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History Objective
1607
1620
1776
1787
1803
1861-1865
DATES TO
JAMESTOWN – first permanent settlement
REMEMBER!!
!!
PLYMOUTH – pilgrims and MAYFLOWER COMPACT
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
US CONSTITUTION (Founding fathers)
LOUSIANA PURCHASE (Jefferson) & MARBURY VS MADISON (judicial review)
CIVIL WAR
EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION ERA
Desire to own land
National Pride
Gold, God, and Glory
Curiosity
(Religion, wealth, fame)
– headright system
Economic Opportunity
Cheaper route
Reasons for European
Exploration/Colonization
to Asia
Freedom
Religious Freedom
(Puritans, Quakers,
Catholics)
Political
A better life
Mercantilism
(Indentured
(13 colonies made for money –
servants)
cash crops and natural resources)
Reasons for Growth of Representative Government in the 13 Colonies:
Distance from England – colonies had to rule themselves
Colonists copied English traditions and structures
Most colonies were SELF-GOVERNING, and ELECTED members to an assembly that made their laws.
Documents that Contributed to the Growth of Representative Government:
Mayflower Compact
Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut
Virginia House of Burgesses
Established the idea of self-government for Plymouth
FIRST written constitution in the colonies – THOMAS HOOKER
First representative assembly in colonies – members were elected
How religion and virtue contributed to the growth of representative government:
Religious freedom was a main cause for the establishment of the American colonies
Religious groups (Pilgrims, Puritans, Quakers) created communities that were self governed
William Penn – Pennsylvania treated all citizens with equality and respect (Quakers against slavery)
1st Great Awakening inspired more independent thinking
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC
American Revolution

PATRIOTS: colonists who supported independence

LOYALISTS: wanted to stay with Britain

PROPOGANDA: only shows one side of the story
Causes of the American Revolution (13 Colonies VS Britain)
1. French and Indian War: Britain needed to raise money to pay off debts
2. Proclamation of 1763: Colonists forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains (Britain
wanted a buffer zone between colonies and Indians, but Colonists wanted the land)
3. Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts: British reaction to the BOTSON TEA PARTY; closed the port
of Boston until the tea was paid for, restructured Massachusetts government, troops quartered
in Boston, Colonists respond with BOYCOTTS
4. Stamp Act: required all paper documents have a tax (contracts, newspapers, wills etc) colonists
riot against the taxes
5. Mercantilism: A system were a nation increases its wealth by collecting money from its colonies.
Requires a favorable balance of trade. (The colonies existed for the benefit of England)
6. Lack of representation in Parliament: “No taxation without representation!”
Important People in the American Revolution
John Adams
Wentworth
Cheswell
Samuel Adams
Mercy Otis
Warren
James Armistead
Benjamin Franklin
Bernardo de
Galvez
defended British soldiers after the Boston massacre, member of the Continental Congress
African American Patriot; like Paul Revere made a midnight ride to warn of the British arrival
Organized opposition to the Stamp Act, and Sons of Liberty
Wrote several plays and propaganda pieces that supported the Patriot cause
Slave in Virginia that served as a spy for the Continental Army
Helped write the Declaration of Independence, went to France to convince them to aid the
Americans, negotiated the Treaty of Paris
Spanish nobleman who helped transport war supplies
Crispus Attucks
King George III
Black man that was killed in the Boston Massacre – 1st casualty of the war
King of England during the American Revolution
Haym Solomon
Patrick Henry
Jewish immigrant to American who helped finance the Revolution, lent money to the government
Spoke against the Stamp Act – “Give me liberty or give me death!
Thomas
Jefferson
Marquis de
Lafayette
Main author of the declaration of independence, leader during the American Revolution
Thomas Paine
George
Washington
Wrote “Common Sense”
Commander of the Continental Army
Abigail Adams
Wife of John Adams; reminded him to “remember the ladies” when he wrote the constitution
A young French aristocrat that fought in the American Revolution
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC
Olive Branch Petition: last attempt by the colonies to establish peace with the king
Significant Events
of the Revolution
AUTOMATIC
Lexington and Concord
Saratoga
Yorktown
Winter - Valley Forge
SPECIFIC DETAILS
1st Battle
Turning point
Last Battle
Harsh – starvation and
frostbite
“Shot heard round the world”
French chose to help the US afterwards
Surrender of Cornwallis
Army trained and became more professional
Created a new government for the new nation; only one branch of
government so the National government was very weak. Replaced by the
Articles of
US Constitution.
Confederation
Northwest Ordinance: (new states) set up rules for westward expansion
Constitutional Convention of 1787 (Philadelphia)
Issue
The Great Compromise
Virginia plan: Large states wanted
Two house legislature- house of
Solution
representation based on population
Representatives based on population and
New Jersey Plan: Small states wanted equal
Senate on equal representation
representation
Issue
The Three-Fifths Compromise
How would slaves be counted regarding
Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person
Solution
population?
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Argued for STRONG NATIONAL government
Argued for STATES’ RIGHTS over a powerful
central government
COMPROMISE: add a bill of rights
Political Parties
Federalists



