Download • Explain how the consequences of World War I and the worldwide

Section 4
The Interwar
Years
Ch 13-4
Learning Goal/Content Statement
• Explain how the consequences of World
War I and the worldwide depression set the
stage for the rise of totalitarianism,
aggressive Axis expansion and the policy of
appeasement which in turn led to World War
II.
The Interwar Years 13-4 vocabulary
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•
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•
•
Benito Mussolini:
Fascism:
Totalitarianism
Joseph Stalin:
Gulag
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Adolf Hitler:
Nazi Party:.
Anti-Semitism:
Nuremberg Laws:
Kristallnacht:
Section 4
The Interwar Years 13-4 vocabulary
Section 4
• Benito Mussolini: Italian Fascist leader; he ruled as Italy’s
dictator for more than 20 years beginning in 1922. His
alliance with Hitler brought Italy into WWII.
• Fascism: a totalitarian system of government that focuses
on the good of the state rather than on the good of the
individual citizen. HYPER NATIONALISM
• Totalitarianism: form of government in which the person
or party in charge has absolute control over all aspects of
life.
• Joseph Stalin: Totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union; he
led the Soviet Union through WWII and created a powerful
Soviet sphere of influence in eastern Europe after the war.
• Gulag: a Soviet forced labor camp or prison, used
especially for political dissidents.
The Interwar Years 13-4 vocabulary
Section 4
• Adolf Hitler: Totalitarian dictator of Germany; his invasion of
European countries led to WWII. He espoused notions of racial
superiority and was responsible for the mass murder of millions
of Jews and others in the Holocaust.
• Nazi Party: National Socialist Party; fascist political party of
Adolf Hitler governed on totalitarian lines and advocating
German racial superiority.
• Anti-Semitism: hostility or prejudice towards Jews. REVIEW
DREYFUS AFFAIR.
• Nuremberg Laws: Nazi laws that eliminated citizenship and
many civilian and property rights for Jews.
• Kristallnacht: “night of broken glass”; an event that occurred on
the nights of November 9 and 10 in which Hitler’s Nazis
encouraged Germans to riot against Jews; nearly 100 Jews
died.
•
The Interwar Years
Ch 13-4 Vocab
Section 4
Italy
Russia
Germany
Similarity:
The Interwar Years
Russia
-Stalin
-Gulag
*Communism*
Ch 13-4 Vocab
Italy
-Mussolini
-Fascism
Similarity:
Totalitarianism
Section 4
Germany
-Hitler
-Fascism
-Nazi Party
-AntiSemitism
Nuremberg
Laws
Kristallnacht
The Interwar Years
Section 4
The Interwar Years CAUSES OF WWII
Section 4
Section
4
The
Interwar
Years Economically that leads
What
happened
to WWII?
• Treaty of Versailles cripples Germany.
• European economy in ruins after WWI. Propped
up by America.
• U.S. economy suffers because of Stock Market
Crash and Great Depression. Europe suffers
more.
• Leads to the Rise of Dictatorships in Europe.
Section
4
The
Interwar
Causes
ofYears
Great Depression/Stock Market
Crash
•
•
•
•
Uneven distribution of wealth
Inflation
Easy credit
Over speculation in the stock market
The Interwar Years
Section 4
The Interwar Years
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The Interwar Years
Section 4
The Interwar YearsDictators in Europe
Section 4
Main Idea
The political and social unrest that followed World War I helped
totalitarian dictators rise to power in Europe.
Content Statement/Learning Goal
Explain how the consequences of World War I
and the worldwide depression set the stage
for the rise of totalitarianism, aggressive Axis
expansion and the policy of appeasement
which in turn led to World War II.
The Interwar Years 1) Mussolini’s Italy
Section 4
After World War I, new ideas about government power promoted
by Benito Mussolini led to drastic change in the Italian
government.
Fascist Ideology
• Mussolini wanted to build a
great, glorious Italian empire
Mussolini in Power
• Fascists significant force in
Italian politics, 1922
• Founded National Fascist Party, • Mussolini wanted more,
wanted to rule Italy
1919: Turns his back of former
allies Socialists.
• Called March on Rome
– from Latin fasces, Roman
• Show of force convinced
symbol for unity, strength
Italy’s king to put Mussolini at
head of government. Avoid
– Fascism, authoritarian form
civil war.
of government
• Mussolini moved to establish
– Good of nation above all
dictatorship
else. NATIONALISM!!
