Download Lower Plants

Lower Plants
Biology 2
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Taxonomy
•
•
•
•
Kingdom Archaea - prokaryotic
•
Kingdom Plants - eukaryotic, autotrophic,
multicellular
•
Kingdom Animals - eukaryotic,
heterotrophic (ingest), multicellular
Kingdom Bacteria - prokaryotic
Kingdom Protista - eukaryotic
Kingdom Fungi - eukaryotic,
heterotrophic (absorb), most multicellular
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Kingdom Fungi
•
Phylum Chytridiomycota
•
Phylum Zygomycota “ zygote fungi”
•
Phylum Ascomycota “sac fungi”
•
Phylum Basidiomycota “club fungi”
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Kingdom Plantae
•
•
•
•
•
•
Eukaryotic
Autotrophic
Cell walls of cellulose
Multicellular - Many cell types
Sex cells enclosed in organs
Alternation of Generations
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte (N)
produces
Grow into
Spores (N)
Produces
By
Meiosis
Sporophyte (2N)
Egg (N)
combine
Zygote (2N)
Grows into
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Sperm (N)
Plant Evolution
Fig. 23.1
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Plant Kingdom
•
•
•
•
Non-Vascular Plants
Vascular plants – Seedless
Vascular plants – Seeds in Cones
Vascular plants – Seeds in Fruit, Flowers
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Non-Vascular Plants
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lack transport tissue
Small
Live in wet areas
Gametophyte dominant
Phylum Bryophyta
3 groups - liverworts,
hornworts and mosses
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Liverworts
Thalloid Liverworts
(flat, branching)
Leafy Liverworts
(flat scale-like leaves)
common worldwide
tropics
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Liverworts
Thallus
2 cell layers
Gemmae cups
asexual reproduction
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Sexual Reproduction
Female Head
Male head
eggs
sporophyte
gametophyte
sperm
thallus
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Hornworts
• Flat round thallus
(gametophyte)
• Eggs and sperm
produced in
thalllus
• Sperm swim to egg
• Sporophyte grows
upright
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Mosses
•
•
more typical plant body
primitive leaves - 1 cell thick
head
leaves
gametophyte
axis
rhizoids
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Heads - Sexual Reproduction
Male Head
antheridium
sperm
Female Head
archegonium
egg
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Sporophyte Formation
capsule
operculum
sporophyte
seta
egg+sperm
zygote
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Spores
spores
protonema
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Figure
23.8
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Seedless Vascular Plants
•
•
•
•
Have transport tissue
Do not produce seeds
Sporophyte dominant generation
Sporophyte independent of
gametophyte
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Phylum Lycophyta
•
•
Microphylls - small leaves with single vein
Small flat gametophyte
Club Moss
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Spike Moss
Club Mosses
•
•
•
•
rhizome - underground stem
upright branches with many small leaves
branches symmetrically
upright strobila -->spores
Shining Club Moss
Ground Pine
Fig 23.10
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Spikemosses
•
•
•
Leaves have small flap
More branches, asymmetrical
Male and female spores
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Phylum Pteridophyta
•
Megaphylls - leaves
with branched veins
•
Ferns and allies
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Ferns
•
Very large leaves fronds
•
Fronds begin as
fiddleheads
•
Rhizome
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Basic Fern Structure
Pinna(e)
rachis
frond
stipe
Rhizome
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Frond Variations
Simple frond
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Pinnate Frond
Bipinnate Frond
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Fern Sori
Sori are groups of spore-producing
structures on the back of fronds in
some species or on separate fronds in
other species.
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Sporangia
• Spore producing structures
annulus
spores
sporangium
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
•Sorus (plural sori) clump of sporangia
Gametophyte
archegonia
antheridia
Rhizoids
spore
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Gametophyte
(prothallus)
Sporophyte
archegonia
antheridia
Rhizoids
spore
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Gametophyte
(prothallus)
Fern
Life
Cycle
Sporophyte
Fig 23.15
Sporangium
Egg and Sperm
Spores
Gametophyte
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Fern
Variety
Fig 23.14
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Horsetails
• Stems ribbed, silica
• Very small leaves, non-photosynthetic
• Spores produced in strobilus
strobilus
leaves
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
• Some
species branches
Horsetails
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Whisk Ferns
•
•
Body - branching stems
•
Sporangia occur in 3’s
No roots or leaves (underground stem
w/ mycorrhizae)
sporangia
Tuesday, February 19, 2013