Download Ronald C. Marks, Ph.D. Professor of Chemistry North Greenville

Ronald C. Marks, Ph.D.
Professor of Chemistry
North Greenville University
http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime/eit_304/1024/latest.html,
accessed 9, 2009
Heavenly Lights
 “Lights” in the heavens
 Planets
 Greater “light” to rule the day
 Sun
 Lesser “light” to rule the night
 Moon
 “He made the stars also.”
2
Purpose Stated
And God said, "Let there be lights in the expanse
of the heavens to separate the day from the
night. And let them be for signs and for seasons,
and for days and years, and let them be lights in
the expanse of the heavens to give light upon the
earth." And it was so.
Genesis 1:14-15 ESV
(emphasis added)
3
The Planets
Our Solar System
4
Visible and Not-Visible
Planets (and subplanets)
Solar System Simulator, V4.0, http://space.jpl.nasa.gov/, accessed Oct 8, 2009
5
Not visible to
the unaided eye
Edited version of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Planets2008.jpg, accessed Aug 4, 2009.
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7
Terrestrial Planets
8
All Planets
have Prograde Orbits
9
http://www.solarviews.com/cap/misc/obliquity.htm,
accessed Oct 6, 2009
Obliquity of the Planets
Planetary Nebular Hypothesis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet, accessed Oct 6, 2009
10
God made the two great lights, the greater light
to govern the day, and the lesser light to govern
the night; He made the stars also.
Genesis 1:16 NASB
11
12
The Known Universe
The Stars
To the choirmaster: according to The Gittith. A
Psalm of David.
O LORD, our Lord, how majestic is your name in all
the earth! You have set your glory above the
heavens. Out of the mouth of babies and infants,
you have established strength because of your foes,
to still the enemy and the avenger. When I look at
your heavens, the work of your fingers, the moon
and the stars, which you have set in place, what is
man that you are mindful of him, and the son of man
that you care for him?
Psalms 8:1-4 ESV
13
 Large spheres of plasma
 Energy from fusion
reactions
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/sun_parts.html, accessed May 8, 2010
http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime/eit_304/512/, accessed Oct 8, 2009
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FusionintheSun.png, accessed May 8, 2010
Star Composition
6 1H  2 4He + 21H + 2e+ +2Ve
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Pleiades Star Cluster
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pleiades_large.jpg, accessed Oct 8, 2009
15
Whirlpool Galaxy
31 Million Light Years Away
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“X-Structure” Black Hole, Whirlpool Galaxy
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-1992-17-a-full_jpg.jpg
Super-massive Black Hole (Artist’s Conception)
With dust toroid
http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0409a/
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Some of the tools…
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19
Largest Refracting
Yerkes Observatory, 40 inch
Newtonian Reflecting Telescope
Developed by
Isaac Newton
First design 1668
20
H. M. Keck Observatory
Mauna Kea, Hawaii
http://keckobservatory.org/index.php/gallery/detail/109/
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KeckObservatory20071013.jpg, accessed
May 8, 2010
21
Space-Based Telescopes
Spitzer Infrared Telescope
Heliocentric Orbit
125,000,000 km “altitude”
Primary mirror – 33.5 inches
Launched 2003
Hubble Space Telescope
Geocentric Orbit
559 km altitude
Primary mirror – 94.5 inches
Launched 1990
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Largest Single Radio Telescope
Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico
courtesy of the NAIC - Arecibo Observatory, a facility of the NSF, http://www.naic.edu/public/about/photos/hires/ao011.jpg, accessed May 8, 2010
23
Radio Telescope
Very Large Array (VLA)
Socorro, NM
Image courtesy of NRAO/AUI, http://images.nrao.edu/Telescopes/VLA/90, accessed Oct 4, 2009
24
Gravitational Lenses
http://www.space.com/php/multimedia/imagedisplay/img_display.php?pic=070710_gravity_lens_02.jpg,
accessed Oct 4, 2009.
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Farthest and closest
known stellar objects
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How Fast and How Far?
 Speed of light
 300 million meters/second
(299,792,458 m/s)
 186 thousand miles per second
(186,282 miles/s)
 671 million mph
(670,616,629 miles/hour)
 Light-Year
 Distance light travels in one year
(observed time)
 9.5 trillion kilometers
(9,460,730,472,580 kilometers)
 5.9 trillion miles
(5,878,625,373,200 miles)
 Sunlight to
reach earth:
 8.23 minutes
 Sunlight to
reflect from
moon to earth:
 1.3 seconds
 Light from
Proxima centari
to reach earth:
 4.22 light years
27
Farthest Known Stellar
Object
 Behind the large galaxy cluster Abell 2218
 Found using
 NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope
 CARA's W. M. Keck Telescopes on Mauna Kea in Hawaii
 Gravitational lens
 13 billion light-years away
(76,422,129,851,600,000,000,000 miles)
“Hubble and Keck find farthest known galaxy in the Universe”, Physics and Astronomy Online, http://www.physlink.com/news/021604Abell2218.cfm,
accessed Oct 4, 2009.
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Closest Known Star
 Proxima Centauri
 4.2 light years
from Earth
 1/7 size of our Sun
Artist conception of a red dwarf like proxima centauri
NASA/Walt Feimer, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RedDwarfNASA.jpg, accessed Oct 3,
2009
29
Size of Stars
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Star-sizes.jpg, accessed Sept 22, 2010.
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Largest Known Star
 Between 1800-2100 solar radii in size
 4,900 light-years from earth
31
Smallest Known Star
OCLE-TR-122b
 167,000 km diameter
(Jupiter – 143,000 km)
 Part of a binary star system
http://www.universetoday.com/guide-to-space/stars/what-is-the-smallest-star/, accessed Oct 11, 2009
32
33
Measuring Stellar Distances
The “Distant Starlight” Problem
34
Light Created “In Transit”
http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2007/sn87a/, accessed Oct 10, 2009
 Valid for original light
 Does not account for
“recent” stellar events
35
Is the Speed of Light
“Constant”?
 Assumption: speed is constant with time
 2.99 792 458 x 108 m/s
 One lightyear = 9.461 x 1012 km
 Changes affect other fundamental
constants
 E=mc2, Planck constant, fine structure constant,
Rydberg constant, Hartree energy, StefanBoltzmann constant
Too many problems just to account for
interstellar distance concerns
36
Non-Rigidity of Time
 Time isn’t constant
 Clocks at Earth’s surface
vs. clocks at high
altitude
 Clocks moving at
different velocities
 Time “flows” at
different rates from
different reference
frames
 Global Positioning
System Satellites
 20,000 km altitude
 Satellite clock “ticks” 7
μseconds slower than zeroaltitude clock
 14,000 km/hr speed
 Satellite clock “ticks” 45
μseconds faster than nonmoving clock
37
15
10
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Gravity Well Affects
Time Passage
6000 years
required
39
The Horizon Problem
 At start of “Big Bang” A
and B at different
temps
 As universe expands, A
and B too far apart
 BUT, A and B
are now at same
temp
 A and B must have
been in
“light-contact”
several times
40
The Moon
41
Earth’s Moon
 Orbital Period
29.530 days
 Lunar “day”
29.530 earth days
 Same size in sky
as the sun
 Solar eclipse
 Lunar eclipse
 Only one face always
toward earth
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour.jpg,
accessed Oct 10, 2009
42
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The Moon as a “Clock”
Apollo 11 Landing Site
• Impossible to see
with earth-based
telescopes
• Imaged by Lunar
Reconnaissance
Orbiter
November 9, 2009
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc_
200911109_apollo11.html, accessed May 8, 2010
44
Recession of the Moon
 Earth-moon distance is
not constant
 Current: 3.82 cm/yr
(1.5 inches/year)
 Caused by
gravitational and tidal
forces
 Slows Earth rotation
A
 Recession greater in the
past
B
F
Friction force
Based on image from http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/moonrec.html , which acknowledges the 1989
edition of "Introduction to the World's Oceans" by Alyn & Allison Duxbury (the book is now in its 6th
edition, as of July 1999) as source, accessed 6 Oct 2009)
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Recession of the Moon
1.4 – 2.3 bya
1.0 bya
today
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Origin of the Moon:
Fission Theory
 The Earth spun so fast
Problems:
a large portion broke
 The moon is
off
compositionally
(George Howard Darwin,
different from earth
1878)
 Earth and Moon
 The Pacific Ocean was
different densities
identified as the “scar”
 Impossible to spin
from this event
that fast
(4X current angular
momentum)
 “Escaping” moon
would break up
47
Origin of the Moon:
Capture Theory
(Thomas Jefferson
Jackson, 1909)
 Extrasolar object
 Entered Solar
System
 Earth’s gravity
pulled it in
 Captured and
became a “moon” of
Earth
Problems:
 Extrasolar object would
have very great
momentum
 Would have to loose this
energy to stay with Earth
 Too much energy, hard to
account for
 More probable the object
would be “slingshot” out
of solar system
 Radioisotopes of oxygen
on moon match earth
 Both formed at same
distance from sun
48
Origin of the Moon:
Co-accretion Theory
 Earth and Moon
formed
simultaneously
 Accreted from
material orbiting
Sun
Problems:
 Earth and Moon
compositionally
different
 Earth and moon
difference densities
 Insufficient
gravitational forces
49
Origin of the Moon:
The Big Whack
 Large planet hits
earth
 Resulting collision
ejects matter that
becomes moon
 Second large planet
impacts earth to
slow spin to current
Problems:
 One impact is highly
improbable
