Download Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 What defines an animal? Lesson 2

Chapter Introduction
Lesson 1 What defines
an animal?
Lesson 2 Invertebrate
Phyla
Lesson 3 Phylum
Chordata
Chapter Wrap-Up
What are the major
groups of animals and
how do they differ?
What do you think?
Before you begin, decide if you agree or
disagree with each of these statements.
As you view this presentation, see if you
change your mind about any of the
statements.
Do you agree or disagree?
1. All animals digest food.
2. Corals and jellyfish belong to the same
phylum.
3. Most animals have backbones.
4. All worms belong to the same phylum.
Do you agree or disagree?
5. All chordates have backbones.
6. Reptiles have three-chambered hearts.
What defines an animal?
•
•
What characteristics do all animals
have?
How are animals classified?
What defines an animal?
•
•
•
•
•
vertebrate
invertebrate
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
asymmetry
What defines an animal?
•
vertebrate: animal with a backbone
•
•
invertebrate: animal without a backbone
radial symmetry: has body parts arranged in
a circle around the center of its body.
•
bilateral symmetry: has body parts arranged
the same way on both sides of its body
•
asymmetry: means without symmetry or no
two halves are the same.
Animal Characteristics
Although animals have many traits that
make them unique, all animals have
certain characteristics in common.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Barry Barker, photographer
Dynamic Graphics Value/SuperStock
Animal Characteristics (cont.)
1. Animals are multicellular and
eukaryotic.
Animal Characteristics (cont.)
2. Animal cells are
specialized for different
functions, such as
digestion, reproduction,
vision, or taste.
Digital Vision/Getty Images
Lars A. Niki
Animal Characteristics (cont.)
3. Animals have a
protein, called
collagen, that surrounds
the cells and helps them
keep their shape.
Nick Koudis/Getty Images
Animal Characteristics (cont.)
4. Animals get energy for life processes by
eating other organisms.
IT Stock/PunchStock
Animal Characteristics (cont.)
5. Animals digest their food.
Catabolism:
breaks down molecules into
smaller units to release energy.
Anabolism:
construct molecules from
smaller units.
Animal Characteristics (cont.)
6. Most animals reproduce
sexually and are capable
of movement at some
point in their lives.
7. However, some animals
reproduce asexually and
some can reproduce both
asexually and sexually like
the sponge.
PhotoAlto/PunchStock
Animal Characteristics (cont.)
What characteristics do all
animals have?
Bell Activity
Bell Activity
Complete the Mystery: “A tale
told by Tracks.”
Page 319
Bell Activity
Bell Activity
Complete the Mystery: “A tale
told by Tracks.”
Page 319
Animal Classification
• Scientists have described and named
more than 1.5 million species of animals.
• Many scientists estimate that Earth is
home to millions of animal species that
no one has discovered.
Animal Classification (cont.)
• Animals can be grouped into two large
categories: vertebrates and
invertebrates.
• Invertebrates make up most of the animal
kingdom—about 97 percent.
Animal Classification (cont.)
A vertebrate is an animal
with a backbone.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Barry Barker, photographer
Animal Classification (cont.)
An invertebrate is an
animal that does not
have a backbone.
Ingram Publishing/SuperStock
Animal Classification (cont.)
Symmetry describes an organism’s body
plan and can help identify the phylum to
which an animal belongs.
Animal Classification (cont.)
An animal with radial symmetry has body
parts arranged in a circle around
the center of its body.
(c) ImageState/PunchStock
Animal Classification (cont.)
An animal with bilateral symmetry has
body parts arranged the same way on
both sides of its body.
Siede Preis/Getty Images
Animal Classification (cont.)
bilateral
from Latin bi–, means “two” and
latus, means “side”
Animal Classification (cont.)
An animal with asymmetry has body
parts arranged in a way that cannot be
divided into matching parts.
(c) Ian Cartwright/Getty Images
Animal Classification (cont.)
• Molecules such as DNA, RNA, and
proteins in an animal’s cells can be
used for classification.
• The more similar the DNA of two
animals, the more closely the animals
are related.
Animal Classification (cont.)
How are animals classified?
Scientists
classify the
members of the
animal kingdom
into as many as
35 phyla.
The nine major
phyla contain
95–99 percent
of all animal
species.
9 Major
Animal
Phylum
Animals belonging
to the same
phylum have
similar body
structures
and other
characteristics.
1. What problems result when common names for organisms are used?
2. Carlous Linnaeus =Father of Taxonomy
3. He was born on May 23, 1707, at Stenbrohult, in the province
of Småland in southern Sweden.
4. Levels of Classification: Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand
Out loud with Ms. Bates, Say the levels.
5. two part naming system for all organisms.= Scientific Name
» Latin
» Genus
» species
» Genus species: Always italicized
» Homo sapien: Homo = same and sapien = wise; meaning wise
person
6. Identification key: What is it? What is it’s purpose? How is it
arranged?How do you use it?
Your Turn: Worksheet Questions
1: Classification groups similar organisms together by structure, chemical make-up, food
needs, and behavior
2a. Life scientists use a classification system based on Six categories called Kingdoms.
2b. This question is talking about the 6 kingdoms. List those on your answer sheet.
FINISH the rest of your worksheet--both sides
•
•
•
All animals share a series of
characteristics.
Animals can be classified in several
ways.
Animal classifications are always
changing based
on advanced
technology.