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

Led by Alexander Hamilton
Supported a national bank that favored
the rich
Supported strong central government
Aristocracy (upper class) based on
wealth and status
Merchants and manufacturers
LOOSE INTERPRETATION
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC
Democratic Republicans




Led by Thomas Jefferson
Farmers and laborers
Supported local government and limiting
government power
STRICT INTERPRETATION
US Presidents
George Washington

Farewell address: avoid political parties, no foreign alliances

Whiskey Rebellion: Farmers rebelled against a tax on whiskey. Washington sent troops,
showing the strength of the new government. Rebels fled.

Federal Judiciary Act 1789: designed the state and federal court system

Presidential Cabinet: Washington set a precedent for future presidents

Remained neutral during the French Revolution
John Adams

XYZ Affair: French agents demanded a bribe from Americans and in exchange they would
stop attacking American ships. US refused to pay

Alien and Sedition Acts: allowed the president to remove immigrants if they were disloyal
(alien act) or if they wrote anything false or harmful about the government (sedition act)

Avoided war with France
Thomas Jefferson

Louisiana Purchase/Lewis and Clark Expedition

Embargo Act: “O Grab Me” banned all trade with foreign countries. Failed and hurt US economy
James Madison

War of 1812

“Father of Constitution”
War of 1812: Between US and Great Britain
Causes:
 Impressments of US Sailors
 Shipping interference
 British aid to Native Americans
 War Hawks: pressured Congress to declare war
Event
Effects:
 US gained respect
 Improved Army
 Increased manufacturing since the British blockade
created a shortage of cloth
Significance
Attack on Washington
DC
British set fire to many buildings; Dolly Madison saved portrait of George
Washington from White House
Fort McHenry
Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star Spangled Banner”
Battle of New
Orleans
Andrew Jackson defeated the British and became a war hero
Treaty of Ghent
Ended the war; no clear winner- all territory gained was returned.
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC
US Presidents Continued
James Monroe

Monroe Doctrine: Warned European nations to stay away from the Western Hemisphere.
US saw itself as the “protector” of Latin America

Era of Good Feelings: nationalism (pride in one’s country) after the war of 1812

Florida ceded to the US from Spain
Andrew Jackson – The Age of Jackson

Election signaled a shift of power to the common man

Eliminated requirement for property for voting

Birth of modern Democratic Party

“King Jackson”
Indian Removal (under Jackson)
-
Eager for land, American settlers encouraged the government to acquire Indian Territory
- Indian Removal Act: Indians were to give up their lands east of the Mississippi R.
- Worcester V. Georgia: Cherokee sued to protect their land. Supreme Court
ruled in their favor, but Jackson ignored the ruling and removed the Indians anyway
- Trail of Tears: Cherokee Indians were forced off their lands by US troops.
4,000 Indians died from cold, hunger, and disease on their way to Indian Territory.
(Oklahoma)
Westward Expansion
Reasons for Manifest Destiny
Economic
 New land for farming
 Trade routes to the Pacific
Ocean
 Opportunities for business
 Gold Rush
Political
 Expansion of borders and
territory
 Expansion of slavery
Social
 Removal of Native Americans
 Religious Freedom (Mormons)
 A new or better life
 Belief that it was the fate of
the US to expand from sea
to sea
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC
The Mexican American War
Causes: Annexation of Texas, President Polk and Americans wanted Mexican
Territory, Border dispute over southern boundary in Texas
Effects and Impact: US gained the Mexican Cession (New Mexico, Arizona,
and California), US paid Mexico $10 million for Gadsen Purchase
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war.
During Westward
expansion, the issue
arose over whether
new states would be
free or Slave
Tariff: Tax on imports and exports
 Helped Northern industry because it caused more Americans to buy American goods by
increasing the price of European goods
 Southerners did not support tariffs because they traded with Europe, and they did not want to
pay a higher price for goods
Sectionalism: Loyal to your region over the country as a whole
North