 Large impact more
likely to destroy earth
 Second impact of “just
the right momentum”
even more improbable
50
Origin of the Moon
And God made the two great lights--the greater
light to rule the day and the lesser light to rule
the night--and the stars.
Genesis 1:16 ESV.
51
DAY 5
Ronald C. Marks, Ph.D.
Professor of Chemistry
GENESIS 1:20-23
20 And God said, "Let the waters swarm with swarms of living
creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the expanse of
the heavens."
21 So God created the great sea creatures and every living creature
that moves, with which the waters swarm, according to their
kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind. And God saw
that it was good.
22 And God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful and multiply and fill
the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth."
23 And there was evening and there was morning, the fifth day.
English Standard Version
CREATION OF SEA- AND AIR-LIFE
Evolution
Biblical Creation
 Chance mutation
 Creation filled with life
 Simple to complex
 Fully formed and functional
 One or few to many
 Animals created with ability to
reproduce as designed
SEA-LIFE EXAMPLE
JAWED FISH (SALMON)
AND JAWLESS FISH (LAMPREY)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Boca_de_lamprea.1_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.JPG
SHARKS / FISH / SEA MAMMALS
Prehistoric Fish
Dunkleosteus terreli
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish, accessed 17 Oct, 2009
Sharks
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Megalodon_scale1.png, access 17 Oct 2009
Proposed Whale
Evolution
GENESIS 1
21 God created the great sea monsters and every living
creature that moves, with which the waters swarmed after
their kind, and every winged bird after its kind; and God
saw that it was good.
22 God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill
the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth.”
Elasmosaurus
Artists conception based on fossils
http://www.geocities.com/sea_saur/elasmosaurus.jpg
BLUE WHALE AND “KRONOSAUR”
Artwork by Tor Sponga, BT, the Sun (online) http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/853471/Sea-monster-was-colossal.html, accessed Oct 17, 2009
THE LEVIATHAN
JOB 41 NASB
1
2
3
4
5
"Can you draw out Leviathan with a fishhook? Or press
down his tongue with a cord?
"Can you put a rope in his nose Or pierce his jaw with a
hook?
"Will he make many supplications to you, Or will he speak
to you soft words?
"Will he make a covenant with you? Will you take him for a
servant forever?
"Will you play with him as with a bird, Or will you bind him
for your maidens?
6
"Will the traders bargain over him? Will they divide him
among the merchants?
7 "Can you fill his skin with harpoons, Or his head with
fishing spears?
8 "Lay your hand on him; Remember the battle; you will not
do it again!
9 "Behold, your expectation is false; Will you be laid low even
at the sight of him?
10 "No one is so fierce that he dares to arouse him; Who then is he
that can stand before Me?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Plesiosaur_anning.gif
PLESIOSAUR
Arthur Wesley, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Muraenosaurus_BW.jpg
PLESIOSAUR OR SHARK?
WHALE SHARK
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:R
htyp_u0_white_bg.gif
“…and every winged bird according to its kind. And God saw that it was
good.”
CREATURES OF THE AIR
 Birds
 Bats
 Winged insects
 ?Winged lizards? (winged dinosaurs)
THEORY OF BIRD EVOLUTION
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/images/l_034_01_l.jpg, accessed 17 Oct 2009
ARCHAEOPTERYX
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SArchaeopteryxBerlin2.jpg
http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsteachers/BYost/Biology%20Notes/FORMATIONoftheearthnotes.htm
PROTOAVIS TEXENSIS
 Dated to 75 million years
before archeopteryx
 More “bird like” than
archeopteryx
http://www.rareresource.com/protoavis.htm, accessed Oct 17, 2009
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPaleo5.html, accessed Oct 17, 2009
WHAT ABOUT MICRO- AND
MACROEVOLUTION?
 No species has been observed to change into another
 Within species, changes are observed
 Dog types, cat types, horse types, cow types, etc.
 Offspring are not identical to either parent
 Evolution Says:
 Macroevolution = microevolution x time (a lot)
 Bible Says:
 God designed kinds to remain as kinds
Ronald C. Marks, Ph.D.
Professor of Chemistry
North Greenville University
Genesis 1:24-25
24 And God said, "Let the earth bring forth living
creatures according to their kinds--livestock and
creeping things and beasts of the earth according
to their kinds." And it was so.
25 And God made the beasts of the earth according
to their kinds and the livestock according to their
kinds, and everything that creeps on the ground
according to its kind. And God saw that it was
good.
English Standard Version
Day Six Creation Includes:



