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UIL Social Studies Notes
2015-2016
World War I:
Crisis and Change in Europe
Written by
Nancy Barnard, Shannon Barker & Keisha Bedwell
Edited by
Noel Putnam
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2015-2016 UIL SOCIAL STUDIES NOTES
OVERVIEW (PART 1: GENERAL KNOWLEDGE - 20 QUESTIONS - 20 POINTS)......................................................... 3
CENTRAL POWERS.............................................................................................................................................. 4
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY ...................................................................................................................................................5
ALLIED POWERS ................................................................................................................................................. 5
FRANCE ........................................................................................................................ ..............................................5
BELGIUM ...................................................................................................................................................................5
RUSSIA ........................................................................................................................ ...............................................6
BRITAIN .....................................................................................................................................................................6
SERBIA .......................................................................................................................................................................7
UNITED STATES (U.S.) ........................................................................................................................ ........................7
A NOTE ON DATES.............................................................................................................................................. 7
QUEEN VICTORIA AND DESCENDANTS (PART 1: MORE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE) ................................................. 8
ROYAL HOUSES OF EUROPE...............................................................................................................................12
MONARCHIES OF 1914 (PART 3: MONARCHS & LEADERS- 10 QUESTIONS - 30 POINTS)......................................15
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY .................................................................................................................................................15
BAVARIA ..................................................................................................................................................................15
BELGIUM .................................................................................................................................................................16
BULGARIA ................................................................................................................................................................16
DENMARK ....................................................................................................................... .........................................16
GERMAN EMPIRE (PRUSSIA) ....................................................................................................................................17
GREAT BRITAIN ........................................................................................................................................................17
ITALY ........................................................................................................................................................................17
LIECHTENSTEIN ........................................................................................................................................................17
LUXEMBOURG .........................................................................................................................................................18
MONACO ........................................................................................................................ .........................................18
MONTENEGRO ........................................................................................................................................................18
NETHERLANDS .........................................................................................................................................................18
NORWAY .................................................................................................................................................................19
OTTOMAN EMPIRE ..................................................................................................................................................19
ROMANIA ................................................................................................................................................................19
RUSSIAN EMPIRE ........................................................................................................................ .............................20
SAXONY ...................................................................................................................................................................20
SERBIA .....................................................................................................................................................................20
SPAIN .......................................................................................................................................................................21
SWEDEN ..................................................................................................................................................................21
WÜRTTEMBERG ................................................................................................................... ...................................21
WWI EUROPEAN ALLIANCES..............................................................................................................................22
FRONTS AND BATTLES OF WORLD WAR I (PART 1: MORE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE) ............................................23
PARTICIPANTS .........................................................................................................................................................23
EASTERN FRONT ......................................................................................................................................................23
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2015-2016 UIL Social Studies Notes - continued
WESTERN FRONT ......................................................................................................................... ............................24
ITALIAN FRONT ........................................................................................................................................................27
GALLIPOLI FRONT ....................................................................................................................................................27
PALESTINE FRONT......................................................................................................................... ...........................28
MESOPOTAMIAN FRONT .........................................................................................................................................29
AFRICAN THEATRE ....................................................................................................................... ............................30
FAR EAST THEATRE ....................................................................................................................... ...........................30
WAR AT SEA......................................................................................................................................................31
ATLANTIC OCEAN CONFLICTS ..................................................................................................................................31
MEDITERRANEAN SEA .............................................................................................................................................32