The Interwar Years 1)Mussolini’s Italy
Section 4
Mussolini not satisfied merely with political control
• Used threats, violence, political skill to outlaw all
opposition
• Tried to influence Italians’ thoughts, feelings, behaviors
– Government attempt to control all aspects of life,
totalitarianism
– Used propaganda to promote Italy’s greatness
– Established festivals, holidays to remind Italians of
proud Roman heritage
2)Invasion
of Ethiopia
The Interwar
Years
Section 4
• Mussolini set out to make Italy strong military power and take
Italians’ minds off of state of poverty.
• Looked for easy target, settled on Ethiopia.
• Ethiopia had two serious disadvantages, located between two
Italian colonies, military ill-equipped; Italian forces crushed
Ethiopia, 1935
League of Nations
• Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie appealed to League to take
action against Italy’s aggression
• No nation willing to get involved, to risk another world war
• League placed economic sanctions on Italy, took no real action
The Interwar Years
Section 4
The Interwar Years
Section 4
The Interwar YearsStalin’s Soviet Union
Section 4
3)Communism under Stalin
• Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin died shortly after
Communist Soviet Union formed, 1924
• Joseph Stalin became new Soviet leader after
struggle for power
Different Approach
• Karl Marx predicted state would wither away under
communism. Socialist RepublicDemocracy??
• Stalin took different approach. Instead of reducing
government’s power he worked to return Soviet Union
to totalitarian state, controlling all Soviet life
The Interwar Years
4)The Five-Year Plans Section 4
• Major part of Stalin’s plan to strengthen communism,
modernization of economy
• First Five-Year Plan began 1928, factories and mines
set production goals.
5-Year Plans reflected Soviet system of central planning
• Government makes major decisions about production of goods
COMMAND ECONOMY/PLANNED ECONOMY (5 year plans)
• Differs from capitalist economic system, where market forces
are major influences on production
• 5 Year Plans did lead to increases in Soviet industrial output
• During first two Five-Year Plans, oil production doubled, coal
and steel production quadrupled
• Demands on Soviet workers were high
Section 4
The Interwar 5)Collectivization
Years
and Famine
Increase Farm Input
• Stalin believed millions of
small, individually owned
Soviet farms would be more
productive if combined into
larger, mechanized farms
Peasant Reaction
• Peasants resisted, Stalin
responded violently
• Executed thousands, sent
more to Siberian system of
labor camps, called the Gulag
• Combining small farms called
• Resistance continued,
collectivization
particularly in the Ukraine
• Stalin tried to take land back
• Stalin refused to send food
given to peasants after
during 1932 famine; millions
Russian Revolution
starved to death in Ukraine.
The Interwar YearsStalin’s Soviet Union
Section 4
6)Political Purges
• Stalin, absolute power, but feared people plotting against him
• Began campaign called Great Purge, to get rid of people, things
undesirable
• During Great Purge, thousands executed, sent to the Gulag
7)Totalitarian Rule (This is what America fears)
• Stalin’s regime dominated Soviet life
• Children encouraged to join youth organizations, taught attitudes,
beliefs
• Religion discouraged, churches closed
Cult of Personality- Ignorance is bliss.
• Portraits of Stalin decorated public places, creating heroic, idealized
image
• Streets, towns renaming in Stalin’s honor, created cult of personality
• By ruthlessly removing opposition, Stalin gained stranglehold over
society
The Interwar Years
8) Post War Germany
Section 4
Germany underwent great changes after World War I. Like Mussolini
and Stalin, Germany’s Adolf Hitler rose to power during a time of
conflict and political instability.
8)Postwar Germany
• Germany formed new
republican
government, Weimar
Republic
• Extremely unpopular
• Germans blamed
Weimer Republic for
humiliating Versailles
Treaty
*RESENTMENT*!!
• Treaty of BrestLitovsk-used as
template.
8)Economy
• Blamed Weimar
Republic for
economic problems.
• Inflation soared
• German mark
virtually worthless
• Savings wiped out
• Depression brought
more chaos
• **U.S. Great
Depression couldn’t
lend Germany $$**
9)Hitler’s Early Career
• Born Austria 1889
• Served in German
army World War I
• Soon joined Nazi
Party
• Discovered he had
knack for public
speaking, leadership
German hyper-inflation
The Interwar Years
Section 4
The Interwar Years
Tales of German
Hyperinflation p.739
One American dollar could buy
about 9 German marks in 1919. At
the height of the panic, a dollar
could buy more than 4 trillion
marks.
By 1923, some 300 paper mills and
2,000 printing presses were
working around the clock to print
money.
