Download Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer

PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by
Dr. Lana Zinger, QCCCUNY
12
Cardiovascular
Disease and
Cancer
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cardiovascular Disease: An Epidemiological Overview
 Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
• Cardiovascular disease is the cause of 37 percent of all
deaths in the United States.
• For all ages combined, CVD is the leading cause of
death.
• More than 80 million Americans—1 out of every 3
adults—will have some type of CVD.
• The best defense against CVD is to prevent it from
developing in the first place.
 Do you know someone who has had a heart
problem?
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Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) in Adults
Aged 20 and Older by Age and Sex
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Understanding the Cardiovascular System
 The Heart: A Mighty Machine
• Four chambers
• Two upper chambers are called atria
• Two lower chambers are called ventricles
• Valves regulate the flow of blood.
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Blood Flow within the Heart
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Understanding the Cardiovascular System
 Heart Function
• Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium
• From the right atrium, blood travels to the right ventricle
• Blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the
lungs, where it receives oxygen
• Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the left
atrium of heart
• Blood from the left atrium moves into the left ventricle
• The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to all
body parts
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Percentage Breakdown of Deaths from Cardiovascular
Disease in the United States
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Cardiovascular Disease
 Atherosclerosis (CAD— coronary artery disease)
• Arteriosclerosis
• Hyperlipidemia
• Inflammatory risk
• Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
 Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
• Greatest killer
• Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack
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Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease
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Cardiovascular Disease
 Angina Pectoris
• Ischemia—condition that reduces the heart’s blood and
oxygen supply
• People with ischemia often suffer angina pectoris, or
chest pain and pressure.
• Treatments include calcium channel blockers or betablockers
 Arrhythmias
• Irregularity in heart rhythm
• Fibrillation
• Over 4 million Americans have experienced some type
of arrhythmia
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Cardiovascular Disease
 Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
• Affects over 5 million Americans
• Single most frequent cause of hospitalization in United States
 Stroke
• 6.5 million Americans suffer strokes every year
• Blood supply to brain is interrupted
• Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are brief interruptions of the
blood supply to the brain that cause temporary impairment.
• Today, stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term disability
and contributes a significant amount to Medicaid and
Medicare expenses for older Americans, particularly women.
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ABC News Video: Heart Disease in America
| Heart Disease in America
Discussion Questions
1. What preventive measures can be taken to avoid a heart
attack?
2. What effect does a celebrity death from a certain illness
have on how members of the public address their own
health?
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Reducing Your Risks
 Metabolic Syndrome: Quick Risk Profile
• For a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, a person would
have three or more of the following risks:
• Abdominal obesity
• Elevated blood fat (triglycerides greater than 150
units)
• Low levels of HDL (“good”) cholesterol
• Elevated blood pressure greater than 130/85 mm/Hg
• Elevated fasting glucose greater than 100 mg/dL
• High levels of C-reactive proteins
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Reducing Your Risks
 Modifiable Risks
• Avoid tobacco.
• Cut back on saturated fats and cholesterol.
• Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
• High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
• Triglycerides
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Exercise regularly.
• Control diabetes.
• Control blood pressure.
• Manage stress.
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Recommended Cholesterol Levels for Adults
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Blood Pressure Classifications
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Reducing Your Risks
 Nonmodifiable Risks
• Race and ethnicity
• Heredity
• Age
• Gender
 Other Risk Factors Being Studied
• Inflammation and C-reactive protein
• Homocysteine
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Weapons against Cardiovascular Disease
 Techniques for Diagnosing Cardiovascular
Disease
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Angiography
• Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Ultrafast computed tomography (CT) scan
• Cardiac calcium score
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Weapons Against Cardiovascular Disease
 Bypass Surgery and Angioplasty
• Coronary bypass surgery helps patients who suffer from
coronary blockages of heart attacks.
• In bypass surgery, a blood vessel is taken from another
site in the patient’s body and implanted to “bypass”
blocked coronary arteries.
• Angioplasty uses a balloon to open the artery to allow
blood to flow more freely.
• Angioplasty carries fewer risks and may be more
effective in selected cases than bypass surgery.
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Weapons against Cardiovascular Disease
 Can Aspirin Help Heart Disease?
• Low doses of aspirin (75 to 81 mg) daily or every other
day can be beneficial to heart patients
• Blood-thinning properties
• Risks may outweigh the benefits
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An Overview of Cancer
• Second leading cause of death in the United States
• 1.5 million new cases diagnosed every year
• Early detection and improvements in technology have
improved prognosis for many.