BLACK SEA................................................................................................................................................................32
BALTIC SEA...............................................................................................................................................................32
WWI TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION (PART 1: MORE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE) ....................................................34
MOTORIZED VEHICLES FOR MOBILIZATION.............................................................................................................34
TRENCH WARFARE AND HAND-TO-HAND COMBAT ................................................................................................34
AERIAL WARFARE ....................................................................................................................................................35
COMMUNICATIONS.................................................................................................................................................36
TECHNOLOGY RECAP ...............................................................................................................................................36
TIMELINE ..........................................................................................................................................................37
END-OF-WAR TREATIES (PART 1: MORE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE) ......................................................................40
TREATY OF VERSAILLES .................................................................................................................... ........................40
OTHER TREATIES ......................................................................................................................................................42
END OF THE EMPIRES (PART 1: MORE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE) .........................................................................45
AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE ................................................................................................................................45
GERMAN EMPIRE (PRUSSIA) ....................................................................................................................................45
RUSSIAN EMPIRE ........................................................................................................................ .............................46
OTTOMAN EMPIRE ..................................................................................................................................................46
BALKANS ....................................................................................................................... ...........................................46
BRITISH EMPIRE .......................................................................................................................................................47
UNITED STATES ........................................................................................................................ ................................47
IMPACT OF THE SPANISH FLU PANDEMIC OF 1918-1919 ........................................................................................47
CHANGES ON THE MAP ...........................................................................................................................................48
THE GUNS OF AUGUST (PART II: PRIMARY READING SELECTION - 15 QUESTIONS - 30 POINTS) ..........................50
MEET THE AUTHOR........................................................................................................................ ..........................50
BOOK OUTLINE ....................................................................................................................... .................................50
NOTABLE PEOPLE ..............................................................................................................................................86
GLOSSARIES ......................................................................................................................................................95
WAR TERMS & EVENTS ............................................................................................................................................95
OTHER GLOSSARY ENTRIES ......................................................................................................................................98
Index…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….100
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2015-2016 UIL Social Studies Notes - continued
OVERVIEW (Part 1: General Knowledge - 20 questions - 20 points)
The 19th century was a period marked by relative peace. Much of the world began trending toward
democratization and, from 1800 to 1914, trade rose, and the world experienced significant
globalization. Due to this developing international independence, British economist Norman Angell
deemed a modern war irrational and unsustainable in his text The Great Illusion (1909). Regardless of
his optimism, trouble was brewing.
A conflict between France and Prussia, the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), left France defeated
and humiliated. France was forced to pay an astronomical indemnity and lost the provinces of Alsace
and Lorraine. France remained bitter and focused on vengeance. Conversely, the war’s outcome led to
the formation of the German Empire, which was to become a military and industrial powerhouse and
threaten Europe’s balance of power. Due to this, the resulting peace from 1871-1914 was an uneasy
one. European alliances began shifting.
In 1879, Germany and Austria-Hungary established a defensive pact called the Dual Alliance, and,
by 1882, Italy joined. This became the Triple Alliance. Compounding Europe’s wariness, Kaiser Wilhelm
II ascended to the German throne in 1888. His foreign policy was aggressive and bellicose. Wilhelm
allowed Germany’s Reinsurance Treaty with Russia, an agreement that guaranteed peace between
Russia and Austria-Hungry, to lapse. The dissolution of this agreement paved the way for the FrancoRussian Alliance in 1892 and, eventually, the Triple Entente of France, Russia and Great Britain.
The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) fought for influence in Manchuria and Korea, and this
conflict raged until it ended with Russia's withdrawal. This was the first time a modern Western power
had been defeated by an Eastern one. This caused the Russians to shift their focus from the Far East to
Europe, particularly the Balkans, frustrating Austria-Hungary who was also eyeing the region. Resulting
internal unrest within Russia culminated in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and Tsar Nicholas II’s
October Manifesto, which created a constitutional charter and further weakened the autocratic regime.
The Ottoman Empire began its decline in the 18th century, and, in the wake of its withdrawal of
influence from the already diverse and unstable region, a power vacuum formed. European states began
vying for influence within the area, their influence establishing independent nation-states during the
19th century. This Eastern Question, vying to determine who would assume control of the formerly
Ottoman regions, further complicated European instability during the 19th and 20th century.
Germany began to build a strong navy after the Franco-Prussian War, an act that convinced Britain
that Germany could pose a threat to the established European balance of power. Thus, Britain created a
loose alliance with France called the Entente Cordiale in 1904 and, in 1907, an alliance with Russia.
Russia was also allied with France, and together these three made up the Triple Entente that would
become the core of Allied Powers in World War I (WWI).
Europe teetered on the brink of war, and several incidents almost resulted in its culmination.
Germany unsuccessfully attempted to split the French and British alliance by instigating the Moroccan
Crisis, which included the 1905-1906 Tangier Crisis and 1911 Agadir Crisis. Another crisis occurred in
1908, when the Ottoman Empire’s Bosnia and Herzegovina was annexed by Austria-Hungary, causing
tension with Serbia and, therefore, Russia. In the end, Russia and Serbia backed down, and the
annexation was grudgingly accepted. Tension between Austria-Hungary and Serbia remained. The
Balkans was a "powder keg" waiting to be ignited.
