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Astronomy 10B List of Concepts– by Chapter CHAPTER 8.SPECTRSOCOPY OF STARS • What are the Definitions of brightness and luminosity (B = L/R2 ) • What is ‘Radial velocity’ and how is it measured? • What is it Proper motion and how it’s measured? • How do we Measure the rotation rate of stars? • How do we Measure the magnetic fields of stars? • How were spectral type letters originally assigned (strength of H lines) • How are letters now assigned (types of spectral lines) • Spectral types and temperature (which is hottest, coolest?) • Spectral types and star color (which is bluest, reddest) • Spectral types and ionization (molecules, atoms, etc) • Two ways to measure surface temperature- which works better? • Why don’t we see H lines in ‘O’ type stars? • Note: Surface temperature is not core temperature • What are Brown Dwarf Stars (types L & T) CHAPTER 9. MEASUREMENTS OF STARS (AND H-R DIAGRAM) • Mass distribution of stars (which are most common?) • Mass- temperature relationship • Mass- luminosity relationship • Measuring the mass of stars (we need two things) • Range of stellar masses (Minimum and rough maximum) • Mass-luminosity equation (approximate) • Measuring the diameters of stars (two ways) • Binary stars, and spectroscopic binaries • What is H-R Diagram, what are the axes, and why abbreviate it? • Which equation accompanies the H-R diagram? L=R2T4 (not in book) • Where on the H-R diagram do we find: o The Main Sequence o White Dwarves, o Red Giants, o Brown Dwarf o High-mass Main Sequence Stars and o Low-Mass M.S. Stars CHAPTER 10: CELESTIAL DISTANCES • What was the ‘first step’ of the measurement ladder? (Walking) • How did Eratosthenes find the size of the Earth? • How is the Metric System related to size of Earth? • Using triangulation to measure distances o How: baseline and two angles o Definition of parallax o First measurement of the Sun-Earth distance (AU) (Venus transit) o Definition of a Parsec o Why is the parallax of stars so hard to measure? o Maximum distance possible with this method • ‘Standard Candles’ (book says ‘Standard Bulbs’ but they’re really candles) o Cepheid variable and the period-luminosity relationship o Spectroscopic parallax – the H-R diagram & distance to clusters o Supernovae Ia o Largest distances in space. CHAPTER 11: THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM • What is the Definition of the “interstellar medium”? • HI regions, how we detect them, temperature, density, etc • HII regions and how we detect them, temperature, density, etc • Ultra Hot Gas and how we detect it, temperature, density, etc • Molecular Clouds – detecting them, temperature, density, etc o Molecules and Dust are inter-related o Interstellar extinction and reddening o Why does dust block visible light better than radio waves? o Why dust cools molecular clouds better than other ISM o Why are these where stars form? CHAPTER 12: STAR FORMATION • Observations of star formation • Stars form in molecular clouds because … • Stars form in clusters because … • The stages of star formation • Why does a disk form? • Why do jets form? • Differences between a proto-star and a main sequence star • Definition of Zero-Age Main Sequence star • Stellar mass and the rate of star formation (and evolution) • The H-R diagram and star formation • Finding the age of star clusters and the H-R diagram • Planetary formation CHAPTER 13: STELLAR EVOLUTION • The main sequence (M.S.) o What are these stars doing? o How long will they be doing this (what fraction of their lives)? o Relation between stellar mass and main sequence lifetime • Red Giants – and the red giant branch o What are the stars doing? o How big do they get? Why? o How long will they be there? • Evolutionary stages of a low-mass star • Evolutionary stages of a high-mass star • Changes in a star’s core when it runs low on Hydrogen • Hydrogen shell around the core • Helium fusion (difference between He flash and He conflagration) • What’s the heaviest element whose production gives off energy? • What happens when a Star’s core is made out of that element? • H-R diagram