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Unit VI:
Ancient
Rome
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Do Now!
Rome Quiz
Directions: Write your answers in the answer key.
1. Rome is now the capital of which modern country?
a) Italy
b) Greece
c) France
d) Egypt
2. A Roman fighter, who was usually a prisoner who was forced to fight, was called a _________ .
a) Latin
b) swordsman
c) emperor
d) gladiator
3. The Ancient Romans spoke ________ .
a) Latin
b) Italian
c) Greek
d) French
Mr. Woodward, History
Unit VI:
Ancient
Rome
4. How did Julius Caesar die?
a) He was assassinated by rivals.
b) He died in a battle in Gaul.
c) He was killed by a gladiator.
d) He fell from his horse.
5. Which of these was NOT true about Rome?
a) Octavian murdered Julius Caesar’s only son
b) Cleopatra and Antony fought against Octavian
c) Before he died, Julius Caesar chose Antony as his successor
d) Before he died, Julius Caesar chose Octavian as his successor
6. Romulus and Remus __________ .
a) were two consuls who saved Rome from the Carthaginians
b) were two Roman generals who conquered Gaul
c) were twin brothers who were said to have formed the city of Rome
d) were Carthaginian generals
7. In 204 BCE Hannibal went to battle on ___________ .
a) camels
b) horses
c) mighty war ships
d) elephants
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Unit VI:
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8. In 73 B. C. a slave named ________ led a revolt.
a) Julius Caesar
b) Spartacus
c) Hannibal
d) Vesuvius
9. During the Punic Wars the Romans fought ________ .
a) each other
b) the people of Carthage
c) the people of Spain
d) the people of Macedonia
10. When did Cato the Elder keep repeating the phrase: Carthago Delenda Est?
a) during the reign of Augustus
b) during the time of Julius Caesar
c) during the Punic Wars
d) during the fight between Antony and Octavian
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Unit VI:
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Quiz Answer Key
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Unit VI:
Ancient
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Family Letter
Dear family member,
The entire sixth grade class is memorizing the famous speech by Mark Antony for Act III Scene II of
the play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare. The deadline for the complete memorization of the
entire speech is now Monday, May 18th, 2009. On the deadline, students will be tested by being
required to write down the entire speech.
Students have been working hard on memorizing the speech for the past week and a half. Please
encourage your child to master a few lines each night so that they do not have to memorize the entire
speech at the last minute. Thank you very much for your help on this project.
Please sign below to acknowledge that you have read this letter.
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Unit VI:
Ancient
Rome
Name:
Date:
The Detailed Version of the Conflict between Octavian Against Antony and Cleopatra
Pre-Reading
The below reading describes all of the events of the war between Octavian against Antony and
Cleopatra. The reading is quite challenging; however, you do not need to understand every single
word in order to gain a sense of the big picture.
1. Is it possible to figure out the main idea of a reading even if you do not understand the
definitions of all the words? Explain!
2. What strategies help you to understand difficult readings?
3. What were Octavian and Antony fighting about anyway?
Unit VI:
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March 17, 44 BCE: The Senate, unable to take a consistent stand after Caesar's assassination,
decreed that the assassins were to be immune from punishment but that Caesar's acts as head of
state, including his will, were to be ratified, and he was to have a public funeral. At the funeral (March
20), Brutus spoke first; however, when Antony spoke, reading the conditions of Caesar's will (leaving
300,000 sesterces to each Roman citizen and his magnificent gardens to the people as a public
park), the mob was so inflamed that Caesar's body was burned then and there in the Forum and riots
began against the conspirators. Within a month, the conspirators had left the city for the East
because of their unpopularity in Rome. Led by Brutus and Cassius, they began to raise money and
an army in Greece, allying with Pompey, now a pirate chief.
April, 44 BCE: Caesar's nineteen-year-old great-nephew, Gaius Octavius Thurinus, entered Rome to
claim his inheritance. Caesar's will had named him chief heir and adopted him as his son, making his
name now Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (so modern historians usually call him Octavian until he
received the title Augustus in 27 BCE). His claim was not well received by Antony, but after many
machinations on both sides they eventually reconciled, at least on the surface.
November, 43 BCE: Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed an official three-man government, called
Unit VI:
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“the second triumvirate”; in order to silence opposition and raise money, they carried out bloody
political murders, executing significant numbers of senators and politicians, including the great orator
Cicero, against whom Antony was particularly vindictive.