Factories, bankers,
merchants
Supported tariffs
Economy based on
industry
Free states
South




West
Agriculture based
Cotton/slavery
Did NOT support
tariffs
Believed in states’
rights


Farmers/pioneers
Neutral or split on the
tariff issue
Civil War
Event Leading to
Civil War
Significance
Nullification Crisis
After the Tariff of Abominations was passed, Southerners were angry. Led by
John C Calhoun, South Carolina declared the tariff null and void and threatened to
secede. Henry Clay proposed a Compromise Tariff.
Missouri
Created by Henry Clay- allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine as a
Compromise
free state, therefore maintaining the balance of power in the Senate
Compromise of
Created by Henry Clay- California entered as free state, Mexican Cession
1850
territory was able to vote for themselves, and the Slave trade was ended in
Washington DC
Fugitive Slave Law- required the return of escaped slaves to their owners
Kansas Nebraska
“Bleeding Kansas” allowed Kansas and Nebraska to decided on the basis of popular
Act
sovereignty, which caused illegal elections and violence
Dred Scott
Supreme Court case - Dred Scott sued for his freedom and lost. Declared the
Decision
Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin Powerful Anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that encouraged the
abolitionist movement.
Election of 1860
After Lincoln’s election, South Carolina seceded, followed by the other Southern
States.
**John C Calhoun – “Exposition and Protest” supported the theory of nullification
** Henry Clay- “The Great Compromiser” and founder of the Whig Party
** Daniel Webster – “The Great Orator” argued against nullification and worked to create compromises
States’ Rights: the argument that federal powers should be limited and the states’ powers
should be extended. Southern states used this argument to protect slavery.
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC
Northern Strategy and Advantages
Southern Strategy and Advantages

Bigger population

Military experience and skills

Technology, industry, and wealth

Fighting in familiar territory

Anaconda Plan – blockade Confederacy, split

Better Commanders
Confederacy in half (Mississippi R), and capture

Cotton to trade with European countries
the Confederacy Capital, Richmond, VA
Major Events during the Civil War
Event
Ft. Sumter
Antietam
Gettysburg
Vicksburg
Emancipation
Proclamation
Appomattox
Assassination
of Lincoln
Significance
st
1 Battle; Confederate Victory
Bloodiest single day battle in American History, Union victory- gave Lincoln
the confidence to issue the Emancipation Proclamation
Turning point; Bloodiest Battle of war, Union victory and last attack by the
Confederates on Northern Soil
Union siege the city of Vicksburg and captured control of the Mississippi
River dividing the Southern States
Lincoln freed the slaves in the rebelling states
Lee surrenders to Grant ending the war
Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth
Important People in the Civil War
Jefferson Davis
Ulysses S Grant
Robert E Lee
Abraham Lincoln
William Carney
Philip Bazaar
“Stonewall”
Jackson
President of the Confederacy
Final commander of the Union forces
Commander of the Confederate forces
President of the US (16th)
1st Black soldier to win the congressional medal of honor
From South America, received the congressional medal of honor carrying
dispatches during a battle
One the best Confederate commanders that was responsible for many
Confederate victories.
Lincoln’s Ideas about Liberty, Equality, Union, and Government
1st Inaugural Address: promised he had no intent to abolish slavery, argued to preserve
the Union, and said it was against the law to secede from the Union
2nd Inaugural Address: Denounced slavery and said the war was to restore the Union,
and that the South would be forgiven at end of the war. “With malice towards none”
Gettysburg Address: said ALL MEN are created equal, including African Americans, said
the country was worth fighting for and giving your life for, said “the government of the
people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the Earth”
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC
RECONSTRUCTION
President Johnson: too nice to South, impeached by Radical Republicans
Radical Republicans: much harsher plan during Reconstruction
Reconstruction Amendments
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery
14th Amendment
Citizenship to African Americans
15th Amendment
Right to vote for all males
Significant events during Reconstruction
Freedman’s Bureau
established
Reconstruction Act of
1867
Civil Rights Act of
1866
Hiram Rhodes Revels
Helped newly freed slaves with food, clothing, and medicine. Established
schools for African Americans.
Ordered military occupation of the former confederate states (5 districts)
and set guidelines for readmission to the Union
Granted citizenship to persons born in the United States, EXCEPT Native
Americans
Elected First African American Senator
Problems during Reconstruction:

Black Codes: limited opportunities of Blacks (curfews etc..)

Jim Crow Laws: laws passed in Southern states to get around laws passed by the
Radical Republicans concerning African Americans

Creation of the KKK: secret society used scare tactics to intimidate blacks and
people who helped blacks

People taking advantage of Reconstruction:
o
Scalawags: Southerners who worked with the Republicans (seen as traitors)
o
Carpetbaggers: Northerners who went to the South and became in involved in
the new state politics (because of the luggage they carried) took advantage of the Southerners’ situation
Effects/Impact of Reconstruction

When Reconstruction was over, Democrats ruled
the South for 100 years. There was still a clear
division between North and South.

Freed slaves did not receive equal treatment

Blacks were not prepared to start a new life

Sharecropping system: many blacks could not
afford land, so they made deals with landowners
who rented land, seed, and materials, and the
landowner would get the majority of the crop that
was produced. Therefore, the renter was always in
debt to the landowner. (Slavery in disguise)
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC
Legislative Acts Passed for Western Territories
Homestead Act
Morrill Act
Dawes Act:
Granted heads of families 160 acres of land for a small fee. Sped up the
settlement of the Western Territory
Made it possible for new western states to establish colleges for their
citizens. Established 16 higher education institutions dedicated to the
education of African Americans
(Founded Texas A&M! WHOOP!)
Allowed the President to break up reservation land, and allot it to
individual Native Americans (Gave land to Indians that was unsuitable for
farming, and many Indians did not know how to farm anyways)
Geography Objective
New England Colonies
Rocky soil, and cold so economy was based on trade,
shipping, timber, and fishing
Established for religious freedom (Puritans/Pilgrims)
Major City: Boston, Massachusetts
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
Middle Colonies
“Breadbasket” colonies
Grain was a major cash crop
Major City: New York, New York
Pennsylvania established for Quakers, Maryland for Catholics



Rocky Mountains
Southern Colonies
Fertile soil, slavery, plantations
Cash crops – tobacco, rice, and indigo
Georgia established for debtors and poor
Appalachian
Mountains
Mississippi
River
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC
Transatlantic Slave Trade: developed between
the Colonies, England, West Indies and Africa.
Transfer of crops, animals, goods, and people.
(Columbian Exchange)
The demand for cash crops led plantation owners
to need more slaves and the slave trade
increased.
The invention of the cotton gin made cotton
cleaning more efficient and quicker, which rose
the demand for slaves to produce more cotton
and make more money.
Economics Objective
The economic system where individuals are free to produce and sell whatever
they wish, and they are also free to buy and use whatever they can afford.
FREE
People have the right to private property, and have the freedom to make their
ENTERPRISE
own economic decisions.
Free Enterprise=Economic Freedom
Consumer=buyer and Producer=seller
Free Enterprise developed in the US because…
 Colonists were used to economic freedom when Great Britain left them alone to govern
themselves (salutary neglect)
 Nature of individualism and self-determination
 Constitution allowed for private property
Benefits of Free Enterprise:
 Profit and growth
 Less dependent on foreign countries
 Diverse economy
 Industrial revolution
Other Economic Terms
Laissez-fair
Belief that the government should not interfere with the economy “hands off”
Entrepreneurship People who risk their own money to run a business
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC
Government Objective
Historical documents that influenced the development of US government:
Magna Carta
Year 1215; England; limited King’s power
English Bill of Rights
List of individual rights; served as model for US Bill of Rights
Mayflower Compact
Established self government and majority rule
Federalist Papers
Supported ratification (approval) of the constitution with a focus on a
strong central government
Weaknesses
Strengths