and the age of a cluster of stars CHAPTER 14 WHITE DWARF & NEUTRON STARS • White Dwarf Stars o Upper limit for the mass of a White Dwarf (size, density, etc) o Electron degeneracy o Stellar mass-loss on way to becoming a White Dwarf • Supernovas (ae) o Implosion/Explosion Iron core & end of fusion - What’s special about Iron o Energy given off, fraction as light, neutrinos, other o Nucleosynthesis: how elements heavier than Iron are made • Neutron Stars o Neutron degeneracy o Upper limit for the mass of a Neutron Star (size, density, etc) o Formation • Pulsars o Lighthouse model o Why can’t we see all Pulsars (even if they are close by)? o Who discovered Pulsars but was betrayed by her advisor? o How big of jerk was he? • Recurring Novas & Supernovas Type I o Binary star systems o Novae o Supernovae? Astro 10B Outline & Study Guide CHAPTER 15 BLACK HOLES & GENERAL RELATIVITY (G.R.) • Classical relativity o Inertial Frames of Reference o Some measurements have different numbers but Physics is same’ • Special relativity (observations & tests) o Speed of light is the same in all FOR’s o Space and time are affected by matter’s motion o Space + Time = spacetime • General relativity o The equivalence principle o Gravity is not a force – it is a warping of spacetime o What travels in straight lines in spacetime? o Tests Clocks in the ground and top floor of a building Precession of Mercury’s orbit Apparent shift of star’s positions during solar eclipse • Black Holes o Black Holes – classical view (escape velocity) o Black Holes – G. R view (curved spacetime so light cannot escape) o The event horizon, Schwarzschild radius and mass dependence o Detecting black holes o Light from around Black Hole red-shifted o Not cosmic vacuum cleaner CHAPTER 16 THE MILKY WAY GALAXY • Three main parts of the Milky Way: Disk, Halo, Nuclear Bulge • Dimensions, mass and color of the parts • Which part of the Milky Way has: o Spiral arms o Young & metal rich stars – o Old & metal poor stars o Gas & Dust • Sun location and orbit within the Milky Way • Determining the mass of the Milky Way (two ways) • Dark matter – observations, distribution and explanation • Where is the 3,000,000 M Black Hole? CHAPTER 17 TYPES OF GALAXIES • Types of galaxies – spiral, elliptical, irregular o masses, luminosities, mass-light ratio, color, gas & dust and dia • Which type of galaxy is the Milky Way? • Distances to galaxies • The Hubble Law o The Hubble age of the Universe o Is spacetime expanding or is the matter just flying apart? CHAPTER 18 AGN’S, QUASARS • If a QSO is a AGN, what are TLA's? • Quasars are called “quasi Stellar objects” (QSO) • Luminosity, diameter, energy source, distance - age • Seyfert galaxies & Active radio galaxies • Jets CHAPTER 19 GALAXIES, CLUSTERS AND LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE • Definitions (Cosmological principle, isotropic) • Giant elliptical galaxies and clusters • Distributions of galaxies, groups and clusters in space • Galactic evolution & collisions • How has star formation changed compared with 8 Byrs ago? CHAPTER 20. THE BIG BANG AND EARLY UNIVERSE • Einstein's cosmological constant o May be equivalent to what discovery? • Big Bang tries to explain … • What observation could the original Big Bang theory not explain? • Stages of the Big Bang o Time & temperature o Formation of matter o Universe become transparent • Cosmic Background radiation (CBR)? o Who discovered o Observed in which band? o When we look at the CBR, we see remains from o The CBR spectrum corresponds to which temperature? o The small variations in the CBR match what distribution? • GUT’s o Forces unify at temperatures o Which forces were unified a hundred years ago ? o Inflationary universe &GUTs explain observations o universe inflate faster than the speed of light o matter-anti-matter imbalance o the density of the universe o What is the last enduring problem with GUTs? • About what fraction of the universe is dark energy? • What is Dark Energy? • About what fraction of the universe is dark matter? • What is Dark Matter? • About what fraction of the universe is normal matter? • What is Normal Matter?