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Name_________________________________________________ Core 1 2 3 4 Notes Packet Unit 1 Earth’s Atmosphere Exosphere 691-10,000 Km The _____________ layer Outer __________begins here ______________ orbit here Thermosphere 86-690 Km Very __________ The _____________ layer Is the layer of _____________ that surrounds the planet The _____________ is Space shuttles _______ Earth in this layer The air is very __________ located in the lower region of the Thermosphere Makes conditions Temperature _________________ for life ______________ as you go higher on Earth Auroras occur in the __________________ Divided into several ____________ starting from the _____________ surface Falling ____________ are _________ layer of the extinguished here Each layer is classified according atmosphere to changes in __________________ (increasing or decreasing) Contains the __________ layer Ozone is a form of __________. It protects the Earth from the sun’s ____________ (UV) rays. ________ throughout this layer except in the __________ region where the ___________ is. Weather ___________ can fly in this layer. The ______________ layer of the atmosphere Water ___________ & __________ dioxide are also found here Layers of the Atmosphere ______________ and _____________occur here ___________ layer, gets colder as the altitude _______________ Temperature __________ as altitude ____________ Earth Ozone is hot because it ____________ heat from the sun The hole in the ozone can cause more humans to get skin _____________ Most _________ fly here Air pressure is ___________ here Air Pressure • Greatest near the ______________________________ of the Earth. • _________________________ as you go up toward the exosphere because _____________________________ decreases. • In a nutshell, as altitude ____________________ air pressure ___________________________. ****VERY IMPORTANT*** Gases in Dry Air Atmospheric Gases • Nitrogen ________% • Oxygen ___________% • Ozone • Carbon Dioxide • Water Vapor • Trace gases (such as argon). NITROGEN & OXYGEN • 2 most abundant (most common) gases in the atmosphere. • Found throughout ________________ the layers • _____________________________ helps living things grow (it’s a building block for protein). • All living things take in __________________________ to survive. ___________________ is a form of oxygen. CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER VAPOR • These gases make ______________________________ conditions happen and are found in the _______________________________________________. Greenhouse Effect • Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere __________________ and ________________ the energy radiated from land and ocean surfaces. • This _______________________ Earth’s average surface temperature and keeping it _________________________ (greenhouse effect). • This effect can be enhanced by an _____________________ in the gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. • The composition of Earth’s atmosphere has ______________________ over Earth’s history, particularly the amount of ___________________ in the stratosphere. Evidence: - Volcanic eruptions affect the atmosphere by ________________________ ashes, which contain harmful chemicals and large amounts of _____________________ ____________________________(a greenhouse gas). - _____________________ activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels and the use of ____________________ sprays also contribute to the change in Earth’s atmospheric composition Life on Earth could not exist without the protective shield of the ozone layer! It ___________________ harmful UV rays, which harm plants and animals. Skin cancer and _______________________ can be attributed to a decrease in the amount of ozone. Volcanic eruptions and the burning of ________________________ _____________ can cause air pollution, which can cause human health problems such as ______________________________ diseases. Volcanic ash also contains particulates that can ___________________ sunlight and result in a _____________________________ in surface temperatures. Human activities can be ________________________ or ________________________ to the atmosphere. o When humans clear cut and burn forests, more carbon dioxide is ___________________________ into the atmosphere. o Planting new plants can help to absorb _____________________________ _______________________from the environment Solar Energy Solar energy is the driving energy source for ____________________________ of Earth and _______________________________________ in Earth’s atmosphere. Some of the Sun’s energy is _________________________ or ____________________________ by gases and clouds in the atmosphere. Land vs. Water • • Land heats up ___________________, but water needs to absorb lots of solar energy to warm up and also releases heat more _______________________. Water helps to _______________________ the temperature range of Earth’s atmosphere. Greenhouse Effect • Solar energy that is absorbed by Earth’s land and water is changed to _______________ that moves (________________________) back into the atmosphere where heat is ____________________________ in the