Prices rose extremely fast. One
customer at a café ordered a cup of
coffee at 5,000 marks. By the time
he ordered his second, the price
had risen to 7,000 marks.
Section 4
The Interwar Years
German Hyper inflation Section 4
The Interwar Years
German Hyper inflation Section 4
Trying to sell food cheaply. LOOK AT THE PRICE ABOVE.
Section 4
The Interwar
Years
GERMANY’S
ECONOMIC WOES
The Interwar Years
Section 4
Section 4
The Interwar
Years
GERMANY’S
ECONOMIC WOES
Section 4
The Interwar
Years
GERMANY’S
ECONOMIC WOES
Section
4
The Interwar
Years
9)Hitler’s
Early Career/ Hitler Gains
Power
Search for power
• Became key figure in
Nazi Party
• Wanted greater power
Mein Kampf
• Wrote book while in prison
• “My Struggle” described
major political ideas
• Attempted overthrow of
government, arrested,
imprisoned, 1923
Hitler gains power
• Nationalism, racial superiority
of German people, Aryans
• Continued to try to gain power
after released from prison
• Germans desperate for strong
leader to improve lives
• Economic effects of Great
Depression helped his cause
• Promised to rebuild military
Promises
• Talk of mighty German
• German people were used to a
empire, master race, won
dictatorship. Kaiser ruled prior
supporters
to WWI.
The Interwar Years
Section 4
The Interwar Years
10)Hitler Controls GermanySection 4
• Many Germans wanted to believe Hitler’s words were true
• Nazis continued to gain strength in early 1930s
• Most popular of many German political parties; becomes 2nd most
popular party from 9th most popular in 1933.
• Hitler appointed as chancellor, 1933
• Most powerful post in German government appointed by President
• President Hindenburg dies in 1934 and powers of Chancellor and
President are merged by referendum vote in August 1934
Hitler Controls Germany
• Began to crush opposition
Hitler’s Programs
• Began to rebuild German military
• Many opponents arrested, others • Improved German economy
intimidated by Nazi thugs
• Strict wage controls, massive
• Cult of personality built up
government spending, reduced
glorifying Hitler as the Führer,
unemployment
“leader”
• Much spending for rearmament
• Nazi youth organizations shaped
minds of young Germans
• Also new public buildings, roads
The Interwar Years
Nazi Rise to Power 1928 Section 4
The Interwar Years
Nazi Rise to Power 1930 Section 4
Section 4
The Interwar Nazi
YearsRise to Power July 1932
The Interwar
NaziYears
Rise to Power November Section
1932 4
March 1933 Elections
Number of Votes
National Socialist
17,277,000
Social Democratic
(Enemy)
7,182,000
18.3
Communist
(Enemy)
4,848,000
12.3
Center
4,425,000
11.7
Nationalist
3,137,000
8.0
Bavarian People's
1,074,000
2.7
Other parties
1,533,000
3.8
The Interwar Years
Percentage
Section
43.9
4
The Interwar Years
Section 4
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The Interwar Years
11) Nazi Anti-Semitism Section 4
Nazis mounted more direct attacks on Jews
•
November 9 and 10, 1938, anti-Jewish riots across
Germany, Austria
•
Attack known as Kristallnacht, Night of Broken
Glass
– Nearly 100 Jews killed
– Thousands of Jewish businesses, places of
worship damaged, destroyed
•
Greater horrors yet to come
•
Hitler’s Germany about to lead world into history’s
bloodiest war
The Interwar Years
11)Nazi Anti-Semitism Section 4
A key component of the Nazi system was strong anti-Semitic
beliefs. Anti-Semitism is hostility toward or prejudice against
Jews. Hitler blamed Jews for many of German’s problems,
including its defeat in World War I.
Long History
Laws Excluding Jews
• Anti-Semitism had long
• Many laws passed excluding
history in largely Christian
Jews from mainstream
Europe
German life
• Nazi anti-Semitism combined • 1935 Nuremberg Laws
this with false beliefs that
created separate legal status
Jews were separate race
for Jews
• Combined religious prejudice • Eliminated citizenship, civil
with hatred based on ancestry and property rights
• Right to work was limited
Nuremberg Laws defined a person as Jewish based on ancestry of
grandparents—not religious beliefs.
The Interwar Years 11.Nazi Anti-Semitism
Section 4
• Germany’s Jewish population in 1933: 505,000
• Germany’s Overall population in 1933:
67,000,000
• Less than.75% of population
Section
4
in 1939: Blame
outside
forces
The
Interwarpopulation
Years
Jewish