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Biology Final Exam
Review
SI Leader Taylor (Yeargain, MWF 1:30-2:20)
General Information
Review Session
▪ Please fill in any available space, and move to the front of the room!
▪ Thank you for coming ☺
Exam Information
▪ 15% of overall grade in the class
▪ Monday, May 1st from 1:00pm-3:50pm in CB2 201
▪ Lowest lecture exam dropped, but final does NOT count
General Plan
▪ Topics (5 minutes)
▪ Activity 1 (20 minutes)
▪ Practice Exam (20 minutes)
▪ Activity 2 (10 minutes)
▪ Practice Exam (35 minutes)
▪ Questions & Closing (10 min)
Topics
▪ Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
▪ Structure of an Atom
▪ Atomic Number, Mass Number
▪ Valence Shell/ Electrons
▪ Chemical Bonds
▪Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular
Diversity of Life
▪ HONC
▪ Hydrocarbons
▪ Isomers (definition and types)
▪ Functional Groups
▪ ATP
▪ Chapter 3: Water and Life
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Polarity
Cohesion and Adhesion
Specific heat
Evaporative Cooling
Heat of Vaporization
Specific Properties of Water
Solvent, Solution, Solute
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic
Acids and Bases/ pH and pOH
Topics
▪ Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large
Biological Molecules
▪ See pg. 90 of textbook for chart
▪ Types of Macromolecules
▪ Structure of Macromolecules
▪ Examples and Functions of Macromolecules
▪Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell
▪ Plasma Membrane
▪ Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
▪ All organelles and function
▪ Plant and Animal cell differences
▪ Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function
▪ Fluid Mosaic Model
▪ Integral and Peripheral Proteins
▪ Selective Permeability
▪ Active and Passive Transport
▪ Osmosis
▪ Tonicity Problems
▪ Sodium Potassium Pump
▪ Endocytosis versus Exocytosis
▪ Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis and Receptor Mediated
Topics
▪ Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
▪ Fermentation
▪ Aerobic Respiration
▪ Oxidation and Reduction
▪ Electron Carriers
▪ Location, Steps, Input, Output, and Function of
each stage of cellular respiration
▪ Plants and animals
▪Chapter 10: Photosynthesis
▪ Autotrophs
▪ Plants only
▪ Chlorophyll a
▪ Range of visible light
▪ Location, Steps, Input, Output, and Function of
each stage of photosynthesis
Topics
Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle & Mitosis (Pg. 232)
• Chromosome Vocabulary
• Chromatin
• Somatic Cells
• Sister Chromatids
• Centromeres
• Mitosis/ Cytokinesis
• All of the parts of interphase and mitosis, what happens at each phase, and how the chromosome and sister
chromatid numbers change throughout
• Checkpoints
• Cancerous Cells
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycle (Pg. 252)
• More Vocab (Haploid, Diploid, Homologous, Loci, Zygote, etc)
• All of the parts of interphase and meiosis 1 &2, what happens at each phase, and how the chromosome and sister
chromatid numbers change throughout
• Crossing Over and Independent Assortment
• Sources of Genetic Variation
Topics
Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea (Pg.267)
• Law of Segregation
• Monohybrid and Dihybrid crosses
• Mendel’s experiments
• Heterozygote, Homozygote, Dominant, & Recessive
• True Breeders
• Complete Dominance, Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, Multiple Alleles, Pleiotropy
• Epistasis and Polygenic Inheritance
• Identifying pedigrees and how to solve pedigree problems
• Carriers, Test Cross, and Wild Type
• Tips for Genetics problems on pg 290
Chapter 15: Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance (Pg.292)
• All of the genetic disorders from your lecture slides (autosomal and sex linked)
• Sex Linked Genes
• Barr Body
• Nondisjunction, Aneuploidy, Monosomy, Polyploidy
• Deletions, Duplications, Inversions, Translocations
Topics
Chapter 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance (Page 312)
• DNA properties and structure
• Base Pairing
• Type of Bond between DNA strands (Hydrogen)
• Semiconservative nature of DNA replication
• Initiation of DNA synthesis
• DNA synthesis on leading and lagging strand
• Telomeres
• Heterochromatin and Euchromatin
Chapter 17: Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein (Page 333)
• From DNA to proteins
• Transcription and Translation
• Transcription Initiation Complex
• Processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA
• rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA
• Initiation, Elongation, and Termination of both Transcription and Translation
• Reading Frame
Activity #1
Brainstorm Race
Activity #1: Brainstorm Race
▪Get into groups
▪If you are watching this from your computer, I still
encourage you to participate!