atmosphere. The Water Cycle The water cycle goes round and round From the sea to the air and back to the ground Low ____________clouds, are fluffy and white While ________ clouds are like the blankets spread in the sky And ______ clouds are wispy ones up real high, because they are made of small crystals of ______. The water cycle has three different parts And with evaporation it always starts, The water cycle…. The water cycle, it’s going round and round The water cycle… By Mister C The water cycle 2x’s ____________ is really neat, because it starts with the sun’s heat energy The ________ breaks the water molecules bonds apart And that’s how the water cycle gets it start. And then it flows, it flows, way up in the air And then the water vapor flows way up there But it can’t stay up there indefinitely, because as it rises it ________ you see The water cycle, it’s going round and round The water cycle… The water cycle, it’s going round and round, From the sea to the air and back to the ground The water cycle… Now the water vapor is up in the sky Soon it will _________ before our eyes Condensation forms ___________ of different shapes, The higher the vapor rises gives them different names. The water cycle, it’s going round and round, From the sea to the air and back to the ground The water cycle… Finally it falls back down from the sky If you’re not very careful it’ll land in your eyes. It can come down in many different ways And when it does it begins to ______________ The white pretty crystals fall down as _________ We call it rain when it’s _______ H2O If it freezes on its way down, we call it _________ These are three different forms and they’re all very neat The water cycle, it’s going round and round The water cycle… The water cycle, it’s going round and round, From the sea to the air and back to the ground The water cycle… Click or tap here to enter text. The Water Cycle Movement of water between the ___________________________________ and the Earth’s _______________________________. Takes place in the ________________________________. The amount of water _____________________ ________________ __________________ Evaporation / Transpiration (__________________ to _________): The sun heats water to turn it into a gas. Evaporation: Water enters the atmosphere as ________________ ___________ (gas) through evaporation. Transpiration: Release of water vapor by _____________________is called transpiration. CONDENSATION/CRYSTILIZATION (________________ to ____________________________) the vapor __________________ down to turn it back into water droplets or ice crystals Clouds form when water vapor changes to water ___________________ and __________________ to dust particles in the atmosphere. Dew forms when water vapor changes from gas to liquid on a _______________________. Frost forms when water vapor changes to __________________ ________________________ on a surface. The temperature is at the _____________________ point or below. PRECIPITATION _______________ droplets fall from the clouds after _______________________. Types of precipitation: _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ______________________________ determines type of precipitation. RUN-OFF Downhill Flow of Water on Land When precipitation falls on land, it will always try to move back to ____________ __________________. The type of ________________ determines the path. Two Types Surface-water: water stays on Earth's ___________________. It doesn't soak into the ground or the ____________________________ is falling too fast it doesn’t soak in. Groundwater -water ____________ into the ground when surface is _______________ (it can soak in because of spaces between rock/soil). _________________________ is the driving force for downhill flow of water on land CLOUDS How do they form? How are they classified? Cloud Name Meaning Elevation Description Weather Picture Cloud Name Meaning Elevation Description Weather Picture Weather Conditions Notes Air masses Huge bodies of air that form over water or land in tropical or __________________ regions. Air masses are classified according to ______________________ and ________________________. ____________ air masses- warm, low pressure air mass. Polar air mass - cold, high pressure air mass. _______________ air masses form over oceans. The air is humid or moist. Continental air masses form over land. The air is dry. Fronts When two air masses meet, they form a ___________, which is a boundary that separates two air masses of different properties. Depending upon the air masses involved, a ________________ front, _________________ front, ___________________________ front, or ______________________________ front can develop. Warm Fronts When a warm air mass collides and rides over a cold air mass you get a _____________ front. It brings ___________ periods of rain and warmer temperatures. A warm front is represented as a red line with half circles pointing toward the direction on movement. Draw a warm front: Cold Fronts When a cold air mass collides and slides under a warm air mass, a ______________ _____________ forms. It may produce _____________________ and sometimes tornadoes and cooler temperatures. A cold front is represented as a blue