October, 42 BCE: Antony and Octavian, leading 19-20 legions, met the 19 legions of Brutus and
Cassius at Philippi in Greece. In the first battle, Antony's forces defeated Cassius's troops, but
Brutus's forces defeated those of Octavian. Cassius, not knowing about Brutus's success, committed
suicide. Brutus did not follow up his advantage immediately, however, and a second battle was fought
three weeks later, with Brutus facing the combined forces of Antony and Octavian. When Brutus was
defeated, he also committed suicide, marking the ultimate end of the Republican cause.
42 BCE: After the victory at Philippi, Octavian returned to Rome, but Antony left on a triumphal tour
through Greece and the East; he planned to organize and supply an army to invade Parthia, the
military campaign Caesar was preparing before he was assassinated.
41 BCE: Antony ordered Cleopatra to meet him in Tarsus to answer a charge that she had secretly
aided Cassius before Philippi (probably a pretext to get Egyptian aid for his Parthian campaign). She
sailed to Tarsus on a magnificent barge, dressed as the goddess Venus in a tableau, and the two fell
in love. He soon followed her back to Alexandria (the main city of Egypt), delaying his Parthian
campaign, and ignoring everything that was going on in Rome.
40 BCE: The situation in Italy was deteriorating and a new civil war seemed imminent, so Antony
returned to Italy. Octavian and Antony made a peace treaty at Brundisium in which they agreed that
Octavian would be supreme in the West (Italy, Europe) and Antony in the East (Greece, Asia, Egypt);
the pact was sealed by the marriage of Antony to Octavia, Octavian's sister. But Antony was still in
love with Cleopatra.
Unit VI:
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Rome
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37 BCE: Antony finally departed for his Parthian campaign, but he met Cleopatra again in Syria, and
she convinced him to eventually leave his wife and Rome and move to Egypt. The Parthian campaign
was a disaster, with no military gains and the loss of an estimated 20,000 men. When Octavia
returned from Rome to Athens to meet her husband with gifts and supplies, he ignored her and
traveled directly to Alexandria and Cleopatra.
32 BCE: Antony gave away many territories of the Roman East to Cleopatra, divorced Octavia, and
claimed that Caesarion (Julius Caesar and Cleopatra’s child) was the true heir of Julius Caesar.
Antony sent a letter to Rome forcing his wife to immediately leave his house. These actions were very
unpopular in Rome, and the Senate decided to stand behind Octavian and against Antony. The
Senate made an oath of loyalty to Octavian.
31 BCE: The Senate outlawed Antony and declared war on Cleopatra. The climactic battle occurred
at sea, off the promontory of Actium in Greece. Octavian's general was the shrewd Marcus Vipsanius
Agrippa, and Antony was hampered by defections among his officers and the presence of Cleopatra
on her flagship, which his Roman soldiers deeply disliked. Agrippa easily outmaneuvered Antony, and
Cleopatra was the first to flee, taking her sixty Egyptian ships with her. Antony followed her in a single
ship, leaving the rest of his fleet to be destroyed.
30 BCE: After plans to regroup their forces in Alexandria failed, since most of Antony's remaining
soldiers deserted to join Octavian, Antony committed suicide with his own sword. The circumstances
surrounding his death are not certain, but several versions state that Cleopatra sent him a message
that she had killed herself; when he then stabbed himself, she had him raised to her in the her tower,
and he died in her arms. In any case, it is definite that she lived for some weeks after Antony's death
and met Octavian on at least one occasion. When she realized that Octavian was determined to
parade her as his captive in his victory parade in Rome, she tricked him into believing that she would
Unit VI:
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do this, and then had an asp (a kind of poisonous snake) smuggled in to her and died of its bite (or
perhaps she took poison), along with two of her serving women
27 BCE: Octavian formally “handed over” his power to the Senate, which then “voluntarily” gave it
back to him in a new legal form, officially declaring him the princeps (leading citizen), instead of
dictator, king, or triumvir; he was henceforth called Augustus (“the revered one”). In effect, absolute
power was in Augustus's hands, but this was concealed by his use of the old governmental forms;
although Augustus's rule is often termed a principate, he was actually the first of the Roman
emperors, and the beginning of the Roman Empire is officially dated at 27 BCE.
Post Reading
1. Right after Julius Caesar died, Antony and Octavian fought against Brutus. What happened in
this fight? Why were Antony and Octavian allied?
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2. Whom did Julius Caesar name as his heir (successor): Antony or Octavian?
3. How did Cleopatra distract Antony from taking power in Rome?
4. Why did Antony and Cleopatra become unpopular in Rome?
5. In your opinion, what was Antony’s biggest mistake in trying to take power?
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