Which body plan describes body
parts arranged the same way on both
sides of an organism’s body?
A. asymmetry
B. bilateral symmetry
C. radial symmetry
D. unilateral symmetry
Which refers to an animal without a
backbone?
A. asymmetry
B. invertebrate
C. radial symmetry
D. vertebrate
Which animal phyla contains
vertebrates?
A. Annelida
B. Chordata
C. Nematoda
D. Porifera
Do you agree or disagree?
1. All animals digest food.
2. Corals and jellyfish belong to the same
phylum.
Invertebrate Phyla
•
•
What are the characteristics of
invertebrates?
How do the invertebrate phyla differ?
Invertebrate Phyla
•
•
exoskeleton
appendage
Characteristics of Invertebrates
• In most cases, invertebrates have
no internal structures supporting
their bodies.
• Over 95% of known
animal species
are invertebrates.
Characteristics of Invertebrates (cont.)
Invertebrates tend to be smaller and move
more slowly than vertebrates.
What are the characteristics
of invertebrates?
Bell Activity
• Read the article
• Answer the Review questions that go with
it.
•
http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/sponge_color.html
(c) Ian Cartwright/Getty Images
Bell Activity
•
•
READ OUT LOUD WITH YOUR TEACHER
Sponges in temperate regions live for at most a
few years, but some tropical species and
perhaps some deep-ocean ones may live for
200 years or more. Some calcified demosponges
grow by only 0.2 mm (0.0079 in) per year and,
if that rate is constant, specimens 1 m (3.3 ft) wide
must be about 5,000 years old.
• Early Biologists thought sponges
were plants
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Porifera
(c) Ian Cartwright/Getty Images
Phylum Porifera
• Most are have Irregular Shaped bodies with no symmetry.
• Eukaryotes
• Adults are Sessile, meaning they
are attached to a surface.
• Filter Feeders because they can
not chase after their food, they
filter the food from the water.
• The Body Plan: Cells ONLY make up a sponges.
There are no tissues, organs, or systems.
• Two layers of cells
• Epidermis = the outer flat layer of cells
• Collar Cells = the flagellated cells (cells with flagella) that
circulate water through the sponge.
•
Reproduction
• Two Kinds of Reproduction: Asexual and Sexual
• Asexually
BUD
Budding
Regeneration
Gemmules
A new sponge
grows from an
older one and
breaks off to go live
on its own.
If a sponge loses a
body part, it is
regrown. Also, you
can cut a sponge
into pieces and
each piece will
grow a new
sponge.
A group of
amebocytes
covered by a hard
outer covering.
Reproduction
• Reproduction Asexual and Sexual
• Sexual = Eggs and Sperm
• STUDENTS DRAW the picture in your notes.
• Note: Most sponges are Hermaphrodites
Sponges
1. What did early biologists
think sponges where? Plants
2. Sponges belong to the
Kingdom Animalia and the
Phylum Porifera.
3. Sponges are multicelluar
and eukaryotic.
4. What type of symmetry do
sponges have? Asymmetry.
5. What does it mean to be
sessile? The organism
cannot move, remains
attached to surfaces.
(c) Ian Cartwright/Getty Images
6. How do sponges get
their food? Filter feeding
7. Water enters the
sponge through the
Incurrent Pore and leaves
through the Osculum.
8. What helps to circulate
water through sponge?
Collar Cells
(c) Ian Cartwright/Getty Images
9. What is the job of the
amebocyte? distribute food and
oxygen
10. What two substances give
the sponge support? spongin
and spicules
12. Tiny sponges growing from
the main body of the sponge are
called buds.
Spongin
Spicules
budding sponge
13. What is a gemmule? Group
of amoebocytes with a hard
covering
14. What is a hermaphrodite? An
organism that can produce both
sperm and eggs.
(c) Ian Cartwright/Getty Images
Sponges
• Watch Origin of Sponges Video:
• Write 10 things you learned from the video
In your notes.
• https://vimeo.com/37032195
(c) Ian Cartwright/Getty Images
Sponges Summary
• The simplest invertebrates are sponges
which belong to phylum Porifera.
• Sponges are asymmetrical and have
no tissues or organs.
• Their cells are
specialized for
capturing food,
digestion, and
reproduction.
(c) Ian Cartwright/Getty Images
Student Assignment
1. Complete the Worksheet and you MUST color it too.
Do your best work. You will get NO credit if it looks like a
mess.
2. Start the Pink Review Sheet.
3. Read an article and write a summary.
Cnidarians
The phylum Cnidaria
includes jellyfish, sea
anemones, hydras,
and corals.
READ OUT LOUD WITH MS. BATES
Cnidarians are water animals that have a simple, usually
symmetrical, body with a mouth opening. Stinging cells
on tentacles around the mouth catch prey. Cnidarians are
either bell-shaped and mobile, like the jellyfish, or tubes
anchored to one spot, like coral and sea anemones.Ingram Publishing/SuperStock
Phylum Cnidarian
• Radial symmetry
• Single body opening surrounded by tentacles with stinging cells
• capture and subdue prey
• Cnidarian means “Stinging Creature”
• Simple tissues unlike sponges that are only made of cells
• Tissues enable cnidarians to move, react to stimuli, and digest
food
• Basic Nerve Net
• Two Basic Body Plans
• Medussa = Jellyfish
• Hydra = Hydrazoans
• They are able to reproduce asexually and sexually.
• There are 9,000 species.
