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Study guide final:
Echinoderms:
Using the sea star or sea urchin as an example, be able to explain each of the following echinoderm features:
how the water vascular system is used for locomotion and
how the skin rids itself of "settling" larvae and ectoparasites.
Why the body's supporting structure is called an "endoskeleton"?
Why these animals are called "spiny-skinned"?
Again using the sea star or sea urchin as an example, describe major echinoderm systems (water vascular,
circulatory, digestive, reproductive and nervous).
Be able to describe the general appearance and feeding habits of the different echinoderm classes. Note
especially features unique to sea cucumber “ the thick echinoderms”. What is unusual about some brittle star
ability to respond to light?
Describe an Aristotle’s lantern. Which echinoderm class most resembles an ancestral echinoderm.
What are the Concentricycloids?
Chordata and relatives:
Describe the hemichordate bauplan. Be able to recognize diagrams and compare acornworms and Pterobranchs.
Are they more closely related to Echinoderms or chordates?
What are the defining features of the phylum, Chordata? Be able to compare Hemichordates and cordates.
Describe the features of tunicates that make them chordates. Describe the basic bauplan of a tunicate. How do
these organisms feed and reproduce?
Distinguish among the major groups of tunicates.
What is a pharyngeal basket and what purpose does it serve?
Identify the notochord. What is its function?
What are the similarities between a tunicate tadpole larva and a lancelet?
Why are echinoderms and chordates considered to be closely related? Are hemichordates more closely related
to chinoderms or chordates?
Both tunicates and lancelets are filter feeders. What are the similarities in their feeding mechanisms.
What are xenoturbellids? What does their bauplan indicate about the ancestral deuterostome’s bauplan?
Nematodes and relatives
Be able to describe terms such as cycloneuralia, ecdysozoa, and list appropriate clades that would belong to
each group
Be able to describe (in general terms) how free-living roundworm and parasitic roundworms obtain nutrition.
Known the characteristics of the phylum, Nematoda. What is unique about the nematode cuticle?
Be able to compare and contrast the structure and life cycles of parasitic and free living nematodes. What is
unusual about the life cycle of filarial nematodes. Why are some nematodes considered "primitive" parasites?
Comment on the imporatance of C. elegans as a research model.
Be able to compare in structure and life cycle the Nematomorpha with the Nematoda.
Be able to recognize diagrams of these nematode relatives, Kinorhyncha, Priapaulids and Loricifera. Be able to
compare these phyla.
Know unique characteristics for each of the following clades Nematomorpha, Knorhyncha, Priapaulida and
Loricifera.
Terms to know and be able to describe: Ascaris, cryptobiosis, complete digestive system, cuticle, chromosome
reduction or dimimution, dog hearworm, elephantiasis, eutely, Guinea worm, intovert, Necator or
Ancyclostoma, hookworms, pinworms, pseudocoelom, longitudinal muscles, pharynx, repeating muscular
units, scalids, trichinosis, crytobiosis, neotony.
Panarthropods:
Define the term panarthropod. reproduction. Which group is well represented in Cambrian fossils? Be able to
list and describe unique characteristics of each group. Be able to compare and contrast arthropods, tardigrades
and onyclophorans in structure, locomotion and feeding. That implies you should be able to list characteristics
shared by arthropods and each of the two phyla, Tardigrada and Onchyphora, as wlll as characteristics that vary
among the three groups . Describe the following as the terms apply to panarthropods: tuns, eutely,
cryptobiosis, hemocoel, slime glands, 12S rRNA, trachea.
Rotifers and relatives
Describe the general bauplan of a rotifer, focusing on their synctial epidermis, mastax, corona and lorica.
Be able to describe the life cycle of a rotifer.
Compare and contrast Acanthocephalans to rotifers.
Be able to describe the Acanthocephala lifestyle, effects on host and general bauplan.
Are there any features rotifers or acanthocephalns share with nematodes?
.
Gastrotrichs
Be able to describe how gastrotrics move.
Be able to compare the bauplan of gastrotrichs to rotifers and nematodes and their relatives. Be able to compare
the life cycles of gastrotrichs to rotifers and nematodes.
Why does your book feel gastrotrichs relationships are unresolved?
Unresolved phyla:
Most of you submitted questions summarized by the first two statements below.
Be able to compare and contrast the body plans and life cycles of Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa,
Cycliophora, Chaetognatha.
Be able to recognize photographs of representatives of the four clades.
Do they share any characteristics with gastrotrichs?
Why does your book think their relationships are unresolved?
If you had to choose which of these clades would you place more closely related to rotifers?