line with the teeth pointing toward the direction on movement. Draw a cold front: Stationary Fronts When two air masses meet and neither ___________, you get a stationary front. May produce long periods of rain or snow for __________. A stationary front is represented as an alternating warm and cold front symbol. Draw a stationary front: Occluded Fronts When a warm air mass is caught between two colder air masses. Brings strong winds, cooler temperatures, and long period of rain or snow. An occluded front is represented as a purple line with teeth and half circles. Draw an occluded front: High/Low Pressure Systems Warm air rising or _________ air sinking combined with the spinning of Earth causes the air to spin forming high and low pressure regions. High pressure systems usually signal more __________ weather with winds circulating around the system in a clockwise direction. Low pressure systems with counterclockwise circulating winds often result in ___________ and/or stormy weather conditions. Storms Severe weather conditions called ______________ occur when pressure differences cause rapid air movement. Conditions that bring one kind of storm can also cause other kinds of storms in the same area. Thunderstorm is storm with thunder, lightning, heavy rains and strong winds; form within large cumulonimbus clouds; usually form along a ____________ front but can form within an air mass. Tornado is a rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped cloud that extends down from a storm cloud; the very ________ pressure and strong winds can cause great damage to people and property; are likely to form within the frontal regions where strong thunderstorms are also present. Hurricane is a _______ pressure tropical storm that forms over __________ ocean water; winds form a spinning circular pattern around the center, or eye, of the storm; the lower the air pressure at the center, the faster the winds blow toward the center of the storm. Instrument Measures name Picture Other Thermometer Barometer Anemometer Sling Psychrometer Wind Vane Rain Gauge Suffix “meter”- tool for measurement Prefix “ane” – from Greek word anos which means wind “therm” – heat “bar”- unit of measure for air pressure Prefix “psychro” – means cold…the psychrometer is used by measuring temperature difference… “How much colder is one thermometer compared to the other?” Reading Weather Maps Notes Meteorologist - A person who studies the ____________. Basic weather conditions can be observed and/or _______________ or obtained from meteorologists at national _____________ data collections sites. In order to make weather predictions, the data should be collected on a ___________ basis over a period of time. For example, a ________________ path can be predicted using data on its position over time (plotted on a hurricane ______________ map), thereby allowing meteorologists to make _______________ concerning the possible warnings to land areas in the hurricane's path. Station models are a ____________ that shows the weather conditions at a specific place using ____________. Information found on a station model can include cloud cover, _______________, wind direction and __________, precipitation, or barometric pressure. An isotherm is a line that connects points of equal _________________. An isobar is a line that connects points of equal _______________. A weather map is a map that shows the weather at a _________ _________. o Weather maps can help predict weather ___________ by indicating high or low pressure systems (___________), movement of air masses and __________, or temperature ranges (isotherms). o Cold front symbol Warm front symbol o Occluded front Satellites images are used for seeing _________ patterns and movements. Radar images can be used to detect cloud cover, ___________ or storm location, ____________, and movement, as well as the potential for severe weather. Stationary Front Sky Cover _____________________ clouds (approx. __________ cloud cover _____________________ cloudy The amount that the circle at the center of the station is filled in reflects the approximate amount that the sky is covered with ___________________________. (approx. __________ cloud cover _____________________ clouds (approx. __________ cloud cover Sky ___________________________ Sky cover ___________________________ Wind blowing from the ________ at _____ knots Wind blowing from the ________ at _____ knots Wind blowing from the ________ at _____ knots Wind Speed Wind is plotted in increments of _____ knots. The outer end of the symbol points toward the direction ____________ which the wind is blowing. Wind speed is determined by ____________ up the total number of flags, lines and half lines: Flag: ___________kts Line:___________kts Half-line: _______kts ________________ winds Draw a station model that shows a wind speed of 55 kts, blowing from the northwest AND shows scattered cloud coverage: Precipitation Symbols Observe the station model to the right and interpret the following: Temperature _________ Dew Point _________ Cloud coverage ________ Wind speed _________ Wind direction _________ Barometric Pressure ________ Rain Snow Light Light Heavy Heavy Weather Patterns and Climate Guided Notes