No national taxes =no money

No court system

Weak national government

No power to regulate trade

No federal leader/president

Limited military
Articles of
Confederation

States rights

States had equal power

Congress had most power

Northwest Ordinance created
Shay’s rebellion showed the government could not
keep order and a new government was needed.
Principles of the Constitution
John Madison = FATHER OF CONSTITUTION
Limited
Government
Constitution defines the limits of power so the elected cannot do whatever
they want. EVERYONE MUST OBEY LAWS. EVERYONE.
Republicanism Elected representatives serve the people. Government is based on the consent
of the governed. (example: casting a vote in an election)
Checks and
Balances
One branch of government cannot have too much power. (example: president has
the power to veto a law)
Federalism
Power is distributed between the federal/national government and the states
(example: think of a school – principal has most power, but teachers have power
too)
Separation of All of the branches of government have different jobs.
Powers
LEGISTLATIVE=LAWS, EXECUTIVE = ENFORCE THE LAWS (president) and
JUDICIAL = INTERPRETS THE LAWS (judges)
Popular
Sovereignty
Individual
Rights
Political power rests with the people. “WE THE PEOPLE”
Bill of Rights. Individual rights all human beings are entitled to.
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC
The Constitution can be changed or amended when it is
deemed necessary by the people.
How can the
constitution be
changed?
Process- proposal by Congress (2/3 votes of both houses)
OR a proposal by two thirds of the states. It then goes to
the state legislatures to be ratified, and most have ¾ of
the votes to pass.
Important Court Cases:
Marbury VS Madison
1803
McCulloch VS
Maryland
Federal government is upheld as the supreme law of the land. National
government ALWAYS wins over states.
Gibbons VS Ogden
Dred Scott VS
Sanford
Established Judicial Review (JOHN MARSHALL)
Only federal government has power over interstate commerce.
Denied citizenship of slaves; slaves were property. South supported
decision and North did not
Unalienable Rights: rights guaranteed to people naturally (Life, Liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness)
The Bill of Rights: First ten amendments added to the Constitution
1st Amendment
Freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly
nd
Amendment
Bear arms
rd
Amendment
No quartering of troops during time of peace
2
3
4th Amendment
Search and seizure
5th Amendment
Right to due process, not to be tried for same crime twice, and to not
testify against yourself
6th Amendment
Right to speedy public trial
th
7
Amendment
Right to trial by jury in civil trials
8th Amendment
Right not to have excessive bail or punishment
9th Amendment
Rights of the people
10th Amendment
Rights to the states
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC
Citizenship
A naturalized citizen is someone who was born in another country but has become a US citizen.
How to become a US
Citizen through the
Citizenship and
Immigration Services