Nerve Net: Cnidarians
Cnidarians have specialized cells, called nematocysts,
that are used for defense and capturing food.
❖ An Adult Cnidarian has 5 Billion Nematocysts
❖ They fire at a rate of 600 billionths of a second=
0.000,000,006 of a second
Phylum Cnidarian
• Class: Anthozoa
• corals, sea fans, sea pens, Sea Anemones
• Feeding and fighting:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQEiYWGitKs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6lMD9h_ix4
• Features:
• anchored polyp
(tube-like) form,
• carnivorous,
• often in groups.
Phylum Cnidarian
• Class: Scyphozoa
• Jelly fish
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-UZxEo8k894
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFLJSITYf-8
• Features:
• free-living (bell-shaped) form,
• mouth on the underside
Bell Activity
Finish reading the Magazine and
answering the questions.
If you are done, use your ipad and go to
http://www.popsci.com/
Read an article of your choosing.
You have 30 minutes
Ingram Publishing/SuperStock
Life Cycle from Medussa to Polyp
Phylum Cnidarian
• Class: Hydrozoa
• Hydras or hydrozoans
• Features: some free-living, others anchored, most
in colonies (large groups) Mostly carnivorous
Phylum Cnidarian
• Class: Cubozoa
• The DEADLY Box Jellyfish also called sea wasp
• 2 to 3 minutes until DEATH
• Features:
• free-living, box-shaped medusoid form
Read the Article on Box Jellyfish
then Watch the Videos
1. The Most Dangerous Sea Creature
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrMRwddl7iQ
2. Girl Survives
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuysTVkpe8g
3. Man of War
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a58xAckEvro
4. Rise of The Jellyfish--first 15 minutes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpUR7erLvC8
5. Box Jellyfish--first 15 minutes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0Eq5GZ_oIw
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Unsegmented Worms Flatworms
Flatworms are more complex than sponges and cnidarians.
The following are their characteristics
1) They are more complex than sponges and cnidarians
2) Three distinct layers of tissues Anterior
3) Tissues form organs
Dorsal
4) Simplest of worms
Ventral
5) Bilateral Symmetry
Posterior
6) Anterior end, Posterior end, ventral side, dorsal side.
7) Bodies are NOT divided into segments
8) The digestive system has one opening: a mouth
9) Most are parasites http://www.darwinsgalapagos.com/animals/platyhelminthes_flatworms.htm
Etymology
is the history of words, their origins, and how their form and
meaning have changed over time
Platyhelminthes
from Latin platy–, means “flat” and
helminth, means “worm”
Parasitic Flatworms
First Question:
What is a parasite?
an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and
benefits by obtaining its nutrients from the host at the host's expense.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABeBqbBy2Lo
Bell Activity: Parasitic Flatworms
Read the article, TV doctor infects himself with
tapeworms, leeches, malaria. http://www.northernstar.com.au/news/tv-doctorinfects-himself-tapeworms-leeches-malari/2156418/
Answer the following questions:
Parasitic Flatworms
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoda--Tapeworms
Genus: Taenia
Economic Importance of Tapeworms
Taenia are tapeworms that are parasites on livestock
such as those of pigs and cattle. It is thought that such
parasites have a part to play in pork being a "forbidden"
meat in some religions
Form and Function
Cestodes are the most highly specialized of the flatworms. All are
endoparasites (internal parasites). Typically a tapeworm has a head or
scolex which attaches itself and then a series of proglottids that are
reproductive segments.
Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm - Cestoda - scolex with
four suckers and two rows of hooks with which it attaches to
the intestine wall of its vertebrate host.
Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm- Cestoda proglottids, these develop away from the scolex
maturing as they move closer to the end when they are
then shed with their eggs.
Form and Function
Draw and Label a tapeworm
Hooks
Scolex
(head)
Suckers
Proglottids
(reproductive
Structures)
The proglottids grow towards the end of
the worm here they break off to release
eggs with the feces of the host. The
proglottids continue to grow and may
reach 40 feet long.
Digestion
Cestodes
1) are internal parasites.
2) no digestive tract,
*they absorb nutrients directly across the body wall from the digestive
tracts of their hosts.
*How do you get them?
by eating raw or uncooked contaminated fish, beef or pork.
Reproduction
Mature proglottids have
* an external genital pore → Sperm duct
* testes make sperm, small round
bodies in the proglottids
* eggs which are made by ovaries
Tape worms:
* are Hermaphrodites
*FERTILIZE their own eggs.
Each proglottid produces hundreds of eggs.
The proglottid breaks off when mature and leaves the body in the
hosts waste.
Parasitic Flatworms
Trematoda Characteristics -Flukes
» Flukes,
» Internal parasites
» usually have two hosts, one of which is a vertebrate,
the other being an invertebrate, often a snail.
» There is a mouth towards the front of the animal and a
sucker towards the tail end by which they hold onto
their host.
» They are usually small animals from around 0.2 to
7mm in length.
Parasitic Flatworms
Trematoda-Types of Flukes
●
●
●
Liver flukes - parasites of
sheep, deer, camels and man.
Lung and intestinal flukes infect the lungs, bile ducts,
pancreatic ducts and intestines
are common sites.