As of 1914, the primary alliances were as follows:
x
France, Russia and Britain (loosely)
x
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
x
Later, Germany and Turkey (secretly)
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Both the Italo-Turkish War and Balkan Wars heightened tension in the Balkan region. The powder
keg ignited on June 28, 1914, when Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir presumptive to the
Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife were assassinated by a Serbian nationalist group. The Kaiser
promised Germany’s unconditional support to the Austro-Hungarians in their struggle with the Serbians,
a promise that is now called the carte blanche or blank check, on July 5. On July 28, Austria-Hungary
used Ferdinand’s assassination as an excuse to declare war on Serbia. The rest is history; the descent
into WWI began.
CENTRAL POWERS
GERMANY
Pre-war conditions: Otto von Bismarck, a Prussian political leader who dominated German and
European affairs in the late 19th century, successfully combined Prussia and the German kingdoms
into a cohesive German Empire by January 18, 1871. He styled himself as chancellor, and the
empire’s first monarch became Wilhelm I. In 1871, the Germans defeated the French in the FrancoPrussian War. This victory reinforced German belief that Prussian militarism would prevail, setting
the tone for the empire until 1945. In 1888, Wilhelm I died, and Kaiser Wilhelm II ascended to the
throne. He forced Bismarck to resign in 1890 and neglected to maintain the Reinsurance Treaty
with Russia so German-Russian relations deteriorated. Germany had become an industrialized
power, and its army was powerful. Wilhelm II’s foreign policy was very aggressive. Germany
planned to go to war against France with the intention of crushing it.
War plans: Germany feared encirclement. International tension prompted Count Alfred von Schlieffen
to develop what came to be called the Schlieffen Plan. Due to standing alliances, Germany would
be unable to attack France without initiating a war on two fronts. Therefore, the Schlieffen Plan had
time schedules that allotted six weeks to plow through France before turning east to face the
Russians. He based this schedule on the correct assumption that it would take a while for Russia to
mobilize its enormous army and left a small number of forces to protect the Russian border.
Germany would concentrate its forces in the west, with a small amount stationed in Eastern Prussia
to defend it from the Russians. Five German armies would advance through Belgium, traveling from
Alsace-Lorraine to Paris, and execute a wheel motion to outflank French forces and attack them
from the rear. Meanwhile, the French would be drawn into the trap by a lesser German force
guarding Germany’s border with France. Then the French were to be encircled by the core German
army. The five German armies slotted for this initiative were over one million strong.
Problems: The breach of Belgian neutrality, which had been established by the Treaty of London
(1839), could pull Britain into the conflict as well. The German initiative required a strong right wing
according to its planner, but Helmuth von Moltke, also known as Moltke the Younger, deviated from
this plan.
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Queen Victoria m. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Alfred (1844), Duke of Edinburgh,
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha m. Marie
Alexandrovna Grand Duchess of
Russia
Marie of Saxe-Coburg
and Gotha m. King
Ferdinand of Romania
Victoria Melita of
Edinburgh m. Ernest
Louis, Grand Duke of
Hesse
Alexandra, m. Ernst II,
Prince of HohenloheLangenburg
Beatrice, m. Infante
(Prince) Alfonso de
Orleans y Borbón, Duke
of Galliera
Arthur (b. 1850), Duke of
Connaught & Strathearn m.
Duchess Louise Margaret of
Prussia
Beatrice (b. 1857) m. Prince Henry
of the House of Battenberg, which
was a town in Hesse, Germany
Princess Margaret m.
Gustaf Adolf, Crown
Prince of Sweden
Alexander Mountbatten
(formerly Battenberg), 1st
Marquess of Carisbrooke,
m. Lady Iris
Arthur of Connaught &
Strathearn, m. Princess
Alexandra, Duchess of
Fife
Victoria Eugenie m. King
Alfonso XIII of Spain
Patricia of Connaught
m. Sir Alexander
Ramsay
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2015-2016 UIL Social Studies Notes - continued
GERMAN EMPIRE (PRUSSIA)
Wilhelm II - (1859-1941) Kaiser Wilhelm II was the grandson of Queen Victoria and quite familiar with
the British royal family and its customs. At times, it seemed a case of personal one-upmanship to be
better than Britain. His naval expansion was an excellent example. He devoted considerable
expense to the expansion of his military and development of a navy that could match that of
Britain. His was a love/hate relationship with Britain through the years and thus assessing his
strategy was difficult, indeed, he did not appear to understand the political relationships of many of
the surrounding nations. After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian terrorist,
Wilhelm encouraged Austria-Hungary to attack the Serbs. He failed to anticipate the reactions of
Russia, Britain and France. He was deposed in 1918 and was granted asylum in the Netherlands.
Germany was required to give the Danzig Corridor to Poland after the war, dividing Prussia into
West and East sectors. The German Empire consisted of six Grand Duchies, five Duchies and six
Principalities.
GREAT BRITAIN
George V - (1865-1936) King George V was a career military officer until the death of his older brother
Albert made him heir apparent. He made numerous trips to the Western Front, often accompanied
by his wife, in support of his troops. King George was of the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha royal house
and of German ancestry. His wife, Princess Mary of Teck, was also German. He changed the family
name to the House of Windsor in 1917 to sound British. His most controversial action occurred in
1917 when his cousin, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, was deposed during the Russian Revolution;
Nicholas asked for asylum in Britain, which George denied. Nicholas and his immediate family were
subsequently arrested and executed by the Bolsheviks. The House of Windsor remains in power in
Great Britain under Queen Elizabeth II.
ITALY
Vittorio Emanuele III - (1896-1947) Italy at the time of WWI was in an alliance with Prussia and AustriaHungary due to an agreement made by King Umberto I. Upon the assassination of Umberto I,
Vittorio Emanuele II assumed the throne as King Vittorio Emanuele III of the House of Savoy. He
was devoted to the constitution and the rule of law, but was at times hesitant to exert his full
powers. In the beginning of WWI, Italy declared neutrality, but was offered territory and financial
support if it declared to support Britain and France. Vittorio Emanuele III accepted the offer, which
proved disastrous for Italy in the end. The promised territory and financial support did not
materialize, and Italian casualties were high. The monarchy survived WWI but was considerably
weakened. The king was eventually exiled in 1943 after a public referendum voted to abolish the
monarchy.
LIECHTENSTEIN
Johann II - (1840-1929) Prince Johann II became Prince of Lichtenstein at 18 years old, when his father
died. He had a long rule of 70 years during which he made the nation a constitutional monarchy. He
also chose to leave the German Confederation in 1866. During WWI, Lichtenstein declared
neutrality that broke the alliance with Austria-Hungary and led to closer ties with Switzerland after
the war. Lichtenstein remains a monarchy headed by Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein.
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2015-2016 UIL Social Studies Notes - continued
IV. Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
A. This treaty ended hostilities between the Allies and the Republic of German-Austria and was
signed on September 10, 1919.
B. It contained the pledge for the League of Nations.
C. The U.S. did not ratify this treaty.
D. The Austro-Hungarian Empire would dissolve, losing much territory.
E. The new Republic of Austria would recognize the independence of Poland, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
F. Austria could not enter into any economic or political unions with Germany without
permission from the League of Nations.
G. This treaty and the aftermath of the war created economic hardships in the new nation.
V. Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
A. This treaty ended hostilities between the Allies and Bulgaria and signed on November 27,
1919.
B. It required Bulgaria to cede several territories, including Western Thrace, which cut off their
outlet to the Aegean Sea.
C. Bulgaria paid £100 million in reparations.
VI. Treaty of Trianon
A. This treaty ended WWI between the Allies and the Kingdom of Hungary and signed on June 4,
1920.
B. It left Hungary as a landlocked nation and with an area only 28% the size of the pre-war nation.
C. After the treaty, five of the nations' ten largest cities were now located in other nations.
D. The treaty supported the division of Hungary to benefit the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes, or Yugoslavia, the Kingdom of Romania and Czechoslovakia.
E. Hungary signed the treaty in protest, as they had no say in negotiations.
VII. Treaty of Sèvres
A. This treaty ended hostilities between the Allies and Ottoman Empire and signed on 8/10/1920.
The terms were more severe than that of the Treaty of Versailles and negotiations took more
than 15 months after beginning at the Paris Peace Conference.
