Download Chapter 5 Learning (III)

Chapter 4 Learning (III)
Cognitive Learning
Principle of Contiguity: the association
of events in time and space
 Contiguity
has been used to
explain the association of a
conditioned stimulus and an
unconditioned stimulus in
classical conditioning, and
the association of a behavior
and its consequences in
operant conditioning
Cognitive Factors in Associative
Learning
In Classical Conditioning
Robert Rescorla’s experiment(1968)
CS is a index of prediction
 Overshadowing—competition
between two CS’s
 (forward) Blocking—
(Kamin,1968,69)
 Conditioned taste aversion


1.
2.
3.
In Operant Conditioning
Intrinsic motivation—the
desire to perform a behavior
effectively and for its own
sake
Overjustification effect
Learned helplessness
Latent Learning — learning that occurs
without the reinforcement of overt behavior
 E.
Tolman and C. H. Honzik’
s studies (1930)
 Cognitive map
— a mental representation of
physical reality （ of the
layout one’s environment）
The study of behavioral geography
(Parfit,1984)


When we mark important
places and landmarks in the
city
Undesirable place—small and
far
Desirable place—big and near
Reflects our life experience
and depends on our SES
Three types of knowledge in our
cognitive map (Thorndyke, etc.1981)
 landmark
knowledge—imaginal
and propositional representation
 route-road knowledge—
procedural and declarative
knowledge
 survey knowledge—can be
represented imaginally or
propositionally
Insight—a sudden understanding about
what is required to solve a problem
Wolfgang Kohler
1887-1967
Mentality of Apes
Observational Learning— learning by
observing and imitating the behavior of
others
Albert Bandura
(1925)
Stanford University
Mirrors in the
Brain
Modeling—the process of
observing and imitating a behavior
Observational learning is seen
in animals as well as humans
English titmouse has
learned how to open
cardboard caps on
milk bottles to swipe
milk and cream from
its human neighbors
Four factors identified by Bandura
(1986) that account for O.L.
1.
2.
3.
4.
You must pay attention to
model’s actions;
You must remember the
model’s actions;
You must have the ability to
produce the actions;
You must be motivated to
perform the actions.
Social Learning Theory
 Social
behavior is learned
chiefly through observation
and the mental processing
of information
 Prosocial behavior and
aggression