Download Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Circulatory And Respiration
Composition
Of
Blood
Blood
Heart
200mmHg
Aorta
Artery
120mmHg
Arteriole
Capillary Bed
50mmHg
Venule
Vein
Vena Cava
Heart
Differences Between Arteries
and Veins
• Veins transport blood away
from the heart
• Veins are low pressure vessels
• Veins have valves
Arteries and Veins
Coronary artery
Plaque
Arteriosclerosis
HDL’s: Carry cholesterol away from cell to liver
LDL’s: Carry cholesterol to tissues including coronary artery
High blood pressure can rupture blood vessels in the brain causing
a hemorrhagic stroke.
Normal Blood Pressure
• Systolic Pressure
– Maximum pressure during ventricular
contraction
• Diastolic Pressure
– Minimum pressure during ventricular
relaxation
• Textbook Values:
SP 120 mmHg
DP 80 mmHg
Ruptured blood vessels
in the retina associated
with hypertension
Hypertension = High Blood Pressure
The Sinoatrial Node
The Cardiac Cycle
Atrial emptying
Ventricular
emptying
Ventricular filling
The Respiratory System
The Equation for Cellular
Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (Energy)
The Respiratory System
Prevents food from
entering air passageways
Common passageway for
food and air
Food transport tube
Voice box
Wind pipe
Transports air to right and
left lung
Functional part of lung
Site of gas exchange
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Anatomical
Dead
Space
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Anatomical Dead Space Holds 150 ml air
Alveoli: The site of gas
exchange
Daltons Law
• The total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is
equal to the sum of the individual pressures
(partial pressures) of each of the different
gases in the mixture.
• Atmospheric Pressure (pATM) = 760 mm Hg
at sea level
• Note: Atmospheric Pressure can be referred to as
Barometric Pressure
Dalton’s Law
760 mm Hg
• pAtm at sea level = _________
• Air
– 78 % N2
– 21 % O2
• pO2 = (Percent O2 in air) X (pAtm)
.21 X _____
pO2 = ______
760mmHg
= 158
_______
mm Hg
An increase in elevation results in a decrease in atmospheric
(barometric) pressure.
Mount Everest: 29,142 feet
pAtm = 245 mm Hg
pO2 = .21 X 245 mmHg = 51mm Hg
View Of Whitney: 14,495 feet; pAtm = 400 mm Hg
.21 X _____
pO2 = _____
400 = _____
84 mm Hg
Mount Whitney
Effects of Elevation
Mt. Everest: 29,142 ft.
pAtm = 245 mm Hg
pO2 at the top of Mt. Everest
pO2 = .21 X 245 = 51mm Hg
Mt. Whitney
14,495 ft.
What will happen to the
size of this balloon if you
carry it from sea level up a
mountain?
What happens to the
distance between oxygen
molecules as you carry
the balloon up a mountain?
Sea Level
Sea Level versus the Top of Mount Everest
Mount Everest
higher than Everest
pATM is _____________
Molecules are __________
closer together
much lower than sea level
pAtm is ______________________
Molecules are _________________
further apart
Hypoxia = Low Blood Oxygen
The top of
Red Slate
Mountain
Humans experience
hypoxia at high
elevation
Gas
Diffusion
pO2 = 100mmHg
pO2 = 40mmHg
pCO2 = 45mmHg
Blood entering
alveolar capillaries
pCO2 = 40mmHg
Blood leaving
alveolar capillaries
pO2 in tissues is
40mmHg
pCO2 in tissues is
45mmHg
97
75
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Oxygen – Hemoglobin
Dissociation Curve
What happens to the
Saturation of
Hemoglobin when
pO2 increases?
What happens to pO2 as
elevation increases?
Factors that affect the partial pressure of oxygen
---- Normal body temperature
What happens to body
the saturation of
hemoglobin when body
temperature rises?
Factors that affect the saturation of hemoglobin
Boyles Law
• A: Normal volume and pressure
• B: Volume is decreased resulting in
increased pressure
• C: Volume is increased resulting in
decreased pressure
Rib cage expands
when external
intercostals contract
Rib cage gets smaller
when external
intercostals relax
Ventilation of the Lungs
Ventilation: Moving Air in and
Out of Lungs
Contract external intercostals
Contract Diaphragm
_______ Volume of Thoracic Cavity
_______ Pressure of Thoracic cavity
pAtm is greater than air pressure in thoracic cavity
AIR MOVES IN (INHALATION)
Respiratory Rate and Tidal Volume
• Respiratory rate = Number of breaths you take per minute
– Textbook value = 12 breaths per minute
• Tidal Volume
– Volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing
– The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal resting breath
– Textbook value = 500 ml per breath
Pulmonary Ventilation (PV)
• Pulmonary Ventilation (PV)
– The volume of air that moves in out of the
lungs in one minute
– PV = Respiratory Rate X Respiratory Volume
– Resting PV = Respiratory Rate X Tidal Volume
500 ml /breath
12 breaths/min X __________
= ____________
6,000 ml/min
= ___________________
Regulation of Respiratory Rate
• The primary factor that controls respiratory rate
is the amount of CO2 in the blood.
–
–
–
–
Increased CO2 causes a/an ___ in respiratory rate
Decreased CO2 causes a/an ___in respiratory rate
Hyperventilation _____ blood CO2 levels
Holding your breath ____ blood CO2 levels
• An increase in blood CO2 has what effect on
blood pH?
Regulation of Respiratory Rate
CO2 + H2O
H2CO3
H+ + HCO3-