Apply for naturalization and pay a fee

Fingerprinted

Citizenship Test

Interview

Oath Ceremony
Significant People who helped develop Self-Government in Colonial America:
Thomas Hooker
Helped develop the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Charles de
Montesquieu
Wrote on separation of powers and believed education was necessary
for a Republic
John Locke
Enlightenment philosopher, said government was a social contract and
the people can change their government if necessary. Wrote about
unalienable rights – “life, liberty, and protection of property”
William Blackstone
William Penn
English judge; believed in religious freedom and self defense
Founded colony of Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers. Allowed
religious tolerance and self-government.
The Founding Fathers and Civic Virtue
Those who have civic virtue go above and
beyond their obligations by taking an active
role in improving their community and the
experiences of other members of the
community.
Examples of Civic Virtue:
 John Adams: defended the BRITISH troops after the Boston Massacre, worked on the
Declaration of Independence
 Thomas Jefferson: fought for individual liberties, wrote Declaration of Independenc
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC
Examples of Civil Disobedience in US History: (non violent acts of protest)
 Boston Tea Party: Protest led by the Sons of Liberty in which they dumped the British tea into
Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act passed by British Parliament. Was a reaction to taxation
without representation
 Henry David Thoreau’s refusal to pay taxes: he did not pay his taxes because he did not want
to support a government that allowed slavery. Wrote an essay “Civil Disobedience”
Contributions of significant leaders during the United States:
Frederick Douglas
Leading African American abolitionist
John Paul Jones
Founder of US Navy and led raids on British ships during American
Revolution
James Monroe
Established the Monroe Doctrine, which became the basis of US foreign
policy. (European powers could not interfere with Western Hemisphere)
Stonewall Jackson
Confederate General in Civil War that was a gifted commander
Susan B Anthony
Key spokesperson for women’s suffrage
Elizabeth Cady
Stanton
Leader of 19th century women’s suffrage movement, called the first
convention of women’s movement in Seneca falls and wrote “The
Declaration of Sentiments”
Culture Objective
Contributions of Women to American Society
Pocahontas
Helped John Smith and European settlers in Virginia
Anne Hutchinson
Rebelled against Puritan church leaders, was banished to Rhode Island
Abigail Adams
Led ladies groups in supporting their husbands when they were creating the
US government. Told John Adams to remember the ladies.
Sacajawea
Served as a guide on the Lewis and Clark Expedition
Development of the Abolitionist Movement
 1700s -1804 – most Northern states outlawed slavery
 1807 – Congress banned the importation of African slaves into the United States and then began
moving towards ending slavery
 1820-1840 – abolitionists grew in number
 1840-1850 – abolitionist leaders like Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth began to speak out
across the nation, the Underground Railroad began to make an impact, and the women’s movement
joined in
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC
Reform Movements
Public Education
Opening of public schools primarily in the North. Common school movement provided
education for ALL students.
Temperance
Trying to stop the drinking of alcohol.
Women’s rights
Well-organized groups that fought for better working conditions for women and
voting rights. Were able to pass a federal law that ordered a 10-hour working day.
Prison Reform
Pushed for separate jails for women, men, and children; worked to improve
conditions and provide education for prisoners
Care of disabled
Building of new hospitals for mentally ill, deaf, and blind
1st Great Awakening
2nd Great Awakening
Religious revival that swept through the
Renewal of religious faith in the
colonies.
1790s and 1800s. Spread of
Idea arouse that God saves all people,
not just the rich or the chosen few. The
revivals and an awakening of
spiritual reform.
common man could also have salvation.
Encouraged many of the reform
Colleges were established and equality
movements. (Temperance,
was encouraged along with the right to
abolition, etc….)
challenge authority of the church and
government. Churches began welcoming
African Americans and Native
Americans.
Church of Latter Day Saints
(Mormons) established. Mormons
moved west to find religious
freedom.
Helped inspire the American Revolution.
Art, Music, and Literature in American Culture

Hudson River School Artists: painted American landscapes that glorified nature. Reflected themes
of discovery, exploration, and settlement.

“Battle Hymn of the Republic” written at the beginning of the Civil War, used music from “John
Brown’s Body” and became a popular Civil War Song

“American Progress” by John Gast, painting that depicted Manifest
Destiny.
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC
Science and Technology
Significant Innovations and Inventions
Steamboat
Increased factory production and led to growth of cities like New Orleans and St.
Louis because it could move goods and people faster up and down rivers
Cotton Gin
Made cotton cleaning process more efficient. It allowed for farmers to grow
MORE cotton therefore led to an increase in slavery.
Interchangeable
parts
Parts for devices were made to be identical so they could fit into any product.
Allowed for easier repair and increased productivity. Led to MASS
PRODUCTION.
Bessemer Steel
Process
The first inexpensive industrial process fo the mass production of steel. It
decreased the cost, which allowed for an increase in steel production.
Mechanical Reaper
Increased farm productivity. More efficient way to cut and bundle wheat.
Canals
Man made waterways used for travel and or shipping. (Erie Canal) Spurred
westward movement of American settlers and led to New York City becoming a
prominent city.
Railroads
Invention of steam engine led to modern railroads and trains. Railroads supplied
cities and towns with food, fuel, building materials, and access to markets.
Telegraph
Transmitted electronic signals over wires that would be translated into a
message. Telegraph wires followed railroads.
Impacts of Technological Innovations:

Goods were produced faster and cheaper

Goods could travel faster and over further distances

Communication improved

Urbanization: increase of people moving into cities

Child Labor and underpaid factory workers

Railroads opened up the western territories to Westward Expansion
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
A source coming from the time
period being studied.
A source that was created AFTER
the time period being studied.
Examples: A journal entry from a
person from the time period
being studied, or a photograph
from the time period
Examples: A historical novel or
movie
Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC