Download The Power of the Grape

The Power of the Grape:
Research on Concord grapes,
grape polyphenols, and heart-health,
plus emerging areas of study
Learning Objectives
• Identify the role of plant nutrients in heart health, particularly
polyphenols found in grapes/grape products.
• Review growing scientific research on the role grapes/grape
products play in promoting heart health.
• Recognize emerging areas of study on Concord grapes and
health, such as cognition and immune health.
• Be aware of the role of Concord grapes and 100% juice as part
of a healthy diet.
• Boost the heart-healthfulness of clients' diets, focusing on
recipes and tips to enhance meals with vibrantly colored fruit.
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Heart Health and Concord Grapes:
The Science
3
Cardiovascular Health
• Genetics are a strong determinant of heart health.
• Modifiable factors such as diet and lifestyle affect risk:
–
–
–
–
–
Eating heart-healthy foods, including fruits and vegetables
Limiting total calories and saturated fat consumption
Maintaining ideal weight
Not smoking
Being physically active
• 81 million Americans are afflicted with cardiovascular disease.1
– 37% of population
4
Power of the Grape
• A large body of research supports the idea that
consumption of Concord grape juice, as part of a
produce-rich diet, can positively impact health.
• Mostly attributed to polyphenols – natural source of
nutrients that support health:
– Found in skins and seeds of Concord grapes
– Give grapes their color
– Naturally function as antioxidants to protect against
too many free radicals
– Have other important health-promoting effects
5
Phytonutrients = Plant Nutrients
Polyphenols:
• Sub-group of phytonutrients.
• Found in foods like onions, tea, red wine,
grapes, grape juice, blueberries and certain nuts.
• Plant biologists suggest that polyphenols protect
plants against pathogens, parasites and
predators, and often contribute to the flavor and
color of produce.
Flavonoids:
• Largest and most studied sub-group of polyphenols.
• There are thousands of different flavonoids in fruits,
vegetables and plant-derived beverages (e.g. teas,
wines, and juices).
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Phytonutrients = Plant Nutrients
In Concord grapes, flavonoids are
particularly found in the skins and
seeds. The skin has a high
concentration of a class of flavonoids
called anthocyanins, while the seeds
contain flavanols, including
proanthocyanidins.
Researchers have been actively
investigating the effects of flavonoids
on cardiovascular health.
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Polyphenols as Antioxidants
Studies have shown:
•
Concord grape juice has a greater polyphenol concentration than many other
juices.2
– In 2008, scientists measuring the polyphenol content and antioxidant potential of a
variety of beverages found that the total polyphenol content of Concord grape juice
was higher than many other juices, including blueberry, cranberry, orange, and apple
juices. Their study also showed that grape juice has the ability to scavenge free
radicals and protect LDL cholesterol against free radical-induced damage.
•
Antioxidant potential of Concord grape juice vs. red wine is about the same.3
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Polyphenols as Antioxidants
Studies have shown:
•
Concord grape juice helps manage the effects of LDL cholesterol.4,5
– Published in 2002, O’Byrne and colleagues asked 15 healthy adults to drink grape
juice (10 mL/kg/d) each day for two weeks. They measured the susceptibility of
LDL to oxidative damage by isolating it from blood and adding a pro-oxidant. They
found that the rate of LDL oxidation was significantly reduced after grape juice
consumption. The effect was similar to the effect produced by the antioxidant
vitamin E in another arm of the same study.
– Positive results on LDL oxidation were also seen by Stein and colleagues, where
patients with coronary artery disease drinking Concord grape juice (8 mL/kg/d)
experienced slowed LDL oxidation time versus baseline,5 although the same group
saw no effect of grape juice on LDL oxidation in another study. 6
– While the above studies showed that Concord grape juice can positively impact the
rate of LDL oxidation, which benefits cardiovascular health, they did not
demonstrate a decrease in LDL cholesterol levels.
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Concord Grapes & Healthy Hearts
• Concord grapes may be one important ingredient for maintaining a
healthy cardiovascular system; studies indicate Concord grapes may:
– Help support flexible arteries to promote healthy blood flow
– Have an anti-clotting effect similar to red wine
– Play a role in maintaining healthy blood pressure in certain populations
10
Concord Grapes & Healthy Blood Flow
•
The heart and arteries function to carry blood
(and with the blood, oxygen and nutrients) to all
cells in the body. An important regulator of the
flow of blood is the vascular endothelium, which
is the inner lining of cells inside all vessels.
•
Normally, arteries dilate (open wider) in
response to a demand for increased blood flow to
a particular part of the body.
