional One or few to many Animals created with ability to reproduce as designed SEA-LIFE EXAMPLE JAWED FISH (SALMON) AND JAWLESS FISH (LAMPREY) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Boca_de_lamprea.1_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.JPG SHARKS / FISH / SEA MAMMALS Prehistoric Fish Dunkleosteus terreli http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish, accessed 17 Oct, 2009 Sharks http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Megalodon_scale1.png, access 17 Oct 2009 Proposed Whale Evolution GENESIS 1 21 God created the great sea monsters and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarmed after their kind, and every winged bird after its kind; and God saw that it was good. 22 God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth.” Elasmosaurus Artists conception based on fossils http://www.geocities.com/sea_saur/elasmosaurus.jpg BLUE WHALE AND “KRONOSAUR” Artwork by Tor Sponga, BT, the Sun (online) http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/853471/Sea-monster-was-colossal.html, accessed Oct 17, 2009 THE LEVIATHAN JOB 41 NASB 1 2 3 4 5 "Can you draw out Leviathan with a fishhook? Or press down his tongue with a cord? "Can you put a rope in his nose Or pierce his jaw with a hook? "Will he make many supplications to you, Or will he speak to you soft words? "Will he make a covenant with you? Will you take him for a servant forever? "Will you play with him as with a bird, Or will you bind him for your maidens? 6 "Will the traders bargain over him? Will they divide him among the merchants? 7 "Can you fill his skin with harpoons, Or his head with fishing spears? 8 "Lay your hand on him; Remember the battle; you will not do it again! 9 "Behold, your expectation is false; Will you be laid low even at the sight of him? 10 "No one is so fierce that he dares to arouse him; Who then is he that can stand before Me? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Plesiosaur_anning.gif PLESIOSAUR Arthur Wesley, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Muraenosaurus_BW.jpg PLESIOSAUR OR SHARK? WHALE SHARK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:R htyp_u0_white_bg.gif “…and every winged bird according to its kind. And God saw that it was good.” CREATURES OF THE AIR Birds Bats Winged insects ?Winged lizards? (winged dinosaurs) THEORY OF BIRD EVOLUTION http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/images/l_034_01_l.jpg, accessed 17 Oct 2009 ARCHAEOPTERYX http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SArchaeopteryxBerlin2.jpg http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsteachers/BYost/Biology%20Notes/FORMATIONoftheearthnotes.htm PROTOAVIS TEXENSIS Dated to 75 million years before archeopteryx More “bird like” than archeopteryx http://www.rareresource.com/protoavis.htm, accessed Oct 17, 2009 http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPaleo5.html, accessed Oct 17, 2009 WHAT ABOUT MICRO- AND MACROEVOLUTION? No species has been observed to change into another Within species, changes are observed Dog types, cat types, horse types, cow types, etc. Offspring are not identical to either parent Evolution Says: Macroevolution = microevolution x time (a lot) Bible Says: God designed kinds to remain as kinds Ronald C. Marks, Ph.D. Professor of Chemistry North Greenville University Genesis 1:24-25 24 And God said, "Let the earth bring forth living creatures according to their kinds--livestock and creeping things and beasts of the earth according to their kinds." And it was so. 25 And God made the beasts of the earth according to their kinds and the livestock according to their kinds, and everything that creeps on the ground according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. English Standard Version Day Six Creation Includes: All land animals All insects All lizards, snakes, slugs (creeping things) Special Creation of Man Genesis 1:26-27 26 Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness. And let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over the livestock and over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth." 27 So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. English Standard Version Genesis 2:5-7 ESV 5 When no bush of the field was yet in the land and no small plant of the field had yet sprung up--for the LORD God had not caused it to rain on the land, and there was no man to work the ground, 6 and a mist was going up from the land and was watering the whole face of the ground-7 then the LORD God formed the man of dust from the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living creature. Genesis 2:19-25 ESV 19 Now out of the ground the LORD God had formed every beast of the field and every bird of the heavens and brought them to the man to see what he would call them. And whatever the man called every living creature, that was its name. 20 The man gave names to all livestock and to the birds of the heavens and to every beast of the field. But for Adam there was not found a helper fit for him. 21 So the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and while he slept took one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh. 22 And the rib that the LORD God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her to the man. 23 Then the man said, "This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man." 24 Therefore a man shall leave his father and his mother and hold fast to his wife, and they shall become one flesh. 