Schistosoma - the cause of
Schistosomiasis or Bilharzia,
the second commonest and
debilitating tropical disease
after malaria.
http://www.globalnetwork.
org/schistosomiasis
Adult male schistosome or blood fluke - Tremotoda, the
cause of schistosomiasis or bilharzia, the second most
common tropical infectious disease after malaria. The white
bar at bottom left is 0.5mm long. There are estimated to be
around 230 million people in 77 countries who are infected
by one of the six known species.
Schistosomes
Some Trematodes such as Schistosomes are very highly
adapted parasites, rarely causing death, despite being
one of the greatest plagues in tropical regions causing
weakness and suffering for many years in the human
hosts. In the intermediate snail hosts,Schistosomes
reach a perfect balance as a parasite. They allow the
snail to live and feed but not to grow or breed, any
excess food the snail takes in is diverted to the
production of parasite larvae to infect humans the next
step in their life cycle. Keeping the host alive and
producing new parasites is a much better strategy than
killing the host when the parasites would almost always
die as well.
Schistosomes life Cycle
Parasitic Flatworms
Turbellaria - The most primitive group of flat worms. Most members are freeliving and marine, though a few species are parasitic. Generally small in
size, less than 5mm with some being microscopic, the largest grows up to
60cm. They are frequently brightly coloured often being camouflaged if not.
Individuals are hermaphrodite (male and female at the same time, some
larger marine species have an unusual mating behaviour calledpenis
fencing! The loser is impregnated and takes the more energetically
expensive female role of growing the eggs which hatch into planktonic
larvae.
They move by cilia on the under-surface of the body (ventral surface).
Parasitic Flatworms
Turbellaria - Planarian
Planaria - a group that are
well known for the ability to
regenerate if cut in half or
even several small pieces
including growing a new
head if the piece doesn't
have one.
What do flatworms eat?
Turbellarians are predators on smaller animals,
invertebrates or protozoans and scavengers.
One species known as the New Zealand Flatworm is an
invasive species in Europe where it arrived in the 1960's.
It eats earthworms so resulting in a reduction of the soil
quality.
One species called Symsagittifera roscoffensis
(previously Convoluta roscoffensis) a small 15mm long
marine species found along the Atlantic coast of Europe
swallows algal cells which live as endosymbionts, it
doesn't have to feed at all as an adult. In some places
the bright green colouration resulting has earned it the
name "mint sauce worm".
Economical Benefits of Flatworms Part 1
Free living flatworms, the Turbellarians are soft bodied and slow moving, they
have species that live in fresh and sea water this makes them ready prey for a
whole host of fish, crustaceans, amphibia, diving beetles, insect larvae that
can make a meal of a small worm.
There don't seem to be any animals that are specialists in eating flatworms,
probably because they are easy to catch when found and frequently hide so
can't be relied on as a prey animal, instead being part of the diet of many
generalists and opportunists.
As Cestodes and Trematodes are overwhelmingly parasitic, they are the top of
their food chain. Parasites are either eaten but not digested by their next host
in the case of eggs and dormant larvae or not eaten at all.
Some gill flukes of fish may be eaten by cleaner wrasse on coral reefs, these
small fish help clean up larger fish even swimming into their mouths and gills
to do so, the larger fish benefit from the association and so don't try to eat the
small fish that they could do easily.
fAlitta succinea in motion
"Nereis" by © Hans Hillewaert. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.
org/wiki/File:Nereis.gif#/media/File:Nereis.gif
Roundworms
• Roundworms, also called nematodes,
belong to phylum Nematoda.
• Roundworms have bilateral symmetry
with nerve, muscle,
and digestive
tissues and a
simple brain.
Roundworms
• Roundworm bodies are round and
covered with a stiff outer covering
called a cuticle.
• A roundworm’s digestive
system has two
openings:
a mouth and
an anus.
Roundworms
Some roundworms are parasites that live in
animals’ digestive systems and some are
free-living and eat material such as fecal
matter and dead organisms.
Video: What are parasites?
http://www.snagfilms.com/films/title/parasites
Flatworms and Roundworms
Economical Benefits
Part 1
Mollusks
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Phylum Mollusca includes snails, slugs,
clams, mussels, octopi, and squid.
Bell Activity: http://www.onekind.org/be_inspired/animals_a_z/octopus/
Ingram Publishing/SuperStock
Mollusks
Mollusks have bilateral symmetry.
Digital Vision/Getty Images
Mollusks
Mollusk bodies are soft, and some species
have hard shells that protect their bodies.
Don Farrall/Getty Images
Mollusks
• Mollusks have digestive systems with
two openings and a body cavity that
contains the heart, the stomach, and
other organs.
• Their nervous systems include eyes and
other sensory organs as well as simple
brains.
Three Major Groups of Mollusks
• Univalves called Gastropods
• Bivalves
• Cephalopods: Octopi and Squid
Gastropods / Univalves
• Single shell or no shells
• Snails and slugs
• Most numerous
• Name means “Stomach Foot”
• Move by using their broad foot, most have their foot on
the same side as their stomach.
• Have a Radulae
• Turn to Page 343
Gastropods / Univalves
Bivalves
• Two Shells held together by hinges
and strong muscles.
• Scallops = eating the muscle part
Bivalves
• Do not have a radula like other
molluscs
• most are filter feeders
• strain food from water
• use their gills to capture food as they breathe
• Food particles stick to mucus that covers the
gills
• Cilia on the gills then move the food particles into
the bivalve’s mouth
Bivalves and Pearls
How are they made?
First: A piece of sand or grit
becomes lodged between
a bivalve and mantle and
its shell.