All land animals
All insects
All lizards, snakes, slugs (creeping things)
Special Creation of Man
Genesis 1:26-27
26 Then God said, "Let us make man in our image,
after our likeness. And let them have dominion
over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the
heavens and over the livestock and over all the
earth and over every creeping thing that creeps
on the earth."
27 So God created man in his own image, in the
image of God he created him; male and female
he created them.
English Standard Version
Genesis 2:5-7 ESV
5 When no bush of the field was yet in the land and
no small plant of the field had yet sprung up--for
the LORD God had not caused it to rain on the
land, and there was no man to work the ground,
6 and a mist was going up from the land and was
watering the whole face of the ground-7 then the LORD God formed the man of dust from
the ground and breathed into his nostrils the
breath of life, and the man became a living
creature.
Genesis 2:19-25 ESV
19 Now out of the ground the LORD God had formed
every beast of the field and every bird of the
heavens and brought them to the man to see what he
would call them. And whatever the man called every
living creature, that was its name.
20 The man gave names to all livestock and to the birds
of the heavens and to every beast of the field. But for
Adam there was not found a helper fit for him.
21 So the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon
the man, and while he slept took one of his ribs and
closed up its place with flesh.
22 And the rib that the LORD God had taken from
the man he made into a woman and brought her
to the man.
23 Then the man said, "This at last is bone of my
bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called
Woman, because she was taken out of Man."
24 Therefore a man shall leave his father and his
mother and hold fast to his wife, and they shall
become one flesh.
25 And the man and his wife were both naked and
were not ashamed.
‫ אדם‬- (Hebrew) Adam