25 And the man and his wife were both naked and were not ashamed. אדם- (Hebrew) Adam Two Meanings: Humankind, ruddy, rosy-in-the-face And the name of an individual – Adam A real person The first person The first male human Made differently Mankind’s Unique Creation Genesis 2:7 ESV then the LORD God formed the man of dust from the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living creature. 1 Corinthians 15:39 ESV For not all flesh is the same, but there is one kind for humans, another for animals, another for birds, and another for fish. All other life: Spoken into existence Distinct types created at different times Birds Fish Land animals Adam: In the image of God “Breathed” on by God Became a living soul 1 Corinthians 15:39 For not all flesh is the same, but there is one kind for humans, another for animals, another for birds, and another for fish. English Standard Version The Image of God Not a physical image God Not an allegorical image “We has no “physical” for us to be “imaged” after are creators, just as God is a creator” - WRONG Not a “spiritual” image It must be a meaningful, understandable, clear image It is a literal image then the LORD God formed the man of dust from the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living creature. Body • Dust of the ground Genesis 2:7 ESV Spirit • Breath of life Soul • Became a living being What About the Hominid Fossils? Hominid Family Tree? The Missing Link is Still Missing http://www.scienceagainstevolution.org/v4i4f.htm, accessed Oct 17, 2009 1999 Anthropology Course http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6894/fig_tab/418133a_F2.html, accessed Oct 12, 2009 Current http://www.handprint.com/LS/ANC/disp.html, accessed Oct 17, 2009 Geologic and Time Distribution of Hominids From: Genetic Analysis of Lice Supports Direct Contact between Modern and Archaic Humans Reed DL, Smith VS, Hammond SL, Rogers AR, Clayton DH PLoS Biology Vol. 2, No. 11, e340 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020340 http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=slideshow&type=figure&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020340&id=15540 Fossil Hominids (2009) (the “Upright Walkers”) Published by AAAS A. Gibbons Science 326, 36-40 (2009), accessed from http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/326/5949/36, 2 Oct 2009. Chimps vs. Humans Showing Presumed Characteristics Shared with either Humans or chimps http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6894/fig_tab/418133a_F2.html, accessed Oct 12, 2009 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/hobbit/tree-flash.html, accessed Oct 21, 2009 TM 266-01-060-1, "Toumaï", Sahelanthropus tchadensis http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/05/sci_nat_e nl_1112790669/img/1.jpg,accessed Oct 17, 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toumaï.jpg, accessed Oct 17, 2009 • Discovered in Chad, 2001 • Considered to be the earliest hominid • Similar in size to Chimpanzee • No fossils below the skull found • Though controversial, placed in hominid lineage Artist’s Reconstrction of Ardipithecus ramidus Lived 4.4 million years ago First fossil found 1992 Latest “find” 19941995 Published by AAAS A. Gibbons Science 326, 36-40 (2009), accessed from http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/326/5949/36, 2 Oct 2009. Ramapithecus Sivapithecus Discovered in 1932 Complete jaw found in 1977 Only found jaw fragments and teeth Declared a bipedal hominid transition Confirmed fossils are from an ape-like creature Renamed sivapithecus No longer in homind linage Image from http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/LifeSciences30.html 1982 Sivapithecus Fossil Shape of jaw found intact Image from http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/sivapithecus.html KNM-ER 406 Australopithecus boisei Images from http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/er406.html, accessed September 22, 2007 Tuang Child Australopithecus africanus Discovered in 1924 Child, 3(?) years old Australopithecus/Paranthropus boisei reconstruction http://home.planet.nl/~hesse877/boisei/boisei.htm The Laetoli Footprints Discovered by Mary Leakey, 1978 Three upright walking hominids Two side-by-side Third in footsteps of larger Originally assigned to australopithecus afarensis Recent analysis identifies “more human-like” hominid Homo Neanderthal Recent reconstruction Anthropological Institute, University of Züric Both images from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal, accessed 17 Oct, 2009 Original reconstruction, 1888