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The Spread of Civilization in East and Southeast Asia The Mongols • 1200s spill out of the steppes of Central Asia under Genghis Kahn • Highly trained, mobile armies • China sees the first use of cannon in warfare • Not oppressive; tribute; Pax Mongolica Mongol Archer on Horseback Muhammad ibn Mahmudshah alKhayyam Iran, early 15th century The Silk Road China Under Mongol Rule • Kublai Khan finally defeats last Song emperor • Rules China, Korea, Tibet from Beijing; Yuan Dynasty • Keeps Mongols separate from Chinese • Marco Polo Ming Restore Chinese Rule • 1294 Yuan Dynasty declines • Chinese despise the Mongols • Heavy taxes, corruption, natural disasters lead to uprisings • 1368 Mongols pushed back and the Ming come to power Zhu Yuanzhang 1368 – 1398 First Ming Emperor Trade and Exploration • 1405-1433 Zheng He leads voyages to SE Asia, India, and the Middle East • On his death, Emperor banned ship building • 60 years later Columbus’ voyages made Spain a world power Early 17th century Chinese woodblock print, thought to represent Zheng He's ships. The Korean Peninsula • Juts south from mainland; 70% covered by mountains • Earliest people migrate from Siberia; most people live on western coastal plains • 5400 mile coastline; thousands of islands • Controlled by China; bridged between china and Japan Korean Dynasties • 676 AD the Silla unites Korea; Buddhism, trade with China, civil service • 918 Koryo dynasty; moveable metal type and porcelain • 1392 Chosen replaces Mongols; 500 years; alphabet Japan and the Feudal Age • Archipelago; Ring of Fire • Four-fifths is mountains; people settled in river valleys, along coastal plains • Seas isolate Japan • Choose what to accept from China • At times they sealed themselves off from the outside world Early Traditions • Clans/chief/god or goddess • 500 AD Yamato Clan; first and only dynasty • Direct descendents of sun god • Shinto • Language and Buddhism link Japan and Korea; leads to interest in China Japan Goes to China • 600s Japanese begin visiting China for trade and study • Bring back Chinese ideas, technology, art • ‘Heavenly Emperor’ modeled on the Tang • Bureaucracy, central government, law • Selective borrowing Todai-ji temple, Nara Feudalism • 1400s feudal warfare; warlords and armies fight for power • Emperor’s a figurehead; real power is the shogun • Daimyo; samurai; bushido • Peasants, artisans, merchants • Mongols and the kamikaze Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Shogun Land - Shoen Land - Shoen Protection Samurai Peasant Daimyo Loyalty Daimyo Samurai Peasant Loyalty Samurai Peasant Food Peasant The Tokugawas • 1338-1590 increasing levels of warfare • 1590 Tokugawa shogunate rules until 1868 • Centralized feudalism brings daimyo under control • New laws, moral code; food surpluses; towns; trade Zen Buddhism • Self-reliance, meditation, devotion to duty • Popular among samurai • Similar to bushido with its emphasis on discipline and devotion to duty Other Cultures of SE Asia • South of China and East of India • Two major regions • Mainland; Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam • 20,000 islands between Indian Ocean and South China Sea; Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines Geography and Culture • Mountains separate mainland from Asia • Separate river valleys; early civilizations • Monsoons shape trading patterns • Indian culture spreads to SE Asia; Islam Shwezigon Paya New Kingdoms • 1044 Pagan; Irrawaddy Valley; Buddhist; 1287 falls to Mongols • 800-1350 Khmer in Cambodia; Indian writing, architecture, art; rulers Hindu, common folk Buddhist • 600-1200 Indonesia; Srivijaya; trade Corridor within Myazedei View of gatehouse and boundary wall, Htilominlo Temple (Pagan) Exterior View of Myazedei from South (Pagan) Corridor within Myazedei Aerial View of Angkor Wat Temple Complex of Angkor Wat Built in the early 12th Century for King Suryavarman II. Vietnam • Chinese not Indian influences • Indian influence spread by trade; China sent their military • 111 BC Han conquer Vietnam; stay in control for 1,000 years • 39 AD the Trung sisters