Second: Irritating the soft mantle.
Like a rock in your shoe.
Third: Bivalves mantle produces a
smooth coating over the
piece of sand.
Fourth: Eventually forming
a pearl.
Cephalopods
• Octopi, Squid, cuttlefish, nautiluses
• http://www.diffen.
com/difference/Octopus_vs_Squid
• Tentacles around their mouth
• Some up to 5 meters or more.
• All have some sort of shell except
the octopus.
• Nautiluses have external shell
• Squids and cuttlefish have a
small shell called a pen within
the body.
Cephalopods’ Nervous System
• Most complex nervous system of all invertebrates
• Large eyes = excellent vision
• Large Brain = Highly intelligent.
• Remember things they have learned
• Unscrew lids to open bottles
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/video/sciencetech/video-1094082/Houdini-octopus-unscrews-lid-escape-pot-using-tentacles.html
• Learn when to expect food when in captivity
• Learn how to escape from their captive tanks.
• Swim by jet propulsion
• Tentacles are sensitive and flexible. The suckers on the
tentacles receive sensations of taste as well as touch.
•
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/video/sciencetech/video-1094082/Houdini-octopus-unscrews-lid-escape-pot-using-tentacles.html
Watch 15 minutes of the Giant Squid
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Read the Definition out loud
with Ms. Bates.
Members of the phylum Annelida are known as annelids,
or segmented worms. An annelid is a round, worm-like
animal that has a long, segmented body.
Features:
• Includes: earthworms, leeches, and marine worms.
• bilateral symmetry
• soft bodies.
• bodies consist of repeating segments covered with
a thin cuticle.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Ken Cavanagh, photographer
Etymology
is the history of words, their origins, and how their form and
meaning have changed over time
Annelid
from Latin annellus–, means “little
ring”
Fun Fact: It refers to the ringlike appearance of the body
segments called on its body called annuli (ANN-u-lie)
Annelids: Form and Function
Body Plan
1.Made up of body segments called Septa (singular: septum).
2. Most segments are identical
3. Some (the first few)can be modified.
*These segments may carry
*One or more pairs of eyes
*Several pairs of antennae
*Some have jaws like the sandworm
*Other sense organs
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Ken Cavanagh, photographer
Annelids: Form and Function Examples
1) Earth Worms--used for fishing
3) Leeches--used in
medicine
2) Sand and Clam
Worms
-used for fishing
Nereis is a genus of polychaete worms in the family
Nereidae. It comprises many species, most of which are
marine. It is found near sandy shores living in Ushaped burrows in sand or mud, often with clams,
hence called clam worms or sand worms.Nereis
possess setae and parapodia for locomotion.
Neanthes virens, left and below is also known as
the king ragworm, sandworm, and clamworm. It is
omnivorous and hunts for food in the sand and can
grow up to 90 cm long. When fully grown it will
have more than 200 segments. It is found in the
North Atlantic and is sometimes harvested for fish
bait.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Ken Cavanagh, photographer
The Giant Earth Worm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uO4lkv-jLRs
Largest Earthworms around the world
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtafVwMeCO8
Great Article on Annelida
http://crescentok.com/staff/jaskew/isr/botzo/zclass5.htm
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Class Hirundinea: The Leeches
Leeches and Medicine: As we go through the article, write down a few
examples of how leeches were and are used in medicine.
The ancient physician’s art of using leeches has made a modern medical comeback: the
worms help doctors do everything from reattach severed fingers to treat potentially fatal
circulation disorders.
Leeches — which are found all over the world, living mostly
in fresh water — have long had a place in the doctor’s medical kit.
Five thousand years ago, Egyptian medics believed that letting a
leech sip a sick patient’s blood could help cure everything from
fevers to flatulence. And in medieval Europe, leeches were so
closely associated with doctors that physicians were called
“leeches” — and they used millions of the parasites annually to treat patients.
Video: The use of bloodletting leeches in medieval medicine
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JONQpHJu34I
Leeches and Medicine
In the 20th century, however, most doctors turned
away from the worms, which in nature feed on
everything from frogs to alligators. A few physicians,
however, saw that leeches might play a special role
in certain kinds of surgery, by helping promote blood
flow to damaged tissue. That’s because when leeches
bite a victim, their unique saliva causes blood flow
to increase and prevents clotting. As a result, once
bitten, victims can bleed for hours, allowing oxygenated
blood to enter the wound area until veins re-grow and
regain circulation.
Three hard teeth
There are three serrated rows (in a star-shaped
arrangement) consisting of about 80 calcareous teeth
each. These teeth carefully grate their way through the
skin to begin the flow of blood. Between the teeth lie
little openings through which the saliva is secreted.
Leeches and Medicine
The leech is invaluable in microsurgery when faced
with the difficulties of reattaching minute veins.
Ears have such tiny veins that, in the past, no one
was able to successfully reattach them. Then, in
1985, a Harvard physician was having great
difficulty in re-attaching the ear of a five-year-old child; the tiny veins kept
clotting. He decided to use leeches and the ear was saved. This success
established leeches in the modern medical world. Since then, leeches
have saved lives and limbs, reducing severe and dangerous venous
engorgement post-surgery in fingers, toes, ear, scalp reattachments,
limb transplants, and skin flap surgery.
Leeches and Medicine
Video: Hospitals Use Leeches to Heal Patients
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XtpERpBDJtU
Leeches and Medicine
Perhaps the best known advocate of medical
leeches is Roy Sawyer, an American researcher.
Several decades ago, he recognized the potential
benefits of “leech therapy” and started one of
the world’s first modern leech farms.
Today, the company — Biopharm, based in
Britain — provides tens of thousands of leeches
every year to hospitals in dozens of countries.
Two species are commonly used in leech therapy, which can last for up to 10 days.
Article from: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/bloody-suckers-leech-therapy/11360/
The Giant Earth Worm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uO4lkv-jLRs
Largest Earthworms around the world
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtafVwMeCO8
Leeches and Medicine
A 10-cm polychaete from Tacoma littoral zone. Watch for the everting proboscis with its horny hooks.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdHzRNdz2HU
http://lanwebs.lander.edu/faculty/rsfox/invertebrates/nereis.htm
Earthworm Digestive System
Earthworm Systems Overview
Color the systems of your Earthworm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9HHS1uPFSo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ph5NRKwTtxc
Annelids
• Digestive System:
•
Humans: Mouth-->esophagus-->stomach→
small intestine--<large intestine
Segmented Worms
Mouth→ Pharynx→ Esophagus--> Crop→ Gizzard-->intestine-->Anus
.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Ken Cavanagh, photographer
Annelids: Pharynx
Interesting Fact: (Circle your favorite fact.)
The Pharynx (the muscular front end of the digestive tube)
extends out through the mouth.
★ In earthworms the pharynx acts like a pump and sucks a
mixture of soil and detritus through the mouth, then forces it
down into the gut.
★ Leeches, the pharynx is used to suck blood
and tissue fluids from the host.
★ Carnivorous segmented worms, the pharynx has two or
more sharp jaws attached to it. When its prey approaches,
the worm lunges forward and extends the pharynx, grabs
the prey with its jaws.
★ Some Herbivores use their jaws to pullTheofMcGraw-Hill
pieces
of algae.
Companies, Inc./Ken Cavanagh, photographer
Annelids
• Excretory System:
• The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes
excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as
to help maintain homeostasis.
Humans: Kidneys remove wastes in the blood and liquid wastes
from digestion. Theses wastes are removed from the body through
sweating and urine.
Segmented Worms: Nephridia
• Simple tube shaped
excretory organs
• found in each body segment
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Ken Cavanagh, photographer
Annelids
• Integumentary and Respiratory System
• Integumentary System: Skin
• Respiratory System: lungs, gills,
how animals get oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide
• Aquatic = Gills
• Earthworms = Skin
* Skin must stay moist for
gas exchange of O2 and CO2
* If dry out = Death
*Terrestrial annelids, like
earthworms, secrete a thin
protective covering called a
cuticle to hold moisture around them.
Humans: Nose, Trachea, Lungs
Annelids
• Muscular System
• two sets of muscles
• Longitudinal= runs down the worm from the
front to the rear.When contract they make the
earthworm smaller
• Circular = runs in circles around the body. When
they contract, they make the earthworm longer.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tU67eS05PmU
Humans:
❖
❖
❖
❖
Deltoid
Biceps
Triceps
Pectoralis
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Ken Cavanagh, photographer
Annelids
• Circulatory System
• Closed Circulatory System
• Two blood vessels
• Dorsal: Back (Don’t be a dumb butt.)
• Ventral: Belly
• Blood moves toward the head of the worm in the dorsal vessel and
toward the back of the worm in the ventral vessel.
• In each body segment there is a pair of smaller vessels called ring
vessels that connect the dorsal vessel to the ventral vessel.
• Ring Vessels = Supply blood to the internal organs
• At the Front, there are a series of 5 hearts, which are thickened
ring vessels. These help pump blood through the system.
Humans: Heart, artery, veins
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Ken Cavanagh, photographer
Annelids
• Nervous System
• Small Brain
• Dorsal Nerve Cord
Human: Brain, Spinal Cord, eyes, ears, smell,
taste
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Ken Cavanagh, photographer
Annelids
• Reproductive System
• Sexual Reproduction
• Hermaphrodites (Both Sexes)
• Produces both eggs and sperm
• Worms pair up, attach themselves to each other and exchange
sperm. Each worm stores the sperm in special sacs called
seminal vesicles.
• When eggs are ready for fertilization, then the sperm and eggs
are released into a special mucus ring created by the clitellum
of the earthworm.
Human: Eggs, Sperm, etc.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Ken Cavanagh, photographer
Annelids
• Skeletal System
• None
Humans
It is composed of 270 bones at birth –
this total decreases to 206 bones by
adulthood after some bones have fused
together.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Ken Cavanagh, photographer
Annelids
Economical Benefits Part 1
Annelids are important in many habitats. Small
polychaetes (marine worms like sand worms pictured to
your right) and their larvae are members of the ocean
plankton, where they are food for many fishes, crabs, and
lobsters. Bottom-dwelling polychaetes are important items in
the diet of food fishes such as flounder.
Tomopteris from plankton
"Tomopteriskils" by uwe kils - Own
work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0
via Wikimedia Commons - http:
//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Tomopteriskils.jpg#/media/File:
Tomopteriskils.jpg
“The clam worm can reach up to 15 centimetres (6 in) in
length, but most specimens are smaller than this. It is brown
coloured at the rear, and reddish-brown on the rest of its body.
