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The Schools Board of Tasmania Tasmanian Certificate of Education External Assessment 1994 AN803 ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS Time: Three Hours On the basis of your performance in this examination, the examiners will provide a rating of A, B, C or D on each of the following criteria taken from the syllabus statement: Criterion 2 Recall relevant factual information. Criterion 3 Make an informed and sensitive response to ancient texts in their historical context. Criterion 5 Demonstrate an ability to analyse critically the sources of information. Criterion 7 Understand and use the terminology relevant to the particular unit under study. Criterion 9 Communicate logically and analytically in written work responses to specific questions or specific investigative tasks. ________________________________________________________________________________ No. of Questions: No. of Pages: 32 9 AN803 Ancient Civilisations INSTRUCTIONS FOR CANDIDATES Candidates must answer FOUR questions from THREE or FOUR different units. Candidates must answer at least one question from SECTION A. Candidates must answer at least one question from SECTION B. Each question assesses Criteria 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9. ________________________________________________________________________________ SECTION A UNIT 1: GREEK HISTORY 510 — 404 B.C. Question 1 Either (a) Analyse the reforms of Cleisthenes with a view to establishing the purpose behind them. Or (b) How do you account for the developments which took place in the Athenian constitution during the first half of the fifth century B.C.? Question 2 To what extent is it possible to explain the Persian defeat as the result of poor leadership? Question 3 Either (a) To what extent is it true to say that the Athenian Empire was the result of deliberate Athenian policy? Or (b) Or (c) By what means did Athens ensure the loyalty of the members of her empire? Who really controlled the government at Athens in the fifth century down to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War? Question 4 Either (a) To what extent was the Peloponnesian War inevitable? Or (b) 'Sparta did not win the Peloponnesian War; Athens lost it.' Discuss. ____________________ Page 2 AN803 Ancient Civilisations UNIT 2: GREEK HISTORY 404 — 323 B.C. Question 5 Either (a) How important was the role of Persia in Greek affairs during the period 404-340 B.C.? Or (b) Analyse Spartan aims during the early fourth century down to 362 B.C. Why were these aims not realised? Question 6 Either (a) 'The attempt to establish the Second Athenian Confederacy had no possible chance of success.' Discuss. Or (b) Critically analyse the methods by which Philip II sought to establish his rule in Macedon and power over his immediate neighbours. Question 7 Either (a) What were the long-term objectives of Philip II in Greece? How did he attempt to fulfil these aims? Or (b) "It is his father, Philip, who should be given the epithet ‘The Great’, not Alexander." Discuss with particular reference to the military ability of both Philip II and Alexander of Macedon. Question 8 Either (a) Can you detect any consistent aims behind Alexander’s actions during the expedition into Asia? Or (b) Critically evaluate Alexander’s achievements as an administrator of empire. Or (c) "Arrian's portrait of Alexander is simply not believable." Discuss. ____________________ Page 3 AN803 Ancient Civilisations UNIT 3: ROMAN HISTORY 133 — 44 B.C. Question 9 Either (a) 'Gaius Gracchus was more resourceful politically than his brother but equally a man with a mission.' Would you agree with this assessment of the aims and methods of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus? Or (b) To what extent was the exclusive attitude of the majority of the Roman governing class responsible for the Social War? Question 10 Either (a) Analyse the effects which Marius’ reforms had on political life at Rome during the last century of the Republic. Or (b) Or (c) What was Sulla hoping to achieve by his reforms? To what extent were these hopes realised? Critically analyse the role of the tribunes in Roman politics from the reforms of Sulla to the death of Julius Caesar. Question 11 Either (a) 'Pompey may well have been an excellent military commander but his abilities as a politician were not of the same quality.' Discuss. Or (b) Or (c) Critically evaluate the role of bribery and corruption in politics in the period after Sulla in the breakdown of senatorial government at Rome. 'Caesar was dominated by a desire for fame to the exclusion of almost every other consideration.' Discuss with reference to the political AND/OR military career of Julius Caesar. Question 12 Either (a) 'Cicero's career is clear evidence of the extent to which Roman politics was dominated by the nobiles.' Discuss. Or (b) 'Caesar's reforms were ad hoc solutions to particular problems and were not part of any overall vision for Rome.' Discuss. ____________________ Page 4 AN803 Ancient Civilisations UNIT 4: ROMAN HISTORY 44 B.C. — A.D. 68 Question 13 How do you account for the fact that Octavian and not Antony gained control during the period 44–31BC? Question 14 Either (a) 'If Augustus had not lived so long, it is highly unlikely that the principate would have survived him.' Discuss. Or (b) Critically analyse the foreign policy of Augustus. Or (c) Analyse Augustus' relations with the Senate and/or the senatorial order. Question 15 Either (a) Critically evaluate Tiberius' qualities as an emperor. Or (b) Or (c) 'Claudius' achievements as emperor far outweigh the defects of his character.' Discuss. What were the main problems facing Nero as emperor? How successfully did he resolve those problems? Question 16 Either (a) To what extent did the characters of the emperors after Augustus affect the nature of the institution known as the principate? Or (b) Or (c) Critically assess the Julio-Claudian successors of Augustus with regard to EITHER their administration of the city of Rome OR their administration of the provinces. By what means did the Julio-Claudian emperors attempt to keep the support of EITHER the Senate OR the army? ____________________ Page 5 AN803 Ancient Civilisations SECTION B UNIT 5: GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORIANS Question 17 Either (a) 'Herodotus is biased in favour of the Greeks and of the Athenians in particular, in his account of the Persian Wars.' Discuss. Or (b) Or (c) Analyse the role which Herodotus gives to the supernatural in his history. Does this adversely affect the validity of his explanations for historical events? 'Herodotus only included speeches in his work in order to give some relief from the historical narrative.' Discuss. Question 18 Either (a) 'Thucydides may have been very careful in collecting factual material but the interpretations he places on it are open to serious questioning.' Discuss. Or (b) Or (c) Analyse the use of characterisation by Thucydides in his work. 'Without the speeches there would be no history.' Discuss with reference to Thucydides' history. Question 19 Either (a) 'Sallust is more concerned to teach his readers moral lessons than to report facts accurately.' Discuss. Or (b) Analyse Sallust’s views on historical causation as evidenced in his works. Or (c) Critically evaluate Sallust's use of evidence. Question 20 Either (a) "Tacitus' interpretation of the evidence he collected is always highly suspect." Discuss. Or (b) Or (c) Critically assess Tacitus' use of speeches in the Annals. 'Tacitus was not seriously concerned to give full character portraits of individuals.' Discuss with reference to Tacitus' use of characterisation in the Annals. ____________________ Page 6 AN803 Ancient Civilisations UNIT 6: GREEK AND ROMAN LITERATURE Question 21 Either (a) 'The Odyssey is not a poem of wandering but of return.' Discuss. Or (b) Examine the role of the gods in the Odyssey. Are they presented as just? Question 22 Either (a) How sympathetically does Virgil present either Dido or Turnus? How does your answer to that question affect your understanding of the Aeneid? Or (b) 'Be this your art: – to practise men in the habit of peace, generosity to the conquered, and firmness against aggressors.' To what extent does Aeneas obey this command of Anchises in the second half of the Aeneid? Question 23 Either (a) Examine Aeschylus' presentation of the problem of justice in Agamemnon. Or (b) Or (c) In what sense (if any) is Oedipus responsible for his own downfall in Sophocles' Oedipus the King? Compare and contrast Euripides' characterisation of Dionysus and Pentheus in Bacchae. To what extent are they presented as complementary? Question 24 Either (a) Examine Seneca’s treatment of heredity in Phaedra. Or (b) Or (c) 'The destructive nature of the emotions is a central theme in Senecan tragedy.' Discuss with reference to Trojan Women. How important are the gods to your understanding of Seneca's Thyestes? ____________________ Page 7 AN803 Ancient Civilisations UNIT 7: GREEK AND ROMAN THOUGHT Question 25 Either (a) To what extent is Zeus presented as a benefactor of humanity in Works and Days? You should pay particular attention to the Myth of Ages. Or (b) What do we learn of Hesiod's attitude to women from his creation stories? Question 26 Either (a) How effectively does Socrates defend himself in the Apology? Why does his defence fail? Or (b) How convincing is Socrates' refutation of Euthyphro's view of the nature of piety in Euthyphro? Question 27 Either (a) How would you define the concept of 'myth'? Are Livy's stories of early Rome genuine myths? Or (b) To what extent do Livy's stories of early Rome reflect his own moral and religious beliefs? Question 28 Either (a) Examine Lucretius' representation of the relationship between religion and philosophy in Book 1 of the Nature of the Universe. Or (b) How successful, in your view, is Lucretius' attempt in Book 3 of the Nature of the Universe to remove the reader’s fear of death? ____________________ Page 8 AN803 Ancient Civilisations UNIT 8: THE FAMILY IN GREECE AND ROME Question 29 Either (a) Compare the roles of the father and the mother in the Athenian family. Or (b) Examine the role of the mother in relation to her children in Athenian family life. Or (c) What was the nature of the relationship between fathers and sons in the Athenian family? Question 30 Either (a) To what extent did different social status change the role of a woman in Athenian Society? Or (b) Or (c) 'Athenian family relations were dominated by concerns about the ownership of property.' Discuss. Analyse Athenian attitudes towards ageing and/or death. Question 31 Either (a) 'The notion of ownership of property is central to Roman attitudes towards marriage, dowry and adoption.' Discuss. Or (b) Examine the role of the father in relation to his children in Roman family life. Or (c) Examine the role of children in the Roman family. Question 32 Either (a) 'Roman women in the late Republic and the early Empire were extremely independent.' Discuss. Or (b) Analyse Roman attitudes towards ageing and/or death. Or (c) Analyse the Roman attitude towards marriage and divorce. ____________________ Page 9