▪Make sure you have a piece of paper & a pen
▪1 minute for each slide
Activity #1: Brainstorm Race
Structure of the Atom
Activity #1: Brainstorm Race
Types of
Macromolecules
Activity #1: Brainstorm Race
Types of Organelles
Activity #1: Brainstorm Race
Plant Cell vs.
Animal Cell
Activity #1: Brainstorm Race
Cellular Respiration
Activity #1: Brainstorm Race
Mendel & Genetics
Activity #1: Brainstorm Race
DNA Synthesis
Activity #1: Brainstorm Race
Central Dogma
Review Guide
First 20 Questions
Activity #2
Chromosomes, Meiosis & Mitosis
Discussion
What is the difference between the following terms?
- Haploid
- Diploid
- Unduplicated Chromosome
- Duplicated Chromosome
- Sister Chromatids
- Non Sister Chromatids
- Homologous Chromosomes
- Tetrad
Practice
Diploid or
haploid?
Practice
Chromosome A contains genes for an eye color of brown. Chromosome B
contains genes for hair color of brown. Chromosome C contains genes for an
eye color of green. Which of the following is true?
a. Chromosomes A and B are homologous
b. Chromosomes B and C are homologous
c. Chromosomes A and C are homologous
d. None of the chromosomes are homologous to one another
Practice
Crossing Over occurs between which of the following?
a. Sister Chromatids
b. Homologous Chromosomes
c. Non Sister Chromatids
d. More than one of these answers is correct
Practice (Mitosis)
A somatic cell has 16 chromosomes (2n=16), how many chromosomes and chromatids are present at….
a. G1 phase?
b. S phase?
c. G2 phase?
d. Prophase?
e. Metaphase?
f. Anaphase?
g. Telophase?
h. After cytokinesis?
Practice (Mitosis)
A somatic cell has 16 chromosomes (2n=16), how many chromosomes and chromatids are present at….
G1 phase?
16 chromosomes
S phase?
16 chromosomes, 32 chromatids
G2 phase?
16 chromosomes, 32 chromatids
Prophase?
16 chromosomes, 32 chromatids
Metaphase?
16 chromosomes, 32 chromatids
Anaphase?
32 chromosomes
Telophase?
16 chromosomes in each daughter nucleus
After cytokinesis?
16 chromosomes in each daughter cell
Practice (Meiosis)
A somatic cell has 16 chromosomes. How many chromosomes and sister chromatids are present at each of the following phases of
meiosis?
a) Interphase:
i. G1:
a. 16 chromosomes
b. 0 Sister Chromatids
c. 0 Tetrads
ii. S:
a. 16 chromosomes
b. 32 Sister Chromatids
c. 8 “Pairs”
iii. G2:
a. 16 chromosomes
32 Sister Chromatids
b. 8 “Pairs”
Practice (Meiosis)
a)
Meiosis 1:
i. Prophase 1:
a. 16 chromosomes
b. 32 Sister Chromatids
c. 8 Tetrads
ii. Metaphase 1:
a. 16 chromosomes
b. 32 Sister Chromatids
c. 8 Tetrads
iii. Anaphase 1:
a. 16 chromosomes
b. 32 Sister Chromatids
c. 0 Tetrads
iv. Telophase/ Cytokinesis 1:
a. 8 chromosomes
b. 16 Sister Chromatids
c. 0 Tetrads
Practice (Meiosis)
a)
b)
Meiosis 2
i. Prophase 2:
a. 8 chromosomes
b. 16 Sister Chromatids
c. 0 Tetrads
ii. Metaphase 2:
a. 8 chromosomes
b. 16 Sister Chromatids
c. 0 Tetrads
iii. Anaphase 2:
a. 16 chromosomes
b. 0 Sister Chromatids
c. 0 Tetrads
iv. Telophase/ Cytokinesis 2:
a. 8 chromosomes
b. 0 Sister Chromatids
c. 0 Tetrads
At what phase of Meiosis do the cells become haploid?
i. Telophase / Cytokinesis 1
Review Guide
Remaining Questions