It has an identifiable head with four eyes, two sensory feelers
or palps, and many tentacles. The head consists of two
segments: the anterior and posterior prostomium. The last
body segment is known as the pygidium.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alitta_succinea
Alitta succinea in motion
"Nereis" by © Hans Hillewaert. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.
org/wiki/File:Nereis.gif#/media/File:Nereis.gif
Annelids
Economical Benefits
Part 2
Oligochaetes, particularly earthworms,
perform an essential task in conditioning soil,
as Charles Darwin noted in a lengthy and
detailed study. By constantly burrowing
through the round, earthworms help aerated
the soil. And by grinding and partially
digesting the incredible amount of soil and
detritus that passes through their guts,
earthworms speed the return of nitrogen and
other important nutrients from dead
organisms to forms that can be used by
plants. Without the continual efforts of these
annelids, the structure and fertility of farm
soils would degenerate quickly, lowering
crop yields.
Annelids
• Dissection
Watch the 8 minute video showing
an earthworm dissection
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9HHS1uPFSo
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Ken Cavanagh, photographer
Arthropods
• Phylum Arthropoda includes insects,
spiders, shrimp, crabs, and their relatives.
• More species belong
to the phylum
Arthropoda than
all the other
animal phyla
combined.
Photodisc/Getty Images
Arthropods (cont.)
• Arthropods have bilateral symmetry.
• Arthropods have exoskeletons—
thick, hard outer
coverings that protect
and support
animals’ bodies.
Photodisc/Getty Images
Arthropods (cont.)
Arthropods have several pairs of jointed
appendages. An appendage is a structure,
such as a leg or an arm,
that extends from the
central part of the body.
Photodisc/Getty Images
Arthropods (cont.)
appendage
from Latin appendere, means “to
cause or hang from”
Arthropods (cont.)
• The largest order of arthropods is the
insects.
• All insect
species have
three pairs of
jointed legs,
three body
segments, a pair
of antennae, and
a pair of compound eyes.
Creatas/PunchStock
Arthropods (cont.)
• There are 16 major groups of insects, but
most insect species belong to one of five
groups.
• Beetles form the largest group of insects,
making up about 40 percent of all known
species of insects.
Arthropods (cont.)
• Spiders, ticks, and scorpions are
arachnids.
• All arachnids have four pairs of jointed
legs and two body segments.
Arthropods (cont.)
• Crabs, shrimp, lobsters, and their close
relatives are crustaceans.
• All crustaceans have
one or two pairs of
antennae and
jointed
appendages
in the mouth
area for feeding.
Ingram Publishing/Alamy
The nine major
phyla contain
95–99 percent
of all animal
species.
Echinoderms
• The phylum Echinodermata includes sea
stars, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins.
• Echinoderm means “spiny skin.”
• All echinoderms have radial symmetry.
• Unlike any other phyla, echinoderms have
hard plates embedded in the skin that
support the body.
• http://shapeoflife.org/video/echinodermsultimate-animal
•
Sea urchins are one type of echinoderm.
Echinoderms (cont.)
How do the invertebrate
phyla differ?
•
•
•
Most invertebrates have no internal
structures that support their bodies.
There are more arthropods than
members of any other phyla.
The largest order
of arthropods is
the insects.
Which have specialized cells, called
nematocysts?
A. platyhelminthes
B. mollusks
C. cnidarians
D. annelids
Which describes any structure that
extends from the central part of the
body?
A. exoskeleton
B. body segment
C. appendage
D. antenna
Which phylum contains organisms
with hard plates embedded in their
skin that support their bodies?
A. Annelida
B. Arthropoda
C. Echinodermata
D. Mollusca
Do you agree or disagree?
3. Most animals have backbones.
4. All worms belong to the same phylum.
Phylum Chordata
•
•
•
What are the characteristics of all
chordates?
What are the characteristics of all
vertebrates?
How do the classes of vertebrates
differ?
Phylum Chordata
•
•
notochord
chordate
Characteristics of Chordates
• A chordate is an animal that has a
notochord, a nerve cord, a tail, and
structures called pharyngeal pouches.
• In vertebrates, these characteristics are
present only during embryonic
development.
• A notochord is a flexible, rod-shaped
structure that extends the length of the
body.
Characteristics of Chordates (cont.)
Most chordates are
vertebrates, but the
chordates also
include two groups of
invertebrates;
tunicates and
lancelets.
Characteristics of Chordates (cont.)
What are the characteristics
of chordates?
Characteristics of Vertebrates
• All vertebrates have a backbone—
a series of structures that surround and
protect the nerve cord, or spinal cord.
• The spinal cord connects all the nerves in
the body to the brain.
• Bones that form a backbone are called
vertebrae.
Characteristics of Vertebrates (cont.)
• Vertebrates have well-developed organ
systems.
• All vertebrates have digestive systems
with two openings, circulatory systems
that move blood through the body, and
nervous systems that include brains.
• The five major groups of vertebrates are
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and
mammals.
Characteristics of Vertebrates (cont.)
What are the characteristics
of all vertebrates?
Fish
• Fish spend their entire lives in water and
have two important characteristics in
common: gills for absorbing oxygen gas
from water and paired fins for swimming.
• Hagfish and lampreys lack jaws and are
in a group called jawless fish.
Fish (cont.)
• Sharks, skates, and rays are cartilaginous
fish with skeletons made
of a tough, fibrous tissue called cartilage.
• Trout, guppies, perch, tuna, mackerel,
and thousands of other species do not
have cartilaginous skeletons and are
grouped together as bony fish.
