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Chapter 6 Test Your Understanding 6A from page 240 Summary The continental and island countries of Southeast Asia, together with Australia, New Zealand, and hundreds of Pacific islands, comprise a varied region that had separate historic experiences but is becoming increasingly integrated into global affairs. Many peoples of contemporary Southeast Asia trace their regional origin to groups migrating many centuries ago from more interior regions of the Asian continent. Traders from China and South Asia brought Hinduism and Islam to the region. European colonists claimed much of this territory in the 1800s, but small numbers of Europeans settled permanently, and the present countries achieved independence in the 1960s and 1970s. Australia and New Zealand garner political and economic attention among some of the world’s poorest and smallest Pacific island countries. Following colonization by mainly western European countries in the late 1800s, many of the islands of the South Pacific remain poor with few products to sell in global markets. Indigenous groups in Australia (Aborigines) and New Zealand (Maoris) fared badly under European settlement. Questions to Think About 6A.1 Summarize the variety of external influences that contributed to the present human geography of this region. 6A.2 What have been the consequences, good and bad, for Australia and New Zealand of being at a distance from the materially wealthier Northern Hemisphere countries? 6A.3 How did differing colonial experiences in Southeast Asia, Australia, and New Zealand create different contemporary human geographies? Key Terms domino theory containment Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Mon Khmer Vietnamese Lao Burmese Angkor Wat Shan Karen Aborigine animism Maori Melanesian people Micronesian people Polynesian people Dutch East India Company Thai Terra Australis From Bradshaw/White/Dymond/Chacko: Contemporary World Regional Geography, Second Edition. Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Your Understanding 6B from page 248 Summary Oceanic influences dominate the climatic environments of Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. These environments range from forested equatorial rainy areas through trade-wind climates to the stormy seas surrounding Antarctica. Interior Australia remains a desert. Clashing tectonic plates produce mountains, volcanic islands, and earthquakes from Southeast Asia through Papua New Guinea to New Zealand. They are linked to productive soils and the deposition of mineral resources such as copper, gold, and nickel. The shield areas of Australia contain mineral resources such as iron, uranium, and gold. Environmental problems stem from attempts to establish European farming and tropical plantation crops in these new lands. Soil degradation and mining damage are among the main problems faced. Questions to Think About 6B.1 What impact does the convergence of plates have on the region’s relief patterns and on the regional human geography? 6B.2 Are natural environmental conditions present in Australia a causal factor in Australia’s relatively small population? Explain. Key Terms convective rain showers sea breeze land breeze typhoons orographic coral atolls midlatitude cyclone monsoon climatic environments convergent plate boundaries subducted transform plate margin Gondwanaland barrier reef marsupial mallee Wallace Line alluvial layers artesian wells tsunami megathrust From Bradshaw/White/Dymond/Chacko: Contemporary World Regional Geography, Second Edition. Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Your Understanding 6C from page 271 Summary Southeast Asia comprises countries at different levels of political and economic development. Groups of people with different cultures mix within each country, often leading to conflicts. Singapore is a wealthy but small country. Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines are emerging economies. Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam remain extremely poor following years of warfare. Myanmar’s exit from military dictator–imposed isolation is slow. All Southeast Asian countries are developing the manufacture of goods for export and are attracting foreign investments. They mostly have governments that take an involved part in industrial and trading policy. Questions to Think About 6C.1 Which are the ASEAN countries? Why was the organization set up, and what is its likely future? 6C.2 Assessing their locations and past and present economies, compare the future prospects of Hong Kong (see Chapter 5) and Singapore. 6C.3 What common issues do North Korea (see Chapter 5), Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar face? 6C.4 What were some of the contributing factors in the Southeast Asian economic crisis of the late 1990s? Key Terms transmigration white Australia policy primate city deurbanization Khmer Rouge cultural fault lines archipelago Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) padi Green Revolution new rice technology plantation crony capitalism ersatz capitalism ecotourism From Bradshaw/White/Dymond/Chacko: Contemporary World Regional Geography, Second Edition. Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Your Understanding 6D from page 276 Summary Although Australia has vast areas of desert and unoccupied land, the majority of its 19 million people are concentrated in higher-density urban areas, giving Australia one of the highest urban percentages of any country in the world. Australia’s economy ranks it with the world’s wealthier countries and is based on exports of a wide range of minerals and farm products, together with growing manufacturing and tourism industries. Its five largest cities hold nearly 60 percent of the total population. New Zealand is another materially wealthy country. It consists of two main islands. Its 3.9 million people export wool, lamb meat, timber, dairy products, and fruit. New Zealand is currently experiencing growth in its tourism and films industries. Questions to Think About 6D.1 Why does such a high proportion of the Australian population live in the major coastal cities of the southeastern quadrant of the country? 6D.2 How have cultural relations changed between Aboriginal Australians and European Australians from the colonial era to the present? 6D.3 What changes were involved in Australia’s economic migration from European to Asian markets? 6D.4 How does New Zealand use its natural environment to increase the country’s global connections? 6D.5 What are some of the environmental impacts faced in Australia and New Zealand? Key Terms Great Dividing Range Gold Coast Great Australian Desert afforestation South Pacific Forum sustainable forestry Import-substitution manufacturing From Bradshaw/White/Dymond/Chacko: Contemporary World Regional Geography, Second Edition. Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Your Understanding 6E from page 282 Summary The South Pacific islands include large numbers of small islands grouped in mainly independent but poor countries. Papua New Guinea is the largest, having over half the total population of all the islands. Many South Pacific islands have no commercial products; others produce coconuts and copra; some export a particular mineral; and some have economies maintained by French colonial support or U.S. grants. Antarctica is a continent without a permanent population. Its resources are not exploited, and its main role is as a scientific laboratory for weather and marine ecosystem study. Questions to Think About 6E.1 What attractions do the countries of this subregion offer to tourists? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the tourism industry for the inhabitants? 6E.2 Should Antarctica be included as a subregion of a world region, be a world region on its own, or be ignored by regional geographers? Key Terms Copra Antarctic Treaty ozone hole From Bradshaw/White/Dymond/Chacko: Contemporary World Regional Geography, Second Edition. Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.