 Why do you think the rate of cancer is so high in
the U.S. today?
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An Overview of Cancer
 What Is Cancer?
• Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
• Neoplasms
• Malignant tumors
• Benign tumors
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Metastasis
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What Causes Cancer?
 Lifestyle Risks
• Tobacco use
• Poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity
• Stress and psychosocial risks
 Genetic and Physiological Risks
• Genetic predisposition
• Oncogenes—cancer-causing gene that typically stays
dormant but can be activated
• Biological sex
• Reproductive and hormonal risks
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Probability of Developing Invasive Cancers during
Selected Age Intervals by Sex, United States 2003-2005
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What Causes Cancer?
 Occupational and Environmental Risks
• Exposure to asbestos, nickel, chromate, and benzene
• Exposure to radioactive substances
• Chemicals in foods
• Medical treatment risks
 Infectious Diseases and Cancer
• Hepatitis B and hepatitis C
• Liver cancer
• Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer
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Go Green against Cancer
 To Reduce the Number of Carcinogens
• Leave your car at home.
• Choose organic foods when possible.
• Shop for ecofriendly home furnishings.
• Turn off your lights when you leave a room.
• Use “green” paper.
• Buy ecofriendly hygiene products.
• Avoid dry cleaning.
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Types of Cancer
 Categories of Cancer
• Carcinomas
• Sarcomas
• Lymphomas
• Leukemias
 Lung Cancer
• Cause of death of 159,390 Americans in 2009
• Symptoms include a persistent cough, blood-streaked
sputum, chest pain, and recurrent attacks of pneumonia
or bronchitis
• Hazards of secondhand smoke
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Leading Sites of New Cancer Cases and Deaths, 2009
Estimates
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Types of Cancer
 Breast Cancer
• Approximately 192,370 women and 1,910 men were
diagnosed in 2009
• Risk increases with age
• Risk factors supported by research
• Prevention (self-exam and mammography)
• Treatment
• Surgical
• Selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs)
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Breast Awareness and Self-Exam
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Types of Cancer
 Colon and Rectal Cancer
• Third most common cancer in men and women
• 146,970 cases were diagnosed in 2009
• Warning signals include blood in the stool and rectal bleeding.
 Skin Cancer
• Affects over 1 million people every year
• Treatable: basal or squamous
• Virulent: malignant melanoma
• ABCD rule about melanoma
• Asymmetry
• Border irregularity
• Color
• Diameter
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Types of Skin Cancers
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ABC News Video: Possible Melanoma Treatment
| Possible Melanoma
Discussion Questions
1. Do scientific successes against cancer cause your worry
about getting cancer to decrease?
2. What do you do to protect yourself from skin cancer?
Could you do more?
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Types of Cancer
 Prostate Cancer
• Most frequently diagnosed cancer in American males today,
excluding skin cancer, and is the second leading cause of
cancer deaths in men after lung cancer
• 192,280 new cases were diagnosed in 2009.
• Estimated 1 in 33 men will die from prostate cancer in his
lifetime
 Ovarian Cancer
• Fifth leading cause of death in women
• 21,550 new cases were diagnosed in 2009.
• Enlargement of the abdomen is a common warning sign
• Prevention: annual pelvic exams
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Types of Cancer
 Cervical and Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer
• Regular Pap tests are crucial for early detection
• Risk: early onset of intercourse
• Warning: abnormal bleeding
 Testicular Cancer
• Ages 15 to 35 are at the greatest risk
• Cause is unknown
• Men with undescended testicles appear to be at the
greatest risk
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Testicular Self-Exam
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Facing Cancer
 Detecting Cancer
• The earlier the cancer is diagnosed, the better prospect
there is for survival
• Practice self-exam and checkups
• Several high-tech tools have been developed to help
detect cancer
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Computerized axial tomography scanning (CT scan)
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Screening Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer
in Average-Risk Asymptomatic People
Continued
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Screening Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer
in Average-Risk Asymptomatic People
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Facing Cancer
 Cancer Treatments
• Surgery to remove tumor
• Chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy
• Researching genes and cell mutations
• Immunotherapy
• Cancer-fighting vaccines
• Stem cell research
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ABC News Video: Treating Cancer with Bone Drugs
| Treating Cancer with Bone Drugs
Discussion Questions
1. Why do treatments such as this seem to focus on earlystage cancers?
2. Would you take a drug developed for a different health
issue to help control the spread of cancer? How might
taking a drug affect the rest of your body?
3. What questions should you ask your health care provider
before taking medication?
4. Under what circumstances would you join a medical
research study?
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