B. This treaty destroyed the Ottoman Empire.
C. Land in the Eastern Mediterranean became the new nations of Palestine and Syria, among
others.
D. It led to the Turkish War of Independence.
VIII. Dawes Plan
A. This plan was the action of the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes in 1924, to
collect debt owed by Germany to the Triple Entente and set a compromise for reparation
problems.
B. Germany, due to hyperinflation, needed restructuring of reparation payments.
C. The plan suggested a payment plan for Germany.
D. It suggested an end date for Allied occupation of Germany.
E. The Allies put the plan in place but it soon became obvious that Germany would not
voluntarily meet the payment schedule and the Young Plan replaced it in 1929.
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2015-2016 UIL Social Studies Notes - continued
von Baden, Max - During the last several months of WWI, Prince Max von Baden served as Germany's
chancellor. He took the reins temporarily and helped to arrange an armistice; he also approved of
Kaiser Wilhelm II's removal from power.
von Bernhardi, Friedrich - Bernhardi wrote Germany and the Next War, an influential text which argued
in favor of Germany waging war to garner power.
von Bismarck, Otto - Prime Minister of Prussia and the first Chancellor of Germany, Bismarck is often
referred to as the founder of the German Empire. He was considered a master of alliances and
counter-alliances and unified many of the various German states. He was Prussian, however and
ensured that the Prussians maintained control. He is credited with saying, in 1888, “One day the
great European War will come out of some damned foolish thing in the Balkans."
von Clausewitz, Carl - Clausewitz was a Prussian general whose writings on war strategy were very
influential within Western society and played a large role during WWI planning.
von Emmich, General Otto - Emmich was the commander of the German provisional forces charged
with taking the fort of Liege in Belgium. He was the successful commander in the Battle of Liege,
the first battle of WWI.
von Falkenhayn, Erich - Falkenhayn, a Kaiser favorite, took Moltke's place as German Chief of General
Staff in September of 1914 after the Schlieffen Offensive was unsuccessful and he retained this
position for the first half of the war. He looked to the Eastern Front against the Russians, as the
Western one was fraught with difficulties, and his goal was to force Russia's hand and convince it
to sign an independent armistice. He also planned the Verdun assault, which was a failure, and, as
a result was replaced in August of 1916. He held several commanding positions after this.
von Hindenburg, Paul - Hindenburg was brought out of retirement to serve on the Eastern Front as
Commander of East Prussia and the German Eighth Army on August 22 of 1914. His task was
defending East Prussia from the Russians. He was successful at the Battle of Tannenberg and, in
September of 1914, became Commander-in-Chief of the German armies. From 1916 to 1919, he
served as the Chief of the General Staff, replacing Erich von Falkenhayn. Several of his policies
were to have serious consequences, including pursuing the unrestricted submarine activity that
drew the U.S. into the war, and policies contributing to the German food shortage. With his
deputy, Paul von Ludendorff, on whom his was very reliant, he fashioned Germany into a military
dictatorship. Germany lost the war but Hindenburg escaped taking the brunt of the blame and, in
1925, became president of the Weimar Republic. He was the man who appointed Adolf Hitler
chancellor of the German Republic.
von Moltke (the younger), Helmuth - Moltke, nephew of a prominent general, was a German court
favorite. Through these connections, Moltke ascended through the ranks and succeeded
Schlieffen as the Army Chief of Staff in 1906. He used Schlieffen's Plan, but modified it. Moltke
borrowed troops from Schlieffen's strong right wing to reinforce the weaker left and allowed
some of the left wing commanders to slip from defensive to offensive and broach attacks in
France. He also diverted some troops to aid those defending East Prussia from the Russians. Due
to these decisions, the French and British were able to not only escape encirclement but also
mount a flank attack that successfully stalled the German offensive at the Battle of the Marne.
This resulted in Moltke losing his cool and, by the Kaiser's orders, Erich Flakenhayn succeeded him
in September of 1914.
von Prittwitz , Maximilian - Prittwitz commanded the German Eighth Army at the beginning of WWI. He
was deemed overly cautious after his panicked withdrawal from Eastern Prussia to the River
Vistula and Moltke replaced him with Hindenberg.
von Rennenkampf, Paul - Rennenkampf, of Baltic-German heritage, led Russia's First Army during WWI.
His failure to come to the aid of General Samsonov during the Battle of Tannenberg caused
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