Amphibians
• Frogs, toads, and salamanders belong
to the class Amphibia.
• Most amphibians spend part of their lives
in water and part on land.
amphibian
from Greek amphi–, means “of both
kinds” and bios, means “life”
Amphibians’ bodies change as they grow older.
Often, the young have different body forms than
the adults.
Amphibians (cont.)
Amphibians have:
• skeletons, including legs, made of bone
• smooth, moist skin
• three-chambered hearts
Young amphibians live in water and have
gills; most adults develop lungs and live on
land.
Amphibians (cont.)
Amphibians have:
• skeletons, including legs, made of bone
• smooth, moist skin
• three-chambered hearts
Young amphibians live in water and have
gills; most adults develop lungs and live on
land.
Reptiles
• Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and
alligators belong to the class Reptilia.
• All reptiles have waterproof skin that is
covered in scales.
• Like amphibians,
most reptiles have
three-chambered
hearts.
Reptiles (cont.)
• Unlike amphibians, lizards and other
reptiles have lungs throughout their lives.
• Most reptiles lay fluid-filled eggs with
leathery shells that they lay on land.
Birds
• All birds are in the class Aves.
• Many birds make nests to hold their eggs,
and many have unique calls or songs.
• Birds have lightweight bones, skin
covered with feathers and scales, two
legs, and two wings.
Birds (cont.)
• Birds that spend a lot of time in the water
have oil glands that help water roll off
their feathers.
• Birds have beaks and digestive systems
that include gizzards, organs that help
grind food into smaller pieces.
Birds have lightweight bones
and four-chambered hearts.
Mammals
• Dogs, cats, goats, rats, seals, whales,
and humans are among the many
vertebrates belonging to the class
Mammalia.
• All mammals have hair or fur covering
their bodies.
• Mammals tear and chew their food using
teeth.
Mammals (cont.)
• Mammals have complete digestive
systems, which include a mouth and an
anus, and a complex nervous system
including a brain.
• The most notable characteristic of
mammals is the presence of mammary
glands that produce milk which feeds
young mammals.
• A few species of mammals, including the
duck-billed platypus, lay eggs.
Mammals (cont.)
How do the classes of
vertebrates differ?
•
•
•
Most chordates are vertebrates.
Vertebrates have welldeveloped organ systems
including digestive systems
with two openings,
circulatory systems that
move blood through the body,
and nervous systems including brains.
Mammals produce milk to feed their
young.
Which connects nerves in a
vertebrate’s body to the brain?
A. backbone
B. blood vessels
C. cartilage
D. spinal cord
Hagfish and lampreys belong to what
fish group?
A. bony
B. cartilaginous
C. jawless
D. trout
A bird’s heart has how many
chambers?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Do you agree or disagree?
5. All chordates have backbones.
6. Reptiles have three-chambered hearts.
Key Concept Summary
Interactive Concept Map
Chapter Review
Standardized Test Practice
The major groups
of animals include
sponges, cnidarians,
flatworms, roundworms,
mollusks, segmented
worms, arthropods, and
chordates. They differ
based on body structures
and types
of reproduction.
Lesson 1: What defines an animal?
• Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that
eat other organisms, digest food, and have collagen to
support cells. Most animals reproduce sexually and
can move.
• Animals can be classified based on
the presence of a backbone; body
symmetry; the characteristics of
proteins, DNA, and other molecules
that make up their cells; and the
kinds of body structures they
possess.
Lesson 2: Invertebrate Phyla
• Invertebrates have no backbone
or internal skeleton, and they
tend to be smaller and slowermoving than vertebrates.
• Invertebrates differ based on
symmetry, presence or absence
of certain types of specialized body
structures, and presence or absence
of specific internal organs and organ systems.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./
Ken Cavanagh, photographer
Lesson 3: Phylum Chordata
• All chordates have a notochord, a central nerve cord,
pharyngeal pouches, and a tail at some time during
their development.
• All vertebrates have a backbone and well-developed
organs and organ systems.
• The classes of vertebrates differ
based on presence or absence
of characteristics such as gills,
fins, scales, legs, wings, fur,
and eggs.
Which describes an animal with a
backbone?
A. vertebrate
B. mammal
C. invertebrate
D. chordate
Which group of Arthropods
includes crabs, shrimp, and
lobsters?
A. arachnids
B. crustaceans
C. insects
D. mollusks
Which phylum includes animals with
bodies of repeating segments?
A. Annelida
B. Arthropoda
C. Echinodermata
D. Porifera
Which term refers to a flexible, rodshaped structure that extends the
length of the body?
A. chordate
B. nerve cord
C. notochord
D. tail
Unlike amphibians, what do
reptiles have throughout their
lives?
A. four-chambered hearts
B. gills
C. lungs
D. wings
Which describes a body that cannot
be divided into matching parts?
A. asymmetry
B. bilateral symmetry
C. radial symmetry
D. spherical symmetry
Which is the largest group of
insects?
A. beetles
B. crabs
C. spiders
D. ticks
Echinoderms have which body plan?
A. asymmetry
B. bilateral symmetry
C. radial symmetry
D. spherical symmetry
Which vertebrate has mammary
glands?
A. amphibian
B. bird
C. mammal
D. reptile
Frogs, toads, and salamanders
belong to which class?
A. Amphibia
B. Aves
C. Mammalia
D. Reptilia