•
People with risk factors for heart health issues
have impaired dilation, and may have increased
stiffness of their arteries.
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Concord Grapes & Healthy Blood Flow
•
Concord grapes may help support flexible arteries.5-9
– Concord grape juice consumption has been shown to enhance flow-mediated
dilation of the brachial artery.
• In one study, 15 patients with coronary artery disease drank grape juice (8 mL/kg/d)
for two weeks. Researchers observed that flow-mediated dilation of the brachial
artery (the large artery in the arm) was impaired in these patients at baseline and
was improved after drinking the juice.5
• A second study from this same group showed significant increases in brachial artery
dilation compared to baseline after coronary artery disease patients drank grape
juice for 28 days.6
– Grape juice polyphenols have been shown to stimulate the production of nitric
oxide,7,8 which can promote arterial relaxation.
• Nitric oxide is an important vasodilator produced by the endothelium; it acts to
prevent inflammation and to inhibit platelet aggregation.
12
Concord Grapes & Anti-Clotting Effects
•
Concord grapes may have an anti-clotting effect7,10 similar to red wine.11
– In a study by Keevil et al, researchers compared the effects of grape juice, orange
juice and grapefruit juice (~450 mL/d) in 10 healthy adults in a crossover study.
Only grape juice showed an ability to inhibit platelet aggregation.10
– Similar results were seen in a study by Freedman et al on Concord grape juice
consumption (7 mL/kg/d for 2 weeks) in 20 healthy adults.7
• Anti-platelet effects were attributed to the proanthocyanidins and other
flavonoids found in Concord grape juice.
– Positive results were not seen in subjects on aspirin therapy, which also inhibits
platelet aggregation.12
– An animal study has also shown reduced clotting and cholesterol levels.13
13
Concord Grapes & Blood Pressure
•
Concord grape juice and blood pressure is an emerging area of research.
•
Concord grape juice may play a role in healthy blood pressure for men with
hypertension.14,15
– Two studies on adult hypertensive males found those who drank Concord
grape juice daily for 8 weeks (5.5 mL/kg/d)14 or 12 weeks (12 oz./d average)15
saw a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
14
Concord Grapes & Blood Pressure
• Nocturnal blood pressure is an indicator of healthy blood
pressure regulation.
• Normally, blood pressure drops at night. Studies have shown
that people who do not show a drop or “dip” in blood pressure at
night are more likely to develop heart-health related issues.
15
Concord Grapes & Blood Pressure
•
A recent study by Dohadwala et al. showed that the nocturnal dip was
greater after subjects drank grape juice compared to after placebo.16
•
Study details:
– Crossover study of 64 adult men and women with prehypertension or stage 1
hypertension.
– Participants drank 100% Concord grape juice (7 mL/kg/d) and a placebo drink
for 8 wks each.
– Concord grape juice helped lower nocturnal blood pressure.
– Blood glucose levels were lower after Concord grape juice consumption and
higher after placebo consumption.
– No significant decrease in ambulatory blood pressure.
•
While preliminary, these results suggest a favorable effect of Concord
grape juice and indicate that more research is warranted.
16
Grapes & Nutrition Research
Epidemiological evidence on grape
consumption and heart health, including
the “French Paradox” is outlined in a
2009 Journal of Nutrition article.17
This review article supports the
beneficial effects of grapes and grape
polyphenols on cardiovascular health,
including antioxidant effects, and effects
on endothelial function, platelets, and
blood pressure.
17
Grapes & Nutrition Research
While many studies have focused on
cardiovascular health, there are
other potential benefits of grape
consumption.
A comprehensive literature review
published in 2010 supports the role
of grapes and grape products in
cardiovascular health, and discusses
promising emerging research in
cognitive and immune health.18
18
Concord Grapes and
Nutrition Research:
Emerging Areas of Study
19
Concord Grapes and Cognitive Health
The research in this area is very preliminary, yet emerging
science suggests that Concord grapes may offer certain cognitive
health benefits.18-21
•
Science indicates that the polyphenols in Concord grapes help support flexible
arteries5-9 which, in turn, may help promote healthy blood flow to the brain.
•
A diet rich in antioxidants, such as those found in fruits, vegetables, and their
juices, can help slow and possibly even reverse age-related cognitive decline.22
•
One pilot human study of older adults with early memory impairment found that
daily Concord grape juice consumption resulted in improved memory measures. 19
•
Most research has taken place in a laboratory setting – more clinical research
needs to be conducted to truly understand if Concord grapes can impact
cognitive health in humans.
20
Concord Grapes and Immune Health
• Emerging research conducted in
laboratory settings suggests that
Concord grape polyphenols may play
a role in supporting healthy immune
function.23-26
• While more research is needed, a
recent human study suggests that
daily consumption of 100% grape
juice made with Concord grapes and
added vitamin C may play a role in
adults’ immune system health.27
21
Concord Grapes and Immune Health
•
Concord grape juice and immunity study (cont):27
– 85 adults ages 50-75 years consumed either 12 oz. 100% grape juice
made with Concord grapes and added vitamin C or a placebo, grapeflavored drink every day for 9 weeks.
– Subjects who consumed the 100% grape juice showed significantly
higher numbers and increased proliferation of gamma delta T-cells (a
specific type of immune system cell) compared to the placebo group.
– The grape juice drinkers also had significantly higher levels of serum
vitamin C, (which acts an antioxidant to support a healthy immune
system), and significantly lower induced DNA strand breaks versus the
placebo, suggesting antioxidant protection against oxidative stressors
that can damage healthy cells.
– The observed positive effects could be the result of the vitamin C, the
polyphenols, or both working together.
22
Heart Health & Concord Grapes:
Dietary Recommendations
23
2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
•
A healthy eating plan serves as the foundation for hearthealthy living. Eating within one’s calorie needs, getting
essential nutrients and being active are all important for
heart health.
•
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans encourage:28
– Increased intake of nutrient-dense foods, such as produce, lean
meats and low-fat dairy, whole grains and legumes
– Consumption of nutrients under-consumed by certain populations
such as calcium, fiber, potassium and vitamin D
– Limited intake of foods and beverages with added sugars
– Increased fruit and vegetable consumption – colorful options
• Eating and drinking a broad array of colorful fruits and vegetables
helps to ensure intake of a healthy mix of beneficial plant nutrients
(polyphenols), as well as essential vitamins and minerals.
24
Heart-Healthy Grocery List
Foods for a heart-healthy diet include:
– Whole grains
– Fat-free or low-fat milk/dairy
– Lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, nuts
– Foods low in saturated fats, trans fats,
cholesterol, salt, and added sugars
– Vibrantly-colored fruits and vegetables
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About Vibrant, Blue/Purple Produce
•
Darker-colored fruits typically offer more phytonutrients than lighter
options.
– Dark-skinned blue and purple fruits also have unique plant nutrients not
found in many other colors of fruits and vegetables.
•
Blue and purple fruits and vegetables account for about 3% of total
produce intake,29 despite blue and purple fruits and vegetables being
associated with healthier diets in children and adults.30
26
About Vibrant, Blue/Purple Produce
The most popular blue/purple fruits and
vegetables, accounting for almost 60% of
blue/purple eating occasions, are:30
•
•
•
Grapes
100% Grape Juice
Raisins
Other sources include:
• Blackberries
• Blueberries
• Plums
• Dried plums/prunes
• Eggplant
• Purple cabbage
27
Vibrant Heart-Healthy Fruits:
Concord Grapes
• Concord grapes are a wholesome,
nutrient-dense plant food and a
great purple food option.
• Just one 4-oz. glass of 100% grape
juice made with Concord grapes
counts as one serving (or ½ cup) of
purple fruit.
• Fresh, frozen and canned fruit, as
well as 100% juice, each count
towards fruits needs to help fill ½
the plate with fruits and vegetables
28
Heart-Healthy Recipes with
Concord Grapes
• Incorporating 100% grape juice
made with Concord grapes into
heart-healthy recipes is another
way to increase intake of purple
produce as part of a healthy diet.
29
Nutrition Resources:
for Health Professionals
and Their Clients
30
Resources for Health Professionals
• Grape Science Center at
grapescience.com; includes
information on:
– Grapes & Health
– Grape Research Library
– Grape Chemistry
– Grape Nutrition Resources
– Grape Glossary
– Grapes in the News
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References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2010 Update: A Report From the American Heart
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Seeram NP, Aviram M, Zhang Y, Henning SM, Feng L, Dreher M, Heber D. Comparison of
antioxidant potency of commonly consumed polyphenol-rich beverages in the United
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Durak I, Avci A, Kacmaz M, Büyükkoçak S, Cimen MY, Elgün S, Oztürk HS. Comparison of
antioxidant potentials of red wine, white wine, grape juice and alcohol. Curr Med Res
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O’Byrne DJ, Devaraj S, Grundy SM, Jialal I. Comparison of the antioxidant effects of
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Stein JH, Keevil JG, Wiebe DA, Aeschlimann S and Folts JD. Purple grape juice improves
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This continuing education opportunity was made
possible through an educational grant from
Welch's and is intended for use with a health
professional audience.
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