Two Meanings:
 Humankind,
ruddy, rosy-in-the-face
 And the name of an individual – Adam




A real person
The first person
The first male human
Made differently
Mankind’s Unique Creation
Genesis 2:7 ESV
then the LORD God formed the
man of dust from the ground and
breathed into his nostrils the
breath of life, and the man
became a living creature.
1 Corinthians 15:39 ESV
For not all flesh is the same, but there
is one kind for humans, another for
animals, another for birds, and
another for fish.
All other life:


Spoken into existence
Distinct types created at
different times
 Birds
 Fish
 Land
animals
Adam:



In the image of God
“Breathed” on by God
Became a living soul
1 Corinthians 15:39
For not all flesh is the same, but there is one kind for
humans, another for animals, another for birds, and
another for fish.
English Standard Version
The Image of God

Not a physical image
 God

Not an allegorical image
 “We

has no “physical” for us to be “imaged” after
are creators, just as God is a creator” - WRONG
Not a “spiritual” image

It must be a meaningful,
understandable,
clear image
It is a literal image
then the LORD God formed
the man of dust from the
ground and breathed into his
nostrils the breath of life, and
the man became a living
creature.
Body
• Dust of the ground
Genesis 2:7 ESV
Spirit
• Breath of life
Soul
• Became a living being
What About the Hominid Fossils?
Hominid Family Tree?
The Missing Link is Still Missing
http://www.scienceagainstevolution.org/v4i4f.htm, accessed Oct 17, 2009
1999 Anthropology Course
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6894/fig_tab/418133a_F2.html, accessed Oct 12,
2009
Current
http://www.handprint.com/LS/ANC/disp.html, accessed Oct 17, 2009
Geologic and Time
Distribution of Hominids
From: Genetic Analysis of Lice Supports Direct Contact between Modern and Archaic Humans Reed DL, Smith VS, Hammond SL, Rogers AR, Clayton DH PLoS Biology Vol. 2, No. 11, e340
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020340
http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=slideshow&type=figure&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020340&id=15540
Fossil Hominids (2009)
(the “Upright Walkers”)
Published by AAAS
A. Gibbons Science 326, 36-40 (2009), accessed from
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/326/5949/36, 2 Oct 2009.
Chimps vs. Humans
Showing Presumed Characteristics Shared with either Humans or chimps
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6894/fig_tab/418133a_F2.html, accessed Oct 12, 2009
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/hobbit/tree-flash.html, accessed Oct 21, 2009
TM 266-01-060-1, "Toumaï",
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/05/sci_nat_e
nl_1112790669/img/1.jpg,accessed Oct 17, 2009
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toumaï.jpg, accessed Oct 17, 2009
• Discovered in Chad, 2001
• Considered to
be the earliest hominid
• Similar in size to
Chimpanzee
• No fossils below the skull
found
• Though controversial,
placed in hominid
lineage
Artist’s Reconstrction of
Ardipithecus ramidus



Lived 4.4 million years
ago
First fossil found 1992
Latest “find” 19941995
Published by AAAS
A. Gibbons Science 326, 36-40 (2009), accessed from http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/326/5949/36, 2 Oct 2009.
Ramapithecus  Sivapithecus

Discovered in
1932



Complete jaw found in
1977



Only found jaw fragments
and teeth
Declared a bipedal
hominid transition
Confirmed fossils are from
an ape-like creature
Renamed sivapithecus
No longer in homind
linage
Image from http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/LifeSciences30.html
1982 Sivapithecus Fossil

Shape of jaw found
intact
Image from http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/sivapithecus.html
KNM-ER 406
Australopithecus boisei
Images from http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/er406.html, accessed September 22, 2007
Tuang Child
Australopithecus africanus


Discovered in 1924
Child, 3(?) years old
Australopithecus/Paranthropus boisei
reconstruction
http://home.planet.nl/~hesse877/boisei/boisei.htm
The Laetoli Footprints


Discovered by Mary Leakey,
1978
Three upright walking
hominids
 Two
side-by-side
 Third in footsteps of larger


Originally assigned to
australopithecus afarensis
Recent analysis identifies
“more human-like” hominid
Homo Neanderthal
Recent reconstruction
Anthropological Institute, University of Züric
Both images from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal, accessed 17 Oct, 